EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology
EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology (EJSMT) [ISSN 2289-7070 / eISSN 2462-2451] is a peer-reviewed journal published by UPSI Press, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia since 2014. EJSMT is devoted to the publication of original research papers, scientific reviews and short communications on various aspects of science and technology such as biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, ICT, agriculture science, biotechnology, science education, mathematics education, technical and vocational education. EJSMT is published twice (2) a year in April and October beginning 2024. EJSMT supports Open Access. The electronic full text version of the journal is available Free of Charge (FOC).
Density Functional Theory of Graphene and its Hybrid Materials: A Review of Recent Advances and Applications
Graphene has attracted the attention of researchers as it shows exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties that are beneficial for various applications, including flexible sensors and supercapacitors. Therefore, much laboratory work was conducted to study further potential application of graphene. However, complex procedures and waste consideration are other challenges for developing graphene-based-application devices. Therefore, using a density functional theory (DFT) to intensively study graphene and its potential to be combined with various materials, resulting in a lower-cost and more efficient approach. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental theory in DFT, followed by graphene and its hybrids in computational work. Hybridizing graphene with other nanomaterials significantly modifies its bandgap and density of state, which are potential for sensing and electronic devices. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of open-source and commercial software tools used for DFT analysis is also discussed. Despite its advantages, some challenges, including functional accuracy and computational cost, limit the use of DFT analysis. Hence, user-friendly and accessible software is highly required. As a summary, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and students, fostering further advancements in graphene-based materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rika N Safitri, Suriani A.B, Muqoyyanah, Ghani Ur Rehman, Febriani, Wipsar S B Dwandaru, Heri Sutanto, Ilham Alkian, Fatiatun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evolution of Functional Membranes: A Bibliometric Approach on the Modification from Polymeric to Nanocomposite Systems
Membrane science has become a study that has received significant attention for its use in membrane filtration. The development of membrane science has accelerated with the use of nanotechnology. Various studies on the use of membranes in water treatment filtration have been conducted, but many focus on single materials and separation effectiveness. However, research presenting developments in membrane technology that focus on the shift from the polymeric era to nanocomposites has not been presented. This gap led this study to map the evolution of membrane science as a direction for future research. A total of 13,983 documents obtained from Scopus were analyzed. Open Refine and Microsoft Excel were used for metadata cleaning, while VOSviewer and IIPmaps were used for data visualization. The analysis was conducted to obtain data on the development and distribution of publications, trending keywords, research transitions, and future research directions. The results show that publications increased rapidly in 2010 that line with the increasing use of nanotechnology. Publication and collaboration trends are dominated by China, the United States, and Malaysia. Research transitions also showed three main phases, namely: polymeric foundations (1990-2005), nanocomposite integration (2006-2015), and advanced functionalities (2016-2025). The advanced functionalities phase showed the use of eco-friendly materials and artificial intelligence in the design of multifunctional membranes. This bibliometric study indicates that water treatment membranes have shifted from improving physical properties to using nanomaterials for functional purposes. Consequently, upcoming work ought to prioritize novel combinations of nanomaterials alongside advancements in produced smart filtration systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Febriani, Dr. Wipsar Sunu Brams Dwandaru, Dr. Muqoyyanah, Dr. Ghani Ur Rehman, Dr. Rosiah Rohani, Prof. Suriani Abu Bakar, Prof. Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Rika Noor Safitri, Dr. Hafizul Fahri Hanafi, Fatiatun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Effect of Algebra Tiles Among Form Four Students on The Achievement of Conceptual Knowledge, Procedural Knowledge and Mental Effort for The Topic of Quadratic Equations
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect Algebra Tiles as manipulative tool on Form Four students’ overall achievement, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and mental effort in learning the topic of Quadratic Equations. A quasi-experimental pre-post control design of a pre–post control group was conducted with Form Four students from a national secondary school in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Four classes were randomly assigned to either two classes the treatment group (n=60) and two classes the control group (n=60). The treatment group used the Algebra Tiles as teaching tool (PJA), while the control group underwent conventional teaching method (PK) for the topic of Quadratic Equations. There are two instruments used in this study: the Quadratic Equation Achievement Test (UPPK) and the Mental Effort Rating Scale (SPUM). Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics through MANOVA. The findings of the study showed that there were significant differences between the conventional teaching method (PK) group and the treatment group used the Algebra Tiles as teaching tool (PJA) in students' overall achievement, conceptual knowledge achievement, procedural knowledge achievement and mental effort [F(4,115) = 3576.75, p < 0.05]. The mean for the overall achievement (76.87), achievement of conceptual knowledge (20.75) and achievement of procedural knowledge (17.67) for the PJA group was higher than the mean for the PK group. Meanwhile, the mean for mental effort for the PJA group (4.92) was lower than the PK group. The findings indicated significant difference between the PK and PJA groups in terms of overall achievement, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and mental effort. The PJA group outperformed the PK group in terms of overall achievement, conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge, while the mean for mental effort for the PJA group was lower than the PK group. As conclusion, the use of Algebra Tiles can enhance students’ conceptual and procedural knowledge significantly in learning Quadratic Equations while reducing students’ cognitive load. The students exhibited a favorable perception of algebra tiles as tangible tools for mastering algebraic concepts especially in solving Quadratic Equations. Therefore, the findings of this study recommend that Algebra Tiles can be an effective tool in promoting deeper understanding of abstract mathematical concepts, new strategies in teaching education Mathematic and improving students’ achievement in mathematics especially algebra while minimizing mental effort.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Yusra Rahizan, Rohaidah Masri, Zamzana Zamzamir, Fainida Rahmat, Hazura Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Generative Learning Strategy in Mathematics Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Generative Learning is a strategy that have become increasingly in year 2020 to year 2024 among learners to actively engage with the material to construct their own understanding. However, not many instructors use this strategy in teaching and learning process and need to expose to the proper way to execute this strategy in classroom. The objective of this article is to reveal a systematic literature review about generative learning strategies in Mathematics teaching and learning process by analyzing its trend in Generative Learning Strategy (GLS). The review processes included five main methodological steps, namely guided by review protocol, formulation of research questions, systematic searching strategies based on identification, screening, and eligibility based on several well-known electronic databases such as Scopus and Google Scholar. The review process was then followed by analyzing 21 articles that were brought to quality appraisal, data extraction and analysis. The findings showed how the generative learning affects individuals in learning process. These findings can be used as a reference for teachers to be implement these as learning strategies that can involve students' in cognitive aspects to enable meaningful learning. These findings also provide educators with insight into the information processing occurring in a person's cognition and reveal several learning strategies that align with information processing theory and also have the potential to guide future research in this field. The results of these findings are important source for teachers to improve Mathematics lesson in teaching and learning process, whereas researchers and policymakers to improve the quality of mathematics education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nesshalini Muralitharan, Rohaidah Masri, Riyan Hidayat, Nurihan Nasir, Norashidah A Wahab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PLS-SEM or CB-SEM Method for Customer Loyalty Towards Mobile Service Providers Data
This study compares two commonly used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methods—Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM) and Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM)—to assess customer loyalty data in the telecommunications industry. The comparison was conducted using a dataset of 448 mobile service users in Melaka, where service providers have faced challenges in meeting performance standards. Findings reveal that PLS-SEM outperforms CB-SEM in terms of Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR), with AVE values exceeding 0.68 compared to CB-SEM's 0.58, and CR values above 0.89 compared to CB-SEM's 0.84. These results highlight PLS-SEM’s superior construct reliability and validity, particularly for complex models and smaller sample sizes. This study provides valuable insights into selecting appropriate SEM techniques for customer loyalty research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurulhayah Muhamad, Nurul Hila Zainuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ontogenic Learning Obstacles in The Learning of Functional Graph Topic Form Two
The textbooks used are now the primary reference for teachers and students in following the learning system that the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) has set up. This study explored students' ontogenic learning obstacles in learning Functional Graph Topic Form Two which is in the textbook. The researcher used a qualitative design by conducting semi-structured interviews with six students form two students who had undergone learning the Functional Graph Topic. The interviews were based on the student's experiences and answers to the written test sessions. Six respondents were selected from 22 students based on the criteria of the written test who studied the Functional Graph Topic with the same teacher. After the selection, interviews were conducted with the six respondents. Some aspects of ontogenic learning obstacles are psychological ontogenic learning obstacles, instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles, and conceptual ontogenic learning obstacles. In this research, the aspect of psychological ontogenic learning obstacles, there were 33.33% student face the obstacle in the preparation for learning the Functional Graph Topic, while for interest in the Functional Graph Topic was 83.33%, and 66.66% for motivation to learn the Functional Graph Topic. Students also face instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles which 50% students face obstacle in student's existing knowledge, while the elements seen in the conceptual ontogenic learning obstacles involve 66.66% of the student's learning experience. This data found that students experienced varying ontogenic learning obstacles, but some faced all elements of ontogenic learning obstacles, while others only experienced certain elements. In conclusion, every student faces at least one aspect of the ontogenic learning obstacles. Based on the conclusion of the data, this research can assist teachers in creating an alternative to reduce the chances of students experiencing ontogenic learning obstacles when learning the Functional Graph Topic Form Two like teachers can use different teaching methods by providing different learning materials for students with different skill levels, such as more challenging worksheets for more advanced students.
