EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology
type: channel
description: EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology (EJSMT) [ISSN 2289-7070 / eISSN 2462-2451] is a peer-reviewed journal published by UPSI Press, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia since 2014. EJSMT is devoted to the publication of original research papers, scientific reviews and short communications on various aspects of science and technology such as biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, ICT, agriculture science, biotechnology, science education, mathematics education, technical and vocational education. EJSMT is published twice (2) a year in April and October beginning 2024. EJSMT supports Open Access. The electronic full text version of the journal is available Free of Charge (FOC).
publisher: UPSI Press
language: en
publication name: EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology
issn: 2289-7070
items: Density Functional Theory of Graphene and its Hybrid Materials: A Review of Recent Advances and Applications
items: Evolution of Functional Membranes: A Bibliometric Approach on the Modification from Polymeric to Nanocomposite Systems
items: The Effect of Algebra Tiles Among Form Four Students on The Achievement of Conceptual Knowledge, Procedural Knowledge and Mental Effort for The Topic of Quadratic Equations
items: Generative Learning Strategy in Mathematics Education: A Systematic Literature Review
items: PLS-SEM or CB-SEM Method for Customer Loyalty Towards Mobile Service Providers Data
items: Ontogenic Learning Obstacles in The Learning of Functional Graph Topic Form Two
items: Validity Assessment of An Integrated Realistic Mathematics Education and Project-based Inquiry Learning Module
items: Need Analysis for Development of Circle Kit Mathematics Form Two
items: A Comprehensive Study of 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene Thin Films with Atomic Force Microscopy: Thickness and Topographical Analysis
items: Translation, Validation, And Reliability of The Smartphone Addiction Instrument in The Indonesian Version for Early Childhood
items: Geographic Weighted Regression Models for Contraceptive Use in West Sumatera
items: The Structural Properties of The Power Graph of Symmetric Groups
items: Development of the Fuzzy Delphi Instrument for Identifying Elements of the PhyARECi-STEM Learning Module
items: K-Nearest Neighbor Regression for Predicting Song Popularity Using Gower Distance
items: The BStID Mathematical Model for Prevalence of Stunting
items: The Impact of STEM Teaching Model on Physics Student Teachers’ Awareness and Readiness
items: Computational Analysis of Fractional Systems of Korteweg-de Vries Equations Using Elzaki Projected Differential Transform Method
items: Usability of WebMath-Kit as an Educational Platform for the topic Network in Graph Theory Among Grade 11 pupils in South Malaysia
items: Utilization of Differentiated Learning Modules with Blended and Scaffold-based Instruction in Mathematics Education
items: Challenges and Future Prospects of Agricultural Waste Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review
items: X-Ray Shielding Characteristics of Sand Reenforced Plastic Concrete Blocks
items: Learning Using Comics and Artificial Intelligence in Physics Subjects : A Review
items: Digital Game-Based Learning with the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Physics: What Are the Implications in Teaching and Learning? A Review
items: Development and Evaluation of Ubod Cocos nucifera Balls as Plant-Based Meatball Alternatives
items: Mathematics Achievement: Examining the Interplay of Student Factors in Senior Secondary School
items: Essential oils composition of Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia and its anatomical study
items: Analysis of Workers’ Compensation Using Multiple Linear Regression Model: A Case Study in an Estates and Mills Company
items: Comprehensive Review on Technology-Based Learning Using Artificial Intelligence for Science Subjects and Its Implications in Teaching and Learning
items: Hydrometallurgical Synthesis of pure zincite (ZnO) powder from dead zinc carbon batteries for use in the manufacturing of antimicrobial products
items: Design and Construction of a Dual Powered Reverse Osmosis Based Mobile Water Treatment Plant for Military and Emergency Use

Density Functional Theory of Graphene and its Hybrid Materials: A Review of Recent Advances and Applications
type: item
description: Graphene has attracted the attention of researchers as it shows exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties that are beneficial for various applications, including flexible sensors and supercapacitors. Therefore, much laboratory work was conducted to study further potential application of graphene. However, complex procedures and waste consideration are other challenges for developing graphene-based-application devices. Therefore, using a density functional theory (DFT) to intensively study graphene and its potential to be combined with various materials, resulting in a lower-cost and more efficient approach. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental theory in DFT, followed by graphene and its hybrids in computational work. Hybridizing graphene with other nanomaterials significantly modifies its bandgap and density of state, which are potential for sensing and electronic devices. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of open-source and commercial software tools used for DFT analysis is also discussed. Despite its advantages, some challenges, including functional accuracy and computational cost, limit the use of DFT analysis. Hence, user-friendly and accessible software is highly required. As a summary, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and students, fostering further advancements in graphene-based materials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Graphene
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Density Functional Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Structure
  topic: keywords
creator: Rika N Safitri
creator: Suriani A.B
creator: Muqoyyanah
creator: Ghani Ur Rehman
creator: Febriani
creator: Wipsar S B Dwandaru
creator: Heri Sutanto
creator: Ilham Alkian
creator: Fatiatun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rika N Safitri, Suriani A.B, Muqoyyanah, Ghani Ur Rehman, Febriani, Wipsar S B Dwandaru, Heri Sutanto, Ilham Alkian, Fatiatun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 43
ending page: 52
doi: 10.37134/

Evolution of Functional Membranes: A Bibliometric Approach on the Modification from Polymeric to Nanocomposite Systems
type: item
description: Membrane science has become a study that has received significant attention for its use in membrane filtration. The development of membrane science has accelerated with the use of nanotechnology. Various studies on the use of membranes in water treatment filtration have been conducted, but many focus on single materials and separation effectiveness. However, research presenting developments in membrane technology that focus on the shift from the polymeric era to nanocomposites has not been presented. This gap led this study to map the evolution of membrane science as a direction for future research. A total of 13,983 documents obtained from Scopus were analyzed. Open Refine and Microsoft Excel were used for metadata cleaning, while VOSviewer and IIPmaps were used for data visualization. The analysis was conducted to obtain data on the development and distribution of publications, trending keywords, research transitions, and future research directions. The results show that publications increased rapidly in 2010 that line with the increasing use of nanotechnology. Publication and collaboration trends are dominated by China, the United States, and Malaysia. Research transitions also showed three main phases, namely: polymeric foundations (1990-2005), nanocomposite integration (2006-2015), and advanced functionalities (2016-2025). The advanced functionalities phase showed the use of eco-friendly materials and artificial intelligence in the design of multifunctional membranes. This bibliometric study indicates that water treatment membranes have shifted from improving physical properties to using nanomaterials for functional purposes. Consequently, upcoming work ought to prioritize novel combinations of nanomaterials alongside advancements in produced smart filtration systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: bibliometric approach
  topic: keywords
subject: functional membrane filtration
  topic: keywords
subject: polymeric membrane
  topic: keywords
subject: nanocomposite membrane
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable water treatment
  topic: keywords
creator: Febriani
creator: Suriani Abu Bakar
creator: Wipsar Sunu Brams Dwandaru
creator: Muqoyyanah
creator: Ghani Ur Rehman
creator: Rosiah Rohani
creator: Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
creator: Rika Noor Safitri
creator: Fatiatun
creator: Hafizul Fahri Hanafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Febriani, Dr. Wipsar Sunu Brams Dwandaru, Dr. Muqoyyanah, Dr. Ghani Ur Rehman, Dr. Rosiah Rohani, Prof. Suriani Abu Bakar, Prof. Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Rika Noor Safitri, Dr. Hafizul Fahri Hanafi, Fatiatun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 53
ending page: 70
doi: 10.37134/

