EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology
EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology (EJSMT) [ISSN 2289-7070 / eISSN 2462-2451] is a peer-reviewed journal published by UPSI Press, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia since 2014. EJSMT is devoted to the publication of original research papers, scientific reviews and short communications on various aspects of science and technology such as biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, ICT, agriculture science, biotechnology, science education, mathematics education, technical and vocational education. EJSMT is published twice (2) a year in April and October beginning 2024. EJSMT supports Open Access. The electronic full text version of the journal is available Free of Charge (FOC).
The Effect of Algebra Tiles Among Form Four Students on The Achievement of Conceptual Knowledge, Procedural Knowledge and Mental Effort for The Topic of Quadratic Equations
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect Algebra Tiles as manipulative tool on Form Four students’ overall achievement, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and mental effort in learning the topic of Quadratic Equations. A quasi-experimental pre-post control design of a pre–post control group was conducted with Form Four students from a national secondary school in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Four classes were randomly assigned to either two classes the treatment group (n=60) and two classes the control group (n=60). The treatment group used the Algebra Tiles as teaching tool (PJA), while the control group underwent conventional teaching method (PK) for the topic of Quadratic Equations. There are two instruments used in this study: the Quadratic Equation Achievement Test (UPPK) and the Mental Effort Rating Scale (SPUM). Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics through MANOVA. The findings of the study showed that there were significant differences between the conventional teaching method (PK) group and the treatment group used the Algebra Tiles as teaching tool (PJA) in students' overall achievement, conceptual knowledge achievement, procedural knowledge achievement and mental effort [F(4,115) = 3576.75, p < 0.05]. The mean for the overall achievement (76.87), achievement of conceptual knowledge (20.75) and achievement of procedural knowledge (17.67) for the PJA group was higher than the mean for the PK group. Meanwhile, the mean for mental effort for the PJA group (4.92) was lower than the PK group. The findings indicated significant difference between the PK and PJA groups in terms of overall achievement, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and mental effort. The PJA group outperformed the PK group in terms of overall achievement, conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge, while the mean for mental effort for the PJA group was lower than the PK group. As conclusion, the use of Algebra Tiles can enhance students’ conceptual and procedural knowledge significantly in learning Quadratic Equations while reducing students’ cognitive load. The students exhibited a favorable perception of algebra tiles as tangible tools for mastering algebraic concepts especially in solving Quadratic Equations. Therefore, the findings of this study recommend that Algebra Tiles can be an effective tool in promoting deeper understanding of abstract mathematical concepts, new strategies in teaching education Mathematic and improving students’ achievement in mathematics especially algebra while minimizing mental effort.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Yusra Rahizan, Rohaidah Masri, Zamzana Zamzamir, Fainida Rahmat, Hazura Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Generative Learning Strategy in Mathematics Education: A Systematic Literature Review
Generative Learning is a strategy that have become increasingly in year 2020 to year 2024 among learners to actively engage with the material to construct their own understanding. However, not many instructors use this strategy in teaching and learning process and need to expose to the proper way to execute this strategy in classroom. The objective of this article is to reveal a systematic literature review about generative learning strategies in Mathematics teaching and learning process by analyzing its trend in Generative Learning Strategy (GLS). The review processes included five main methodological steps, namely guided by review protocol, formulation of research questions, systematic searching strategies based on identification, screening, and eligibility based on several well-known electronic databases such as Scopus and Google Scholar. The review process was then followed by analyzing 21 articles that were brought to quality appraisal, data extraction and analysis. The findings showed how the generative learning affects individuals in learning process. These findings can be used as a reference for teachers to be implement these as learning strategies that can involve students' in cognitive aspects to enable meaningful learning. These findings also provide educators with insight into the information processing occurring in a person's cognition and reveal several learning strategies that align with information processing theory and also have the potential to guide future research in this field. The results of these findings are important source for teachers to improve Mathematics lesson in teaching and learning process, whereas researchers and policymakers to improve the quality of mathematics education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nesshalini Muralitharan, Rohaidah Masri, Riyan Hidayat, Nurihan Nasir, Norashidah A Wahab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PLS-SEM or CB-SEM Method for Customer Loyalty Towards Mobile Service Providers Data
This study compares two commonly used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) methods—Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM) and Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM)—to assess customer loyalty data in the telecommunications industry. The comparison was conducted using a dataset of 448 mobile service users in Melaka, where service providers have faced challenges in meeting performance standards. Findings reveal that PLS-SEM outperforms CB-SEM in terms of Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR), with AVE values exceeding 0.68 compared to CB-SEM's 0.58, and CR values above 0.89 compared to CB-SEM's 0.84. These results highlight PLS-SEM’s superior construct reliability and validity, particularly for complex models and smaller sample sizes. This study provides valuable insights into selecting appropriate SEM techniques for customer loyalty research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurulhayah Muhamad, Nurul Hila Zainuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ontogenic Learning Obstacles in The Learning of Functional Graph Topic Form Two
The textbooks used are now the primary reference for teachers and students in following the learning system that the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) has set up. This study explored students' ontogenic learning obstacles in learning Functional Graph Topic Form Two which is in the textbook. The researcher used a qualitative design by conducting semi-structured interviews with six students form two students who had undergone learning the Functional Graph Topic. The interviews were based on the student's experiences and answers to the written test sessions. Six respondents were selected from 22 students based on the criteria of the written test who studied the Functional Graph Topic with the same teacher. After the selection, interviews were conducted with the six respondents. Some aspects of ontogenic learning obstacles are psychological ontogenic learning obstacles, instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles, and conceptual ontogenic learning obstacles. In this research, the aspect of psychological ontogenic learning obstacles, there were 33.33% student face the obstacle in the preparation for learning the Functional Graph Topic, while for interest in the Functional Graph Topic was 83.33%, and 66.66% for motivation to learn the Functional Graph Topic. Students also face instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles which 50% students face obstacle in student's existing knowledge, while the elements seen in the conceptual ontogenic learning obstacles involve 66.66% of the student's learning experience. This data found that students experienced varying ontogenic learning obstacles, but some faced all elements of ontogenic learning obstacles, while others only experienced certain elements. In conclusion, every student faces at least one aspect of the ontogenic learning obstacles. Based on the conclusion of the data, this research can assist teachers in creating an alternative to reduce the chances of students experiencing ontogenic learning obstacles when learning the Functional Graph Topic Form Two like teachers can use different teaching methods by providing different learning materials for students with different skill levels, such as more challenging worksheets for more advanced students.
psychological ontogenic learning obstacles
instrumental ontogenic learning obstacles
Copyright (c) 2025 Qamarina Dayana Shahrul, Nurihan Nasi, Didi Suryadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Validity Assessment of An Integrated Realistic Mathematics Education and Project-based Inquiry Learning Module
Text-based learning resources are critical for helping pupils learn mathematics. However, limited studies have been conducted on designing mathematics modules as text-based learning materials for Vocational High School (VHS) students. Hence, developing an integrated Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and Project-based Inquiry (PIL) module could be an innovative solution. This study analyzes the validity assessment as a part of the developmental stage of developing the module. The validation process was conducted by a team of five experts in mathematics education, who used a questionnaire to assess the face and content validity. The questionnaire evaluated four key aspects of face validity: language, text, graphics, and presentation. In terms of content validity, it considered five crucial elements: suitability to the target population, implementation of each module activity based on the principles of RME and the phases of PIL, compatibility with the allocated time, ability to enhance student performance in terms of creativity and achievement, and potential to influence attitudes towards excellence, particularly in terms of student motivation. The data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and percentages