psychological ontogenic learning obstacles
instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles
Copyright (c) 2025 Qamarina Dayana Shahrul, Nurihan Nasi, Didi Suryadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Validity Assessment of An Integrated Realistic Mathematics Education and Project-based Inquiry Learning Module
Text-based learning resources are critical for helping pupils learn mathematics. However, limited studies have been conducted on designing mathematics modules as text-based learning materials for Vocational High School (VHS) students. Hence, developing an integrated Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and Project-based Inquiry (PIL) module could be an innovative solution. This study analyzes the validity assessment as a part of the developmental stage of developing the module. The validation process was conducted by a team of five experts in mathematics education, who used a questionnaire to assess the face and content validity. The questionnaire evaluated four key aspects of face validity: language, text, graphics, and presentation. In terms of content validity, it considered five crucial elements: suitability to the target population, implementation of each module activity based on the principles of RME and the phases of PIL, compatibility with the allocated time, ability to enhance student performance in terms of creativity and achievement, and potential to influence attitudes towards excellence, particularly in terms of student motivation. The data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and percentages. Based on the data analysis, the average score percentage for all face and content validity aspects is 91.6% and 89.8%, respectively. It is in a good category because those range from 84% to 98%. Therefore, all module aspects have high content validity and exceed 70%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Rejeki, Mazlini Adnan, Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Budi Murtiyasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Need Analysis for Development of Circle Kit Mathematics Form Two
A needs analysis was conducted to identify the current requirements and preferences of students for the development of a Circle Kit for Form 2 Mathematics topics. The research involved a random selection of secondary schools from Kedah, Perlis, and Johor, with 90 Mathematics teachers chosen through purposive sampling to serve as the study’s samples. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected using the Needs Analysis Questionnaire (NAQ) as the survey instrument, and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that 95.5% of the respondents acknowledged the need for a Circle Kit specifically tailored for Form 2 Mathematics. Moreover, a substantial majority, 75.4%, identified the Circle topic as the primary focus requiring attention in the development of the Circle Kit. Specifically, this study focuses on key aspects such as content, activities, assessment, and materials to optimise the effectiveness of the Circle Kit. In terms of content, 70.1% of teachers advocate for the inclusion of a comprehensive user guide to facilitate its use. For activities, 60.8% of teachers emphasise the importance of incorporating group tasks to foster student collaboration and teamwork. Regarding assessment, 62.4% support a flexible approach that integrates both individual and group evaluations. Lastly, 73.2% of teachers stress the significance of using hands-on materials to enhance learning experiences and increase student engagement. These findings will guide the design and implementation of the Circle Kit, ensuring it better supports Mathematics education. The development of the Circle Kit, specifically tailored for the Circle topic in Form 2 Mathematics, is crucial to improving teaching and learning outcomes. This study recommends that the design of the Circle Kit emphasise essential characteristics, including the integration of relevant content, engaging and interactive activities, the use of appropriate materials, and the incorporation of effective assessment methods. These elements are vital to fostering a comprehensive and dynamic learning experience for students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amirah Fatihah Mohd Zulkiflee, Norazman Arbin, Norsyazana Kamarudin, Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali, Riyan Hidayat, Rezi Ariawan, Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah, Mazlini Adnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Comprehensive Study of 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene Thin Films with Atomic Force Microscopy: Thickness and Topographical Analysis
This study aims to characterise 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene (SC[4]) thin films using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in analysing its thickness and surface morphology. Quartz substrates were cleaned using ultrasonic cleaning with an Elmasonic P70H. SC[4] thin films were then fabricated on a quartz surface using WS-400BZ-6NPP/A1/AR1 model spin coater from Laurel Technologies, producing thin films with 5, 10, 15, and 20 layers. Each thin film was characterised in the tapping mode of the AFM Park System NX-10. Scans were conducted on different film areas of different scales, and the data were analysed using XEI Data Processing and Analysis Software. Height measurements obtained via Line Profile analysis revealed a progressive increase in film thickness with the additional layers, demonstrating a significant linear relationship. AFM images showed precise 2D and 3D surface topography, indicating that the thin films became uneven and non-uniform with the addition of more layers. The findings demonstrated a linear relationship between film thickness and the number of layers, measuring 58.175 nm for 5 layers, 77.626 nm for 10 layers, 84.608 nm for 15 layers, and 94.806 nm for 20 layers. The surface roughness of thin films was also determined, and it is significantly influenced by the number of layers, as illustrated by the root mean square roughness (Rq). The values were found to be 26.512 for 5 layers, 29.777 for 10 layers, 30.177 for 15 layers, and 31.093 for 20 layers, respectively. This increase in surface irregularity indicates that the deposition process leads to progressively irregular surfaces with an additional number of layers, as proven by equivalent studies on thin films. This study emphasised the effectiveness of AFM in thin film research by demonstrating its precision in measuring thickness and analysing surface topography.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farish Armani Hamidon, Faridah Lisa Supian Supian, Mazlina Mat Darus, Nur Farah Nadia Abd Karim, Wong Yeong Yi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Translation, Validation, And Reliability of The Smartphone Addiction Instrument in The Indonesian Version for Early Childhood