The Effect of Algebra Tiles Among Form Four Students on The Achievement of Conceptual Knowledge, Procedural Knowledge and Mental Effort for The Topic of Quadratic Equations
type: item
description: The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect Algebra Tiles as manipulative tool on Form Four students’ overall achievement, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and mental effort in learning the topic of Quadratic Equations. A quasi-experimental pre-post control design of a pre–post control group was conducted with Form Four students from a national secondary school in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Four classes were randomly assigned to either two classes the treatment group (n=60) and two classes the control group (n=60). The treatment group used the Algebra Tiles as teaching tool (PJA), while the control group underwent conventional teaching method (PK) for the topic of Quadratic Equations. There are two instruments used in this study: the Quadratic Equation Achievement Test (UPPK) and the Mental Effort Rating Scale (SPUM). Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics through MANOVA. The findings of the study showed that there were significant differences between the conventional teaching method (PK) group and the treatment group used the Algebra Tiles as teaching tool (PJA) in students' overall achievement, conceptual knowledge achievement, procedural knowledge achievement and mental effort [F(4,115) = 3576.75, p < 0.05]. The mean for the overall achievement (76.87), achievement of conceptual knowledge (20.75) and achievement of procedural knowledge (17.67) for the PJA group was higher than the mean for the PK group. Meanwhile, the mean for mental effort for the PJA group (4.92) was lower than the PK group. The findings indicated significant difference between the PK and PJA groups in terms of overall achievement, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and mental effort. The PJA group outperformed the PK group in terms of overall achievement, conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge, while the mean for mental effort for the PJA group was lower than the PK group. As conclusion, the use of A…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Algebra Tiles
  topic: keywords
subject: conceptual knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: mental effort
  topic: keywords
subject: procedural knowledge
  topic: keywords
subject: Quadratic Equations
  topic: keywords
creator: Nur Yusra Rahizan
creator: Rohaidah Masri
creator: Zamzana Zamzamir
creator: Fainida Rahmat
creator: Hazura Mohamed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Yusra Rahizan, Rohaidah Masri, Zamzana Zamzamir, Fainida Rahmat, Hazura Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 165
ending page: 176
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.14.2025

Generative Learning Strategy in Mathematics Education: A Systematic Literature Review
type: item
description: Generative Learning is a strategy that have become increasingly in year 2020 to year 2024 among learners to actively engage with the material to construct their own understanding. However, not many instructors use this strategy in teaching and learning process and need to expose to the proper way to execute this strategy in classroom. The objective of this article is to reveal a systematic literature review about generative learning strategies in Mathematics teaching and learning process by analyzing its trend in Generative Learning Strategy (GLS). The review processes included five main methodological steps, namely guided by review protocol, formulation of research questions, systematic searching strategies based on identification, screening, and eligibility based on several well-known electronic databases such as Scopus and Google Scholar. The review process was then followed by analyzing 21 articles that were brought to quality appraisal, data extraction and analysis. The findings showed how the generative learning affects individuals in learning process. These findings can be used as a reference for teachers to be implement these as learning strategies that can involve students' in cognitive aspects to enable meaningful learning. These findings also provide educators with insight into the information processing occurring in a person's cognition and reveal several learning strategies that align with information processing theory and also have the potential to guide future research in this field. The results of these findings are important source for teachers to improve Mathematics lesson in teaching and learning process, whereas researchers and policymakers to improve the quality of mathematics education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Generative Learning Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Generative Learning strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics education
  topic: keywords
subject: teaching and learning strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Nesshalini Muralitharan
creator: Rohaidah Masri
creator: Riyan Hidayat
creator: Nurihan Nasir
creator: Norashidah A Wahab
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nesshalini Muralitharan, Rohaidah Masri, Riyan Hidayat, Nurihan Nasir, Norashidah A Wahab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 146
ending page: 164
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.13.2025

PLS-SEM or CB-SEM Method for Customer Loyalty Towards Mobile Service Providers Data
type: item
description: This study compares two commonly used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methods—Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM) and Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM)—to assess customer loyalty data in the telecommunications industry. The comparison was conducted using a dataset of 448 mobile service users in Melaka, where service providers have faced challenges in meeting performance standards. Findings reveal that PLS-SEM outperforms CB-SEM in terms of Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR), with AVE values exceeding 0.68 compared to CB-SEM's 0.58, and CR values above 0.89 compared to CB-SEM's 0.84. These results highlight PLS-SEM’s superior construct reliability and validity, particularly for complex models and smaller sample sizes. This study provides valuable insights into selecting appropriate SEM techniques for customer loyalty research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: PLS-SEM
  topic: keywords
subject: CB-SEM
  topic: keywords
subject: customer loyalty
  topic: keywords
subject: telecommunications
  topic: keywords
subject: construct validity
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurulhayah Muhamad
creator: Nurul Hila Zainuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nurulhayah Muhamad, Nurul Hila Zainuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 135
ending page: 145
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.12.2025

Ontogenic Learning Obstacles in The Learning of Functional Graph Topic Form Two
type: item
description: The textbooks used are now the primary reference for teachers and students in following the learning system that the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) has set up. This study explored students' ontogenic learning obstacles in learning Functional Graph Topic Form Two which is in the textbook. The researcher used a qualitative design by conducting semi-structured interviews with six students form two students who had undergone learning the Functional Graph Topic. The interviews were based on the student's experiences and answers to the written test sessions. Six respondents were selected from 22 students based on the criteria of the written test who studied the Functional Graph Topic with the same teacher. After the selection, interviews were conducted with the six respondents. Some aspects of ontogenic learning obstacles are psychological ontogenic learning obstacles, instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles, and conceptual ontogenic learning obstacles. In this research, the aspect of psychological ontogenic learning obstacles, there were 33.33% student face the obstacle in the preparation for learning the Functional Graph Topic, while for interest in the Functional Graph Topic was 83.33%, and 66.66% for motivation to learn the Functional Graph Topic. Students also face instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles which 50% students face obstacle in student's existing knowledge, while the elements seen in the conceptual ontogenic learning obstacles involve 66.66% of the student's learning experience. This data found that students experienced varying ontogenic learning obstacles, but some faced all elements of ontogenic learning obstacles, while others only experienced certain elements. In conclusion, every student faces at least one aspect of the ontogenic learning obstacles. Based on the conclusion of the data, this research can assist teachers in creating an alternative to reduce the chances of students experiencing ontogenic learning obstacles when learning the Fu…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ontogenic learning obstacles
  topic: keywords
subject: psychological ontogenic learning obstacles
  topic: keywords
subject: instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles
  topic: keywords
subject: conceptual ontogenic learning obstacles
  topic: keywords
subject: Functional Graph topics
  topic: keywords
creator: Qamarina Dayana Shahrul
creator: Nurihan Nasir
creator: Didi Suryadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Qamarina Dayana Shahrul, Nurihan Nasi, Didi Suryadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-03
publication date: 2025-05-03
starting page: 116
ending page: 134
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.11.2025

Validity Assessment of An Integrated Realistic Mathematics Education and Project-based Inquiry Learning Module
type: item
description: Text-based learning resources are critical for helping pupils learn mathematics. However, limited studies have been conducted on designing mathematics modules as text-based learning materials for Vocational High School (VHS) students. Hence, developing an integrated Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and Project-based Inquiry (PIL) module could be an innovative solution. This study analyzes the validity assessment as a part of the developmental stage of developing the module. The validation process was conducted by a team of five experts in mathematics education, who used a questionnaire to assess the face and content validity. The questionnaire evaluated four key aspects of face validity: language, text, graphics, and presentation. In terms of content validity, it considered five crucial elements: suitability to the target population, implementation of each module activity based on the principles of RME and the phases of PIL, compatibility with the allocated time, ability to enhance student performance in terms of creativity and achievement, and potential to influence attitudes towards excellence, particularly in terms of student motivation. The data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and percentages. Based on the data analysis, the average score percentage for all face and content validity aspects is 91.6% and 89.8%, respectively. It is in a good category because those range from 84% to 98%. Therefore, all module aspects have high content validity and exceed 70%.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mathematics Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Project-based Inquiry
  topic: keywords
subject: Linear Programming
  topic: keywords
creator: Sri Rejeki
creator: Mazlini Adnan
creator: Che Nidzam Che Ahmad
creator: Budi Murtiyasa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Rejeki, Mazlini Adnan, Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Budi Murtiyasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-05-03
publication date: 2025-05-03
starting page: 103
ending page: 115
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.10.2025

Need Analysis for Development of Circle Kit Mathematics Form Two
type: item
description: A needs analysis was conducted to identify the current requirements and preferences of students for the development of a Circle Kit for Form 2 Mathematics topics. The research involved a random selection of secondary schools from Kedah, Perlis, and Johor, with 90 Mathematics teachers chosen through purposive sampling to serve as the study’s samples. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected using the Needs Analysis Questionnaire (NAQ) as the survey instrument, and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that 95.5% of the respondents acknowledged the need for a Circle Kit specifically tailored for Form 2 Mathematics. Moreover, a substantial majority, 75.4%, identified the Circle topic as the primary focus requiring attention in the development of the Circle Kit. Specifically, this study focuses on key aspects such as content, activities, assessment, and materials to optimise the effectiveness of the Circle Kit. In terms of content, 70.1% of teachers advocate for the inclusion of a comprehensive user guide to facilitate its use. For activities, 60.8% of teachers emphasise the importance of incorporating group tasks to foster student collaboration and teamwork. Regarding assessment, 62.4% support a flexible approach that integrates both individual and group evaluations. Lastly, 73.2% of teachers stress the significance of using hands-on materials to enhance learning experiences and increase student engagement. These findings will guide the design and implementation of the Circle Kit, ensuring it better supports Mathematics education. The development of the Circle Kit, specifically tailored for the Circle topic in Form 2 Mathematics, is crucial to improving teaching and learning outcomes. This study recommends that the design of the Circle Kit emphasise essential characteristics, including the integration of relevant content, engaging and interactive activities, the use of appropriate materials, and the incorporation of ef…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Circle
  topic: keywords
subject: Form 2 Mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Descriptive Statistics
  topic: keywords
subject: Circle Kit
  topic: keywords
creator: Amirah Fatihah Mohd Zulkiflee
creator: Norazman Arbin
creator: Norsyazana Kamarudin
creator: Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali
creator: Riyan Hidayat
creator: Rezi Ariawan
creator: Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah
creator: Mazlini Adnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amirah Fatihah Mohd Zulkiflee, Norazman Arbin, Norsyazana Kamarudin, Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali, Riyan Hidayat, Rezi Ariawan, Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah, Mazlini Adnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 90
ending page: 102
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.9.2025

A Comprehensive Study of 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene Thin Films with Atomic Force Microscopy: Thickness and Topographical Analysis
type: item
description: This study aims to characterise 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene (SC[4]) thin films using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in analysing its thickness and surface morphology. Quartz substrates were cleaned using ultrasonic cleaning with an Elmasonic P70H. SC[4] thin films were then fabricated on a quartz surface using WS-400BZ-6NPP/A1/AR1 model spin coater from Laurel Technologies, producing thin films with 5, 10, 15, and 20 layers. Each thin film was characterised in the tapping mode of the AFM Park System NX-10. Scans were conducted on different film areas of different scales, and the data were analysed using XEI Data Processing and Analysis Software. Height measurements obtained via Line Profile analysis revealed a progressive increase in film thickness with the additional layers, demonstrating a significant linear relationship. AFM images showed precise 2D and 3D surface topography, indicating that the thin films became uneven and non-uniform with the addition of more layers. The findings demonstrated a linear relationship between film thickness and the number of layers, measuring 58.175 nm for 5 layers, 77.626 nm for 10 layers, 84.608 nm for 15 layers, and 94.806 nm for 20 layers. The surface roughness of thin films was also determined, and it is significantly influenced by the number of layers, as illustrated by the root mean square roughness (Rq). The values were found to be 26.512 for 5 layers, 29.777 for 10 layers, 30.177 for 15 layers, and 31.093 for 20 layers, respectively. This increase in surface irregularity indicates that the deposition process leads to progressively irregular surfaces with an additional number of layers, as proven by equivalent studies on thin films. This study emphasised the effectiveness of AFM in thin film research by demonstrating its precision in measuring thickness and analysing surface topography.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene
  topic: keywords
subject: Atomic Force Microscope
  topic: keywords
subject: Spin-Coating Method
  topic: keywords
subject: Thickness Measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: Topographical Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Farish Armani Hamidon
creator: Faridah Lisa Supian
creator: Mazlina Mat Darus
creator: Nur Farah Nadia Abd Karim
creator: Yeong Yi Wong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Farish Armani Hamidon, Faridah Lisa Supian Supian, Mazlina Mat Darus, Nur Farah Nadia Abd Karim, Wong Yeong Yi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 77
ending page: 89
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.8.2025