The use of smartphones among young children is increasing rapidly with the advancement of technology. However, excessive use can lead to addiction and have negative impacts on children. This study aims to translate the Smartphone Addiction Instrument for early childhood into Indonesian and subsequently verify the validity and reliability of the instrument. This study is a cross-sectional observational survey involving the participation of 50 parents of children aged 4-5 years in data collection. There are three stages in this study: the translation process was developed through translation and back-translation; the validity involves three types of testing: content validity by consulting three experts: a psychologist, a psychiatrist, and an early childhood education lecturer; structural validity conducted through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis; and construct validity conducted using the Pearson test; and the reliability test was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha. The study results showed that the Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and the Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) of the instrument were both 1, indicating excellent content validity. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure, supported by eigenvalues, total explained variance, and the scree plot. Additionally, all recommended fit indices fell within acceptable ranges as determined by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's α value of 0.796 for the Indonesian version of the Smartphone Addiction Instrument indicates good reliability. Therefore, this instrument is both valid and reliable for use among early childhood populations and can be employed to collect actual data. The developed three-factor structure, comprising self-control failure, salience, and serious consequences, will help identify smartphone addiction in early childhood and can be used to plan educational interventions for parents, educators, and researchers in addressing smartphone addiction issues in early childhood.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amalina Amalina, N.A. Samat1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Geographic Weighted Regression Models for Contraceptive Use in West Sumatera
Spatial heterogeneity in family planning is a critical issue that reflects significant variations in contraceptive use and related indicators across regions, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to enhance family planning services. The Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, a spatial analytical approach, incorporates geographic weights at each observation site to estimate localized regression parameters. This study aims to identify the GWR model and determine the factors influencing the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) in 19 districts and cities in West Sumatera Province in 2023. The Adaptive Kernel Bisquare Function is employed to assign spatial weighting, while Cross-Validation (CV) is used to optimize the bandwidth, ensuring robust and localized model estimation. Using secondary data from the West Sumatera Central Bureau of Statistics, the study reveals substantial spatial variability in the factors influencing CPR. Key determinants include the number of family planning clinics, the number of village family planning service posts, the proportion of poor households, and the proportion of women of reproductive age using contraceptives. The GWR model achieves a high coefficient of determination (R²) of 86.98%, indicating strong model performance in explaining CPR variation. These findings underscore the methodological importance of Adaptive Kernel Bisquare weighting and cross-validation in capturing spatial heterogeneity and provide actionable insights for localized family planning strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lely Kurnia , N.A. Samat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Structural Properties of The Power Graph of Symmetric Groups
This study investigates the power graphs of the symmetric groups Sn for 3<n<6. In a power graph, vertices represent group elements, and edges connect vertices if one element is a power of the other. The study identifies key structural patterns, including over 250 distinct subgraphs for . Specifically, complete subgraphs , correspond to cyclic subgroups of prime power orders. In contrast, incomplete subgraphs highlight the non-cyclic nature of symmetric groups for n>4, as they cannot be generated by a single element. This research provides a systematic characterization of power graphs for small symmetric groups, offering new insights into their combinatorial structure. Additionally, it contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating how the complexity of power graphs increases with , revealing intricate power relations and the presence of both cyclic and non-cyclic structural components.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ika Metiza Maris, Rawdah Adawiyah Tarmizi, Nor Hafizah Md Husin Md Husin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development of the Fuzzy Delphi Instrument for Identifying Elements of the PhyARECi-STEM Learning Module
This research aims to describe the process of developing the Fuzzy Delphi instrument to identify elements of the applied physics learning module integrated with STEM and Augmented Reality or AR (PhyARECi-STEM learning module). This questionnaire was developed based on the national standards of higher education analysis in Indonesia, Hilda Taba's curriculum model, module elements found in literature, interviews, and focus groups with experts. The study is descriptive. The 50-item questionnaire relates to learning outcomes, content, process, and assessment. Nine experts conducted the validity evidence of the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire to ensure content validity. Subsequently, the questionnaire was distributed to 30 respondents to obtain reliability. The data analysis techniques used for validity and reliability were the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Cronbach's alpha. The study's results demonstrated the validity of the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, as evidenced by an I-CVI value within the range of 0.89 to 1, an S-CVI value of 0.99, and a Kappa value within the range of 0.89 to 1.00. Furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire was also established, with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.974. Therefore, the Fuzzy Delphi instrument, validated and demonstrated to be reliable, is now ready to be employed to identify the fundamental elements of the PhyARECi-STEM learning module via expert consensus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Renol Afrizon, Lilia Ellany Mohtar, Mohd Syahriman Mohd Azmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