Translation, Validation, And Reliability of The Smartphone Addiction Instrument in The Indonesian Version for Early Childhood
type: item
description: The use of smartphones among young children is increasing rapidly with the advancement of technology. However, excessive use can lead to addiction and have negative impacts on children. This study aims to translate the Smartphone Addiction Instrument for early childhood into Indonesian and subsequently verify the validity and reliability of the instrument. This study is a cross-sectional observational survey involving the participation of 50 parents of children aged 4-5 years in data collection. There are three stages in this study: the translation process was developed through translation and back-translation; the validity involves three types of testing: content validity by consulting three experts: a psychologist, a psychiatrist, and an early childhood education lecturer; structural validity conducted through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis; and construct validity conducted using the Pearson test; and the reliability test was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha. The study results showed that the Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and the Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) of the instrument were both 1, indicating excellent content validity. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure, supported by eigenvalues, total explained variance, and the scree plot. Additionally, all recommended fit indices fell within acceptable ranges as determined by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's α value of 0.796 for the Indonesian version of the Smartphone Addiction Instrument indicates good reliability. Therefore, this instrument is both valid and reliable for use among early childhood populations and can be employed to collect actual data. The developed three-factor structure, comprising self-control failure, salience, and serious consequences, will help identify smartphone addiction in early childhood and can be used to plan educational interventions for parents, educators, and researchers in addressing smartphone addiction …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Reliability
  topic: keywords
subject: Smartphone Addiction Instrument
  topic: keywords
subject: Translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Validation
  topic: keywords
creator: Amalina
creator: Nor Azah Samot @ Samat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amalina Amalina, N.A. Samat1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 64
ending page: 76
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.7.2025

Geographic Weighted Regression Models for Contraceptive Use in West Sumatera
type: item
description: Spatial heterogeneity in family planning is a critical issue that reflects significant variations in contraceptive use and related indicators across regions, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to enhance family planning services. The Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, a spatial analytical approach, incorporates geographic weights at each observation site to estimate localized regression parameters. This study aims to identify the GWR model and determine the factors influencing the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) in 19 districts and cities in West Sumatera Province in 2023. The Adaptive Kernel Bisquare Function is employed to assign spatial weighting, while Cross-Validation (CV) is used to optimize the bandwidth, ensuring robust and localized model estimation. Using secondary data from the West Sumatera Central Bureau of Statistics, the study reveals substantial spatial variability in the factors influencing CPR. Key determinants include the number of family planning clinics, the number of village family planning service posts, the proportion of poor households, and the proportion of women of reproductive age using contraceptives. The GWR model achieves a high coefficient of determination (R²) of 86.98%, indicating strong model performance in explaining CPR variation. These findings underscore the methodological importance of Adaptive Kernel Bisquare weighting and cross-validation in capturing spatial heterogeneity and provide actionable insights for localized family planning strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Contraceptive Use
  topic: keywords
subject: Geographic Weighted Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Heterogeneity
  topic: keywords
creator: Lely Kurnia
creator: Nor Azah Samot @ Samat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lely Kurnia , N.A. Samat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 53
ending page: 63
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.6.2025

The Structural Properties of The Power Graph of Symmetric Groups
type: item
description: This study investigates the power graphs of the symmetric groups Sn for 3<n<6. In a power graph, vertices represent group elements, and edges connect vertices if one element is a power of the other. The study identifies key structural patterns, including over 250 distinct subgraphs for . Specifically, complete subgraphs , correspond to cyclic subgroups of prime power orders. In contrast, incomplete subgraphs highlight the non-cyclic nature of symmetric groups for n>4, as they cannot be generated by a single element. This research provides a systematic characterization of power graphs for small symmetric groups, offering new insights into their combinatorial structure. Additionally, it contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating how the complexity of power graphs increases with , revealing intricate power relations and the presence of both cyclic and non-cyclic structural components.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Power graph of group
  topic: keywords
subject: symmetric group
  topic: keywords
subject: cyclic group
  topic: keywords
subject: non-cyclic group
  topic: keywords
creator: Ika Metiza Maris
creator: Rawdah Adawiyah Tarmizi
creator: Nor Hafizah Md Husin Md Husin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ika Metiza Maris, Rawdah Adawiyah Tarmizi, Nor Hafizah Md Husin Md Husin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 45
ending page: 52
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.5.2025

Development of the Fuzzy Delphi Instrument for Identifying Elements of the PhyARECi-STEM Learning Module
type: item
description: This research aims to describe the process of developing the Fuzzy Delphi instrument to identify elements of the applied physics learning module integrated with STEM and Augmented Reality or AR (PhyARECi-STEM learning module). This questionnaire was developed based on the national standards of higher education analysis in Indonesia, Hilda Taba's curriculum model, module elements found in literature, interviews, and focus groups with experts. The study is descriptive. The 50-item questionnaire relates to learning outcomes, content, process, and assessment. Nine experts conducted the validity evidence of the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire to ensure content validity. Subsequently, the questionnaire was distributed to 30 respondents to obtain reliability. The data analysis techniques used for validity and reliability were the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Cronbach's alpha. The study's results demonstrated the validity of the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, as evidenced by an I-CVI value within the range of 0.89 to 1, an S-CVI value of 0.99, and a Kappa value within the range of 0.89 to 1.00. Furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire was also established, with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.974. Therefore, the Fuzzy Delphi instrument, validated and demonstrated to be reliable, is now ready to be employed to identify the fundamental elements of the PhyARECi-STEM learning module via expert consensus.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Augmented Reality
  topic: keywords
subject: Applied Physics
  topic: keywords
subject: Fuzzy Delphi Instruments
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning Module
  topic: keywords
subject: STEM
  topic: keywords
creator: Renol Afrizon
creator: Lilia Ellany Mohtar
creator: Mohd Syahriman Mohd Azmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Renol Afrizon, Lilia Ellany Mohtar, Mohd Syahriman Mohd Azmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 33
ending page: 44
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.4.2025

K-Nearest Neighbor Regression for Predicting Song Popularity Using Gower Distance
type: item
description: The machine learning approach is widely used to investigate human activities, such as in the art field. In the music industry, a song's popularity is essential to predict before it is released. In this paper, we were interested in predicting the popularity of songs using the -nearest neighbor regression. The Spotify app was used to gather some information related to the audio features of a song, i.e., song duration, instrumentalness, loudness, acousticness, danceability, energy, liveness, speechiness, audio valence, key, audio mode, tempo, and time signature. This research used mixed-type variables; thus, the dissimilarity is measured using the Gower distance. In addition, two weighting methods were also compared to predict song popularity. Using 10-fold cross-validation, we found that the inversely proportional weights-distance showed better prediction performance when compared with equal weight. Moreover, we also found the best performance in predicting the song popularity is obtained when = 5 nearest neighbors were used, with mean square error (MSE) of 636.75 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 41.58% that implies a reasonable prediction result.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: song popularity
  topic: keywords
subject: k-nearest neighbor regression
  topic: keywords
subject: audio feature
  topic: keywords
subject: Gower distance
  topic: keywords
subject: weighting method
  topic: keywords
creator: Hazmira Yozza
creator: Riswan Efendi
creator: Nor Azah Samot @ Samat
creator: Izzati Rahmi
creator: Aqil Burney S.M.
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hazmira Yozza, Riswan Efendi, Nor Azah Samat, Izzati Rahmi, Aqil Burney S.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 17
ending page: 32
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.3.2025

The BStID Mathematical Model for Prevalence of Stunting
type: item
description: This study aims to propose a new mathematical model for transmitting stunting prevalence in children. This study develops an initial model of stunting prevalence, namely the B. ID compartment model, which considers important characteristics of stunting transmission. In this study, the resulting model is (formula) and (formula). This mathematical model will include the development of difference and differential equations to represent the transmission of stunting prevalence in real life, such as being able to describe the development of stunting in the future. Authorities can use this new initial mathematical model as a prevention strategy to reduce stunting prevalence. The extension of this study will include the application of the proposed BStID mathematical model to stunting data in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Children
  topic: keywords
subject: Compartment Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Difference Equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Differential Equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Stunting
  topic: keywords
creator: Yulia Retno Sari
creator: Nor Azah Samot @ Samat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yulia Retno Sari, Samat S.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 9
ending page: 16
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.2.2025

The Impact of STEM Teaching Model on Physics Student Teachers’ Awareness and Readiness
type: item
description: This study used a pre-experimental research design with a quantitative survey. The study utilized the STEM teaching model developed in the previous study, and implemented five STEM teaching practices for physics student teachers (PSTs) over two months. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyse the data. The study showed that before the intervention study, PSTs had a low awareness of STEM education (mean = 2.525; standard deviation (SD) = 0.681) and a low level of readiness (mean = 2.786; SD = 0.718). After the experiment, both means increased significantly, reaching 3.83 (SD = 0.70) and 3.51 (SD = 0.91), respectively. Inferential statistics showed that there were significant changes in the STEM awareness and readiness of PSTs before and after the experiment (both p < .01;). The results of the Paired T-test showed Cohen's d of 0.912 and 0.558, respectively, which have a large and moderate effect. In summary, the STEM teaching model had a positive impact on the awareness and readiness of PSTs and provided an effective way to cultivate and improve the STEM capabilities of PSTs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: STEM Education
  topic: keywords
subject: student Teacher
  topic: keywords
subject: STEM Teaching Model
  topic: keywords
subject: STEM awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: STEM readiness
  topic: keywords
creator: Zhaofeng Zeng
creator: Hongyu Wei
creator: Xin Li
creator: Wei Tho Siew
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zhaofeng Zeng, Hongyu Wei, Xin Li, Siew Wei Tho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-04-28
publication date: 2025-04-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.sp.1.2025

Computational Analysis of Fractional Systems of Korteweg-de Vries Equations Using Elzaki Projected Differential Transform Method
type: item
description: The study investigates the application of the Elzaki Projected Differential Transform Method (EPDTM) to fractional-order nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equations, which are fundamental in describing various nonlinear wave phenomena in physics and engineering. The EPDTM is utilized to derive approximate solutions for these complex systems, leveraging its ability to handle both linear and nonlinear operators effectively. Through comprehensive numerical simulations and comparisons with exact solutions, we demonstrate the method's efficacy in capturing the intricate dynamics of fractional-order systems. The results underscore EPDTM's accuracy, convergence, and computational efficiency, establishing it as a valuable tool for studying and analyzing nonlinear partial differential equations with fractional derivatives. This research contributes to advancing computational methods for nonlinear dynamics and underscores the potential of EPDTM in broader applications across diverse fields of science and engineering.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Korteweg-de Vries
  topic: keywords
subject: Elzaki Projected Differential Transform Method
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonlinear partial differential equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Numerical simulations
  topic: keywords
subject: Exact Solution
  topic: keywords
creator: Sunday Gbodogbe
creator: Adedapo Loyinmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Gbodogbe, Adedapo Loyinmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-04
publication date: 2026-01-04
starting page: 1
ending page: 23
doi: 10.37134/