K-Nearest Neighbor Regression for Predicting Song Popularity Using Gower Distance
The machine learning approach is widely used to investigate human activities, such as in the art field. In the music industry, a song's popularity is essential to predict before it is released. In this paper, we were interested in predicting the popularity of songs using the -nearest neighbor regression. The Spotify app was used to gather some information related to the audio features of a song, i.e., song duration, instrumentalness, loudness, acousticness, danceability, energy, liveness, speechiness, audio valence, key, audio mode, tempo, and time signature. This research used mixed-type variables; thus, the dissimilarity is measured using the Gower distance. In addition, two weighting methods were also compared to predict song popularity. Using 10-fold cross-validation, we found that the inversely proportional weights-distance showed better prediction performance when compared with equal weight. Moreover, we also found the best performance in predicting the song popularity is obtained when = 5 nearest neighbors were used, with mean square error (MSE) of 636.75 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 41.58% that implies a reasonable prediction result.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hazmira Yozza, Riswan Efendi, Nor Azah Samat, Izzati Rahmi, Aqil Burney S.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The BStID Mathematical Model for Prevalence of Stunting
This study aims to propose a new mathematical model for transmitting stunting prevalence in children. This study develops an initial model of stunting prevalence, namely the B. ID compartment model, which considers important characteristics of stunting transmission. In this study, the resulting model is (formula) and (formula). This mathematical model will include the development of difference and differential equations to represent the transmission of stunting prevalence in real life, such as being able to describe the development of stunting in the future. Authorities can use this new initial mathematical model as a prevention strategy to reduce stunting prevalence. The extension of this study will include the application of the proposed BStID mathematical model to stunting data in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yulia Retno Sari, Samat S.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of STEM Teaching Model on Physics Student Teachers’ Awareness and Readiness
This study used a pre-experimental research design with a quantitative survey. The study utilized the STEM teaching model developed in the previous study, and implemented five STEM teaching practices for physics student teachers (PSTs) over two months. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyse the data. The study showed that before the intervention study, PSTs had a low awareness of STEM education (mean = 2.525; standard deviation (SD) = 0.681) and a low level of readiness (mean = 2.786; SD = 0.718). After the experiment, both means increased significantly, reaching 3.83 (SD = 0.70) and 3.51 (SD = 0.91), respectively. Inferential statistics showed that there were significant changes in the STEM awareness and readiness of PSTs before and after the experiment (both p < .01;). The results of the Paired T-test showed Cohen's d of 0.912 and 0.558, respectively, which have a large and moderate effect. In summary, the STEM teaching model had a positive impact on the awareness and readiness of PSTs and provided an effective way to cultivate and improve the STEM capabilities of PSTs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhaofeng Zeng, Hongyu Wei, Xin Li, Siew Wei Tho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Particle Grain Size Distribution and Moisture Content in Beach and Paddy Field Sediments
This study aims to compare particle grain size and moisture content in samples from beach sediment and paddy fields. Grain size variations were measured along different zones and stations in a line transect at each location. The grain sizes for both study areas were determined using dry-sieving and a Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer. Results showed that beach sediment mostly consists of medium sand, is moderately sorted, very negatively skewed, and extremely leptokurtic. In contrast, paddy field sediment is mostly very fine silt, very poorly sorted, negatively skewed, and very leptokurtic. The mean of particle grain size recorded in beach and paddy field were 1.57 ± 0.23 and 7.63 ± 0.44 respectively. Moisture content was measured using oven-drying method. The mean of moisture content recorded in beach and paddy field were 6.72 ± 5.01% and 52.03 ± 3.35% respectively. Results revealed that paddy fields have significantly higher moisture content than beach sediment. Descriptive analysis from the data normality tests showed that the particle size and moisture content were not normally distributed however, there is significant difference in moisture content and particle size between both study areas that were due to continuous flooding in paddy fields, which retains fine particles and high moisture, while coastal areas experience tidal action that removes fine particles, leaving coarser sediments with lower moisture retention. The findings of this study can contribute to strategies for mitigating beach erosion and optimizing agricultural practices in paddy fields, ensuring sustainable environmental and land-use management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Azlin Atikah Mohd Nasir, Nursuhaila Muhamad Fauzi, Sharir Aizat Kamaruddin, Khairul Naim Abd. Aziz, Aimie Rifhan Hashim, Rohayu Ramli Ramli, Siti Hafsah Zulkarnain, Nurzaki Ikhsan, Abdol Samad Nawi, Rozita @Uji Mohammed, Hendry Joseph Joseph, Alahasin Rubama, Eliy Nazira Mat Nazir, Shukor Sanim Mohd Fauzi9 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Mind-Mapping Instructional Strategy on Students’ Achievement in Mathematics in Ogun State, Nigeria.