Usability of WebMath-Kit as an Educational Platform for the topic Network in Graph Theory Among Grade 11 pupils in South Malaysia
type: item
description: The primary aim of WebMath-Kit is to address the challenges pupils face in understanding complex mathematical concepts by providing interactive, engaging, and visually appealing learning materials for the topic Network in Graph Theory. The platform includes components such as a learning kit, assessments, and a chatbot to facilitate comprehensive learning experiences. To evaluate its usability and effectiveness, a sample consists of 39 grade 11 pupils were chosen in one of the high schools located in South Malaysia. Results indicated high reliability and validity, with Cronbach's Alpha α= 0.95 demonstrating strong internal consistency. About 92% strongly agree that usability of the WebMath-Kit as a teaching and learning platform and the average mean score across all items is 3.926, with an average standard deviation of 0.176. Usability assessments revealed that pupils found the platform user-friendly, engaging, and helpful in enhancing their understanding of Network in Graph Theory. The WebMath-Kit features interactive elements, gamification, and Dual Language Programme (DLP) options to cater to diverse student needs and preferences. Expert feedback and pilot study outcomes suggest further improvements in navigation, visual content, and interactive features. Overall, WebMath-Kit represents a significant advancement in mathematics education, providing a robust and adaptable tool for teaching and learning complex mathematical concepts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Technology Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Network in Graph Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Canva Website Design
  topic: keywords
subject: innovative learning materials
  topic: keywords
creator: Annie Gorgey
creator: Zurina Apandi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Annie Gorgey, Zurina Apandi BINTI ZABUDIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 118
ending page: 126
doi: 10.37134/

Utilization of Differentiated Learning Modules with Blended and Scaffold-based Instruction in Mathematics Education
type: item
description: This study aimed to evaluate the developed intervention-learning materials (Phase 1) that support distance teaching and learning in the Philippines. Specifically, the study focused on the utilization (Phase 2) of the developed Differentiated Math Learning Materials (DMLMs) to enhance academic performance and achievements in Mathematics 8: Linear Inequalities in Two Variables. The study employed a mixed-method approach and utilized the DMLMs on grade-8 students of a far-flung secondary school in the Department of Education in the Philippines. The results indicate a significant positive impact on the academic performance and achievements of students in the least mastered contents of Mathematics 8. The intervention learning materials designed for slow-paced and average-paced learners were found to be effective during the implementation of blended and remote learning education. The study's contribution to the field of distance learning education highlights the importance of developing and utilizing tailored intervention-learning materials to address the challenges of distance education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: innovative learning materials
  topic: keywords
subject: utilization math IM
  topic: keywords
subject: code-switch video lessons
  topic: keywords
subject: mathematics education
  topic: keywords
subject: linear inequalities
  topic: keywords
creator: Jesus Santillan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jesus Santillan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 104
ending page: 117
doi: 10.37134/

Challenges and Future Prospects of Agricultural Waste Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review
type: item
description: The use of agricultural waste as reinforcement in metal matrix nanocomposites presents a promising avenue for sustainable materials development. The incorporation of agricultural waste materials in metal matrixes can enhance the mechanical properties and potentially reduce the environmental impact of composites. However, this approach also faces significant challenges, such as compatibility issues, interfacial bonding, dispersion, and processing techniques. This paper critically reviews the current state of research on agricultural waste-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites, identifies key challenges, and proposes future perspectives to overcome these obstacles and unlock the full potential of these materials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Agricultural waste
  topic: keywords
subject: metal matrix composites
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: processing techniques
  topic: keywords
subject: interfacial bonding
  topic: keywords
subject: dispersion
  topic: keywords
creator: Rebecca Samaila Hamalai
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rebecca Samaila Hamalai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-02-05
publication date: 2025-02-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 17
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.2.1.2025

X-Ray Shielding Characteristics of Sand Reenforced Plastic Concrete Blocks
type: item
description: X-Ray shielding efficiency of sand reenforced plastic concrete blocks synthesized using sand and waste sachet water plastic in the percentage ratio of 50:50, 30:70, 10:90 and 0:100 has been studied in this paper. The density of the synthesized concrete blocks and their x-ray shielding characteristics were measured using a densitometer and a set of x-rays shielding fixed diagnostic x-ray machine and digital Geiger counter respectively. The density value decreased as the sand percentage decreased from 1.922 gcm-1 to 1.250 gcm-1 with an increasing plastic percentage, resulting from the substitution of sand with lighter plastic. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values increased with an increase in the percentage of plastic while the tenth value layer (TVL) and half value layer (HVL) decreased with increase in the percentage of plastic in the concrete material. The value of the mean free path (MFP) appeared higher when more sand composition. The results demonstrated that more plastic composition improved the concrete shielding efficiency even as the density continued to decrease. This might be since more spaces are closed with more plastic percentage, closing gaps between sand particles. The study demonstrated that the sand reenforced plastic concrete presented in this work offers greater advantage solves the problems of light weight and durability that is faced with conventional cement concrete materials in X-rays shielding applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: X-rays
  topic: keywords
subject: Plastic Waste
  topic: keywords
subject: Concretes
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiation Shielding Efficiency
  topic: keywords
creator: Masok Felix Bitrus
creator: Umar Sa’ad Aliyu
creator: Dawam Robert Rangmou
creator: Amina Muhammad Dunama
creator: Oni Samuel Tolulope
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Masok Felix Bitrus, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Dawam Robert Rangmou, Amina Muhammad Dunama, Oni Samuel Tolulope https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-02-04
publication date: 2025-02-04
starting page: 146
ending page: 158
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.1.14.2025

Learning Using Comics and Artificial Intelligence in Physics Subjects : A Review
type: item
description: Technological developments present a variety of forms of interactive media in physics learning. Comics and artificial intelligence (AI) are two innovative media genres that are popularly used to enhance learning. However, a general review of the learning effects of various previous researchers on the effects of comics and AI on physics learning is still limited. This literature review aims to identify the impacts and challenges of implementing comics and AI in physics learning. This literature review goes through five stages, including determining the research question, literature search, article selection, outlining the information from the articles, and literature writing. Articles are sourced from open-access databases, Scorpus, ProQuest, ERIC and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2020 and 2024 are found through searches using keywords in the abstract and title. The search results in as many as 23 articles worth reviewing. Based on the review, comics and AI have proven effectiveness in enhancing physics learning by increasing interest, motivation, and student involvement in learning and understanding concepts in physics. These media have great potential to support interactive and communicative learning. Both media have impacts, advantages, weaknesses, and challenges in their application. AI can give lead to plagiarism in learning, and uncontrolled comics affect students' focus on learning. The implementation of these two learning media has a positive effect on improving learning outcomes. This medium can teach complex subjects in an accessible and fun way. Comics provide interactive and communicative learning that supports independent learning for students. In conclusion, comics and AI positively impact students' physics learning. This literature review provides information about research objects, issues, and conclusions for other researchers regarding the development of comics and AI in physics learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Comics
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Physics
  topic: keywords
subject: physics teaching
  topic: keywords
creator: M G Nurazreen
creator: A B Suriani
creator: Mohtar Lilia Ellany
creator: N Aliya
creator: M B Azzam
creator: M Adli
creator: Dhanil Muhammad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nurazreen M.G, Suriani A.B, Lilia Ellany M., Aliya N., Azzam M.B, Adli M., dhanil Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-02-03
publication date: 2025-02-03
starting page: 134
ending page: 145
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.1.13.2025