Several studies have shown that using mind mapping as an approach to teaching Mathematics has a more positive impact on student achievement than traditional approaches. However, these studies did not address the effect of mind mapping in other countries, such as Nigeria, at a secondary school level; they focused more on digital mind–mapping for pre-service teachers. This study examined how students' mathematics achievement in Ogun State, Nigeria, was affected by the mind mapping instructional technique. Non-randomized pre-test post-test control group design, or quasi-experimental non-equivalent group research design, was used. A simple random sample technique was used to assign one school to the experimental group and another school to the control group. Both the control group and the experimental group received education in mathematical topics using traditional methods and the mind mapping teaching strategy, respectively. The data required for the study was collected using the Mathematics Achievement Test, which has a reliability coefficient of 0.87 according to the Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (KR20). Four hypotheses were tested at the 0.05 significant level of significance using independent sample t-test analysis. The analysis's findings showed that students in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group in terms of their academic performance. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in the achievement results of male and female pupils. Since the mind-mapping teaching strategy was the cause of the students' high accomplishment, we may conclude from the study that using it by mathematics teachers can raise students' mathematics achievement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Taiwo Abiodun, Taurayi Chinaka, Ayoola Asanre, Siphokazi V., Adediran F.B. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Rat Dissection Alternatives in Biology Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Despite the importance of both rat dissection and alternatives for rat dissection, proponents for these alternatives became more apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemically. Humane education, whereby 3R, reduction, replacement or refinement are urged to be incorporated into the Malaysian education system, aligning with the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs). Utilising technology is an essential component of any 21st-century learning. Therefore, this study was carried out to explore the need for alternatives in rat dissection that provide both a high learning experience and feasibility using the systematic literature review (SLR). PRISMA technique is employed. The examination of selected literature revealed a substantial positive effect on the student's learning experience in terms of perception, task performance, exam performance, and motivation. It is found to be either superior or equivalent to the intended outcomes. This study has also identified the feasibility aspects of the alternatives of rat dissection in relation to the USE model. They were classified into sustainability (usefulness), affordability (ease of use), availability (ease of learning), and motivation (satisfaction). This study delves into the need for alternatives in rat dissection redesigning in 21st-century learning with high usability that is readily available, affordable, sustainable and motivating. Innovation and reform are required to ensure better education through ICT integration, aligning with the Malaysian Digital Education Policy. Besides that, cognitive and motivational models should be incorporated into these alternatives' designs. Thus, it can be concluded from the SLR that the ideal alternative for rat dissection is of virtual anatomy tools and three-dimensional (3D) models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Ikhwan Mat Saad, Rosmilah Misnan, Mohamad Termizi Borhan, Yoke Seng Wong , Lee Hoi Yeh, Teoh Chern Zhong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Zafar Projected Differential Transform and Laplace Projected Differential Transform methods as exact solution methods for Klein-Gordon equations
In this study, we introduced two innovative numerical methodologies tailored for the resolution of linear and nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations. The Zafar Projected Differential Transform Method (ZPDTM) and the Laplace Projected Differential Transform Method (LPDTM) are devised to address the inherent complexities of these equations encountered in diverse scientific and engineering realms. Rigorous mathematical analysis herein demonstrated the efficacy and efficiency of ZPDTM and LPDTM in obtaining precise and approximate solutions for Klein-Gordon equations. Seamlessly integrating the Zafar transform method with the projected differential transform method, ZPDTM offers a novel approach that significantly broadens the scope of applicability compared to traditional numerical techniques. Likewise, LPDTM, a fusion of robust techniques from the Laplace transform method and the projected differential transform method, presents a powerful methodology for tackling nonlinear differential equations encountered in various domains. Our study showcased the reliability and user-friendliness of ZPDTM and LPDTM, underscoring their potential for extensive utilization across diverse scientific and engineering disciplines. Furthermore, we highlighted the computational efficiency of these methodologies, which significantly alleviate the computational burdens relative to traditional methods while maintaining high numerical precision. By presenting a comprehensive overview of the application of ZPDTM and LPDTM, this study represents a significant advancement in numerical techniques for Klein-Gordon equations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Oluwafemi Gbodogbe, Adedapo Chris Loyinmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Computational Analysis of Fractional Systems of Korteweg-de Vries Equations Using Elzaki Projected Differential Transform Method
The study investigates the application of the Elzaki Projected Differential Transform Method (EPDTM) to fractional-order nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations, which are fundamental in describing various nonlinear wave phenomena in physics and engineering. The EPDTM is utilized to derive approximate solutions for these complex systems, leveraging its ability to handle both linear and nonlinear operators effectively. Through comprehensive numerical simulations and comparisons with exact solutions, we demonstrate the method's efficacy in capturing the intricate dynamics of fractional-order systems. The results underscore EPDTM's accuracy, convergence, and computational efficiency, establishing it as a valuable tool for studying and analyzing nonlinear partial differential equations with fractional derivatives. This research contributes to advancing computational methods for nonlinear dynamics and underscores the potential of EPDTM in broader applications across diverse fields of science and engineering.