Digital Game-Based Learning with the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Physics: What Are the Implications in Teaching and Learning? A Review
type: item
description: Technological advances provide support to education in presenting more relevant and effective learning. One of the technological tools that is popularly implemented in physics learning as a learning medium is Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). These two technologies have various impacts on their use in the learning process. However, the review of the impact of learning from various previous researchers on the technology on physics learning is still limited. This literature review aims to identify the impact and challenges of applying DGBL and AI in physics learning. The method used for this article review is based on four stages. The first stage is the formulation of planning by determining the formulation of research questions. The second stage is the search for articles from Scopus, ProQuest, ERIC, Google Scholar, and open-access databases. Articles are obtained based on searches with keywords in the title and abstract and are in the range of 2020 to 2024. The third stage is to assess articles based on the focus of studies that discuss AI, DGBL, and physics. The search results resulted in as many as 20 articles that are worth reviewing. Based on the results of the literature review, the fourth stage is to write information about the impact and challenges of using technologies in physics learning. DGBL and AI have proven to be effective in supporting students' interest, motivation, and engagement in learning. AI supports features that can be personalized according to students' learning abilities, and DGBL supports interactive learning presentations. Those various features presented can enhance students' comprehension of concepts for better results in understanding abstract physics material. Those technologies also have their own challenges. The over-reliability of this technology can cause plagiarism in learning and affect students' focus in learning. In general, those technologies strongly support physics learning, especially to e…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL)
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Physics Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Fitri M.N
creator: Suriani Abu Bakar
creator: Anis Diyana Halim
creator: Azzam A.B
creator: Adli M
creator: Aliya N.
creator: Muhammad Dhanil
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Fitri M.N, Suriani Abu Bakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 114
ending page: 124

Development and Evaluation of Ubod Cocos nucifera Balls as Plant-Based Meatball Alternatives
type: item
description: The consumption of meat has long been associated with various health and environmental concerns, prompting the exploration of alternative protein sources. This study aimed to formulate a Cocos nucifera ubod ball, specifically, it aimed to utilize the inner core of coconut palm tree species, as a viable substitute for meat. A quantitative research method and quasi-experimental research design were used in this study. The research environment was one of the state universities in Cebu City. The respondents of this study were the 23 BTLEd students and 15 panels of experts. The Sensory Evaluation Form and Hedonic Rating Scale were used as an instrument for data gathering. Among the four treatments, treatment 3 was chosen to undergo microbial analysis with the best measurement of 70% ubod and 30% flour. Thus, the results of the microbial analysis of the product were within the safe limit and safe for consumption. Four treatments of ubod ball were prepared and the results showed that the treatment 2 and treatment 3 ubod balls are acceptable and do not have significant differences in terms of its sensory characteristics and the overall acceptability. Among the four treatments, the control treatment was the most acceptable with a computed mean of 8.13 which means extremely-liked. The treatment 4 was the only moderately liked by the respondents with a computed mean of 6.76. Furthermore, a techno-guide on ubod ball was then developed showcasing its microbial laboratory results, sensory characteristics results, objectives, recipe and costs. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a need to improve or revised the procedure made and amount of measurement in the ubod ball.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: formulation
  topic: keywords
subject: ubod
  topic: keywords
subject: cocos nucifera
  topic: keywords
subject: ball
  topic: keywords
subject: meatball
  topic: keywords
creator: RAYMUND CATUBIG
creator: JANINE SUICO
creator: CHARESS GOLES
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 RAYMUND CATUBIG, JANINE SUICO, CHARESS GOLES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 95
ending page: 103
doi: 10.37134/

Mathematics Achievement: Examining the Interplay of Student Factors in Senior Secondary School
type: item
description: This study looked at the connection between student traits and math achievement, with focused on students’ attitude, interest and self-efficacy on academic achievement of senior secondary schools within Ijebu-Ode local government area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Three hypotheses guided the study. A quantitative approach was used, employed descriptive survey research designs. A sample size of 350 students was randomly selected. Two research instruments were used, yielding the reliability coefficient of 0.883 for Students’ Attitude, Interest and Self-Efficacy Scale (SAISS) and 0.861 for Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT). Percentage and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results showed a substantial relationship between student factors and senior secondary school mathematics achievement with the following results (F = 26.746, p<0.05); (F = 0.053, p<0.05); (F = 27.288, p<0.05). The study concluded that Attitude, Interest and Self-efficacy are strong predictors of mathematics achievement of senior secondary school students in Ijebu Ode. It is recommended among others that students should always be encouraged about the usefulness of Mathematics in their day-to-day activities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Academic achievement
  topic: keywords
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: Interest
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Self-efficacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Akorede Asanre
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Akorede Asanre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-16
publication date: 2025-12-16
starting page: 71
ending page: 78
doi: 10.37134/

Essential oils composition of Vitex negundo and Vitex trifolia and its anatomical study
type: item
description: Chemical compositions of V. negundo and V. trifolia essential oils and their anatomical study were determined. The GC-FID and GC–MS analysis of essential oils resulted in the identification of 14 and 18 components were identified from the leaf oils of V. negundo (92.8%) and V. trifolia (91.5%), respectively. The results revealed that the essential oils are made up principally of δ-elemene (43.1%), spathulenol (9.8%) for V. negundo, while viridiflorol (42.3%) and β-caryophyllene (21.7%) for V. trifolia. Meanwhile, for anatomical part, the oil gland has been found in the lamina, midrib and petiole of all essential oils.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Verbenaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: Vitex negundo
  topic: keywords
subject: Vitec trifolia
  topic: keywords
subject: essential oil
  topic: keywords
subject: δ-elemene
  topic: keywords
subject: viridiflorol
  topic: keywords
subject: anatomy
  topic: keywords
creator: Fakhira Liyana Mohd Zaki
creator: Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh
creator: Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor
creator: Abubakar Siddiq Salihu
creator: Salam Ahmed Abed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Fakhira Liyana Mohd Zaki, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, Salam Ahmed Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 79
ending page: 85
doi: 10.37134/

Analysis of Workers’ Compensation Using Multiple Linear Regression Model: A Case Study in an Estates and Mills Company
type: item
description: Fair and open compensation is a critical component of employees’ happiness and satisfaction. To provide competitive and equitable pay, an analysis of current compensation is necessary. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to investigate the relationship between possible factors and compensation among workers who work in mills and estates sector. This paper also aims to identify the differences in compensation between different job types and races. The result of the Multiple Linear Regression model showed that only five factors (total working days, race, gender, worker type, and job type) are significantly associated with worker’s compensation. This paper also revealed that the monthly pay for the four job types held worker which consist of general worker, harvester, mill worker and rubber tapper in estates and mills were differed through Kruskal-Wallis Test. To conclude, the findings of this paper could support the strategic goals of the business, benchmark compensation, enhance compensation decision-making, and provide a more equitable compensation structure for workers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: compensation
  topic: keywords
subject: Kruskal_Wallis Test
  topic: keywords
subject: Multiple Linear Regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Spearman Correlation Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
creator: Nor Hasliza Mat Desa
creator: Mod Saiful Adli Mohamad
creator: Chun Kit See
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nor Hasliza Mat Desa, Mod Saiful Adli Mohamad, Chun Kit See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-16
publication date: 2025-10-16
starting page: 86
ending page: 94
doi: 10.37134/

Comprehensive Review on Technology-Based Learning Using Artificial Intelligence for Science Subjects and Its Implications in Teaching and Learning
type: item
description: Awareness of technological advancements in education is crucial to ensure that teaching and learning methods are more relevant and effective. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a new emerging technology in education, enabling computers to have human-like cognition. However, research on the effectiveness of AI technology in teaching and learning (TaL) science subjects is still limited. This literature review aims to identify trends, impacts, and challenges of AI implementation in science learning. The review employs a systematic review method consisting of four steps: framing research questions, searching for relevant articles or journals, reading and analyzing abstracts, and extracting information from the articles or journals. A total of 30 articles were reviewed in this study. The results of the review indicate that AI provides a positive effect on learning. A popular trend in the use of AI technology in science learning is chatbot from ChatGPT. The impact of applying AI in science education includes student motivation and engagement, understanding complex and abstract concepts, improving the quality of science education, personalized learning, and its use in assessment and testing. Challenges in the application of AI in science education include lack of teacher-student interaction, high dependence on AI technology, lack of teacher training, adaptation, and integration of AI technology in the curriculum, variations in accessibility and quality, and ethical challenges. AI has a great opportunity to be implemented in support of science learning, considering its impact and challenges. In general, AI has a significant influence on supporting better learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Science Education
  topic: keywords
subject: physics teaching
  topic: keywords
creator: M Adli
creator: Abu Bakar Suriani
creator: Mohd Mokhzani Ibrahim
creator: A B Azzam
creator: Fatiatun
creator: Hamdan Hadi Kusuma
creator: W S B Dwandaru
creator: Muhammad Dhanil
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Noorazlan Abd Azis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2024-10-21
publication date: 2024-10-21
starting page: 100
ending page: 113
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol11.2.11.2024

Hydrometallurgical Synthesis of pure zincite (ZnO) powder from dead zinc carbon batteries for use in the manufacturing of antimicrobial products
type: item
description: The conversion of waste materials in our environment into useable chemical products is a popular issue these days. Here, we report on the production of zincite powder using a very simple hydrometallurgical method. Within two hours, 92.23% of the original 10 g/L SZCB reacted at ideal leaching conditions (2.5 mol/L HCl, 80°C). The result predicted the diffusion model as rate determining step, with calculated Ea of 28.53 kJ/mol. The precipitated hydroxide was calcined to produce pure zincite powder of yield 85.2%. Analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the high purity ZnO existed as a flower-like spherical aggregation and antimicrobial testing was later carried out to be reported in part B of the research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hydrometallurgy
  topic: keywords
subject: Kinetics
  topic: keywords
subject: Metallurgy
  topic: keywords
subject: Powder Technology
  topic: keywords
subject: X-ray
  topic: keywords
subject: Zincite
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Kuranga Ayinla
creator: Seyi Ebun Adeboye
creator: Mufutau Abiodun Salawu
creator: Asim Abdallah Mohammed
creator: Abdullahi Alafara Baba
creator: Islamiya Oluwatosin Ali
creator: Abdulmajeed Mualiyu
creator: Bankim Chandra Tripathy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Kuranga Ayinla, SEYI EBUN ADEBOYE, Asim Abdallah Mohammed, Mufutau Abiodun, Abdullahi Alafara, Islamiya Oluwatosin, Abdulmajeed Mualiyu, Bankim Chandra Tripathy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-23
publication date: 2025-10-23
starting page: 36
ending page: 42
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.2.3.2025

Design and Construction of a Dual Powered Reverse Osmosis Based Mobile Water Treatment Plant for Military and Emergency Use
type: item
description: A mobile water treatment plant was designed, constructed and tested to provide potable drinking water from almost all-natural water sources during military operations and emergency situations. The treatment plant was designed to fit into a Tata LPTA 713/32 military grade truck with payload capacity of 2500kg.In order to design a plant to treat water from different sources, several water treatment methods were analyzed including existing mobile water treatment plants in the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) to give a combination of treatment processes that effectively treat 2.16 m3 of water per day serving 505 cadets their daily water requirements with no time lapse per treatment cycle within a short period of time. The treatment flow process majorly involves the use of ion exchange unit, filtration units, water softening unit and reverse osmosis as the main treatment unit. Autodesk inventor software was used in the design and analysis of the locally constructed components. After the selection of the design process a reverse osmosis-based water treatment plant with 8 hours run time was constructed with water grade materials and processes. The treatment plant was tested using water samples from river Kaduna, water runoffs and pond from the Nigerian Defence Academy environs. The samples were tested at the Kaduna Water Board laboratory and the results obtained showed that the treatment unit was effective in removing all harmful microorganisms and adjusting all physiochemical properties of water to meet the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The filtration unit was capable of effectively reducing turbidity to the standard for all the water sample tested. The highest value of turbidity of raw water recorded was 1105 NTU and it was reduced to 4.05 NTU. The water softening units was effective for the removal of hardness to the desired standards; the highest value recorded at 208 mg/l was reduced to 60 mg/l. The treatment plant was also effective in stabilizing the P…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: water quality
  topic: keywords
subject: ion exchange
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subject: filtration unit
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subject: water softening unit
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subject: reverse osmosis
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subject: military operations
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creator: R. S Hamalai
creator: A. Sadiq
creator: D.K Garba
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 R. S Hamalai, A. Sadiq, D.K Garba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2024-08-26
publication date: 2024-08-26
starting page: 118
ending page: 133
doi: 10.37134/ejsmt.vol12.1.12.2025