Elzaki Projected Differential Transform Method
Nonlinear partial differential equations
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Gbodogbe, Adedapo Loyinmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Usability of WebMath-Kit as an Educational Platform for the topic Network in Graph Theory Among Grade 11 pupils in South Malaysia
The primary aim of WebMath-Kit is to address the challenges pupils face in understanding complex mathematical concepts by providing interactive, engaging, and visually appealing learning materials for the topic Network in Graph Theory. The platform includes components such as a learning kit, assessments, and a chatbot to facilitate comprehensive learning experiences. To evaluate its usability and effectiveness, a sample consists of 39 grade 11 pupils were chosen in one of the high schools located in South Malaysia. Results indicated high reliability and validity, with Cronbach's Alpha α= 0.95 demonstrating strong internal consistency. About 92% strongly agree that usability of the WebMath-Kit as a teaching and learning platform and the average mean score across all items is 3.926, with an average standard deviation of 0.176. Usability assessments revealed that pupils found the platform user-friendly, engaging, and helpful in enhancing their understanding of Network in Graph Theory. The WebMath-Kit features interactive elements, gamification, and Dual Language Programme (DLP) options to cater to diverse student needs and preferences. Expert feedback and pilot study outcomes suggest further improvements in navigation, visual content, and interactive features. Overall, WebMath-Kit represents a significant advancement in mathematics education, providing a robust and adaptable tool for teaching and learning complex mathematical concepts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Annie Gorgey, Zurina Apandi BINTI ZABUDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Utilization of Differentiated Learning Modules with Blended and Scaffold-based Instruction in Mathematics Education
This study aimed to evaluate the developed intervention-learning materials (Phase 1) that support distance teaching and learning in the Philippines. Specifically, the study focused on the utilization (Phase 2) of the developed Differentiated Math Learning Materials (DMLMs) to enhance academic performance and achievements in Mathematics 8: Linear Inequalities in Two Variables. The study employed a mixed-method approach and utilized the DMLMs on grade-8 students of a far-flung secondary school in the Department of Education in the Philippines. The results indicate a significant positive impact on the academic performance and achievements of students in the least mastered contents of Mathematics 8. The intervention learning materials designed for slow-paced and average-paced learners were found to be effective during the implementation of blended and remote learning education. The study's contribution to the field of distance learning education highlights the importance of developing and utilizing tailored intervention-learning materials to address the challenges of distance education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jesus Santillan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Challenges and Future Prospects of Agricultural Waste Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review
The use of agricultural waste as reinforcement in metal matrix nanocomposites presents a promising avenue for sustainable materials development. The incorporation of agricultural waste materials in metal matrixes can enhance the mechanical properties and potentially reduce the environmental impact of composites. However, this approach also faces significant challenges, such as compatibility issues, interfacial bonding, dispersion, and processing techniques. This paper critically reviews the current state of research on agricultural waste-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites, identifies key challenges, and proposes future perspectives to overcome these obstacles and unlock the full potential of these materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rebecca Samaila Hamalai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
X-Ray Shielding Characteristics of Sand Reenforced Plastic Concrete Blocks
X-Ray shielding efficiency of sand reenforced plastic concrete blocks synthesized using sand and waste sachet water plastic in the percentage ratio of 50:50, 30:70, 10:90 and 0:100 has been studied in this paper. The density of the synthesized concrete blocks and their x-ray shielding characteristics were measured using a densitometer and a set of x-rays shielding fixed diagnostic x-ray machine and digital Geiger counter respectively. The density value decreased as the sand percentage decreased from 1.922 gcm-1 to 1.250 gcm-1 with an increasing plastic percentage, resulting from the substitution of sand with lighter plastic. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values increased with an increase in the percentage of plastic while the tenth value layer (TVL) and half value layer (HVL) decreased with increase in the percentage of plastic in the concrete material. The value of the mean free path (MFP) appeared higher when more sand composition. The results demonstrated that more plastic composition improved the concrete shielding efficiency even as the density continued to decrease. This might be since more spaces are closed with more plastic percentage, closing gaps between sand particles. The study demonstrated that the sand reenforced plastic concrete presented in this work offers greater advantage solves the problems of light weight and durability that is faced with conventional cement concrete materials in X-rays shielding applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Masok Felix Bitrus, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Dawam Robert Rangmou, Amina Muhammad Dunama, Oni Samuel Tolulope https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Learning Using Comics and Artificial Intelligence in Physics Subjects : A Review
Technological developments present a variety of forms of interactive media in physics learning. Comics and artificial intelligence (AI) are two innovative media genres that are popularly used to enhance learning. However, a general review of the learning effects of various previous researchers on the effects of comics and AI on physics learning is still limited. This literature review aims to identify the impacts and challenges of implementing comics and AI in physics learning. This literature review goes through five stages, including determining the research question, literature search, article selection, outlining the information from the articles, and literature writing. Articles are sourced from open-access databases, Scorpus, ProQuest, ERIC and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2020 and 2024 are found through searches using keywords in the abstract and title. The search results in as many as 23 articles worth reviewing. Based on the review, comics and AI have proven effectiveness in enhancing physics learning by increasing interest, motivation, and student involvement in learning and understanding concepts in physics. These media have great potential to support interactive and communicative learning. Both media have impacts, advantages, weaknesses, and challenges in their application. AI can give lead to plagiarism in learning, and uncontrolled comics affect students' focus on learning. The implementation of these two learning media has a positive effect on improving learning outcomes. This medium can teach complex subjects in an accessible and fun way. Comics provide interactive and communicative learning that supports independent learning for students. In conclusion, comics and AI positively impact students' physics learning. This literature review provides information about research objects, issues, and conclusions for other researchers regarding the development of comics and AI in physics learning.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nurazreen M.G, Suriani A.B, Lilia Ellany M., Aliya N., Azzam M.B, Adli M., dhanil Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Game-Based Learning with the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Physics: What Are the Implications in Teaching and Learning? A Review
Technological advances provide support to education in presenting more relevant and effective learning. One of the technological tools that is popularly implemented in physics learning as a learning medium is Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). These two technologies have various impacts on their use in the learning process. However, the review of the impact of learning from various previous researchers on the technology on physics learning is still limited. This literature review aims to identify the impact and challenges of applying DGBL and AI in physics learning. The method used for this article review is based on four stages. The first stage is the formulation of planning by determining the formulation of research questions. The second stage is the search for articles from Scopus, ProQuest, ERIC, Google Scholar, and open-access databases. Articles are obtained based on searches with keywords in the title and abstract and are in the range of 2020 to 2024. The third stage is to assess articles based on the focus of studies that discuss AI, DGBL, and physics. The search results resulted in as many as 20 articles that are worth reviewing. Based on the results of the literature review, the fourth stage is to write information about the impact and challenges of using technologies in physics learning. DGBL and AI have proven to be effective in supporting students' interest, motivation, and engagement in learning. AI supports features that can be personalized according to students' learning abilities, and DGBL supports interactive learning presentations. Those various features presented can enhance students' comprehension of concepts for better results in understanding abstract physics material. Those technologies also have their own challenges. The over-reliability of this technology can cause plagiarism in learning and affect students' focus in learning. In general, those technologies strongly support physics learning, especially to encourage interest and motivation in students' learning. This media is a form of technology recommendation for teachers and students to support physics learning.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fitri M.N, Suriani Abu Bakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development and Evaluation of Ubod Cocos nucifera Balls as Plant-Based Meatball Alternatives
The consumption of meat has long been associated with various health and environmental concerns, prompting the exploration of alternative protein sources. This study aimed to formulate a Cocos nucifera ubod ball, specifically, it aimed to utilize the inner core of coconut palm tree species, as a viable substitute for meat. A quantitative research method and quasi-experimental research design were used in this study. The research environment was one of the state universities in Cebu City. The respondents of this study were the 23 BTLEd students and 15 panels of experts. The Sensory Evaluation Form and Hedonic Rating Scale were used as an instrument for data gathering. Among the four treatments, treatment 3 was chosen to undergo microbial analysis with the best measurement of 70% ubod and 30% flour. Thus, the results of the microbial analysis of the product were within the safe limit and safe for consumption. Four treatments of ubod ball were prepared and the results showed that the treatment 2 and treatment 3 ubod balls are acceptable and do not have significant differences in terms of its sensory characteristics and the overall acceptability. Among the four treatments, the control treatment was the most acceptable with a computed mean of 8.13 which means extremely-liked. The treatment 4 was the only moderately liked by the respondents with a computed mean of 6.76. Furthermore, a techno-guide on ubod ball was then developed showcasing its microbial laboratory results, sensory characteristics results, objectives, recipe and costs. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a need to improve or revised the procedure made and amount of measurement in the ubod ball.
Copyright (c) 2025 RAYMUND CATUBIG, JANINE SUICO, CHARESS GOLES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mathematics Achievement: Examining the Interplay of Student Factors in Senior Secondary School
This study looked at the connection between student traits and math achievement, with focused on students’ attitude, interest and self-efficacy on academic achievement of senior secondary schools within Ijebu-Ode local government area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Three hypotheses guided the study. A quantitative approach was used, employed descriptive survey research designs. A sample size of 350 students was randomly selected. Two research instruments were used, yielding the reliability coefficient of 0.883 for Students’ Attitude, Interest and Self-Efficacy Scale (SAISS) and 0.861 for Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT). Percentage and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results showed a substantial relationship between student factors and senior secondary school mathematics achievement with the following results (F = 26.746, p<0.05); (F = 0.053, p<0.05); (F = 27.288, p<0.05). The study concluded that Attitude, Interest and Self-efficacy are strong predictors of mathematics achievement of senior secondary school students in Ijebu Ode. It is recommended among others that students should always be encouraged about the usefulness of Mathematics in their day-to-day activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akorede Asanre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Essential oils composition of Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia and its anatomical study
Chemical compositions of V. negundo and V. trifolia essential oils and their anatomical study were determined. The GC-FID and GC–MS analysis of essential oils resulted in the identification of 14 and 18 components were identified from the leaf oils of V. negundo (92.8%) and V. trifolia (91.5%), respectively. The results revealed that the essential oils are made up principally of δ-elemene (43.1%), spathulenol (9.8%) for V. negundo, while viridiflorol (42.3%) and β-caryophyllene (21.7%) for V. trifolia. Meanwhile, for anatomical part, the oil gland has been found in the lamina, midrib and petiole of all essential oils.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fakhira Liyana Mohd Zaki, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, Salam Ahmed Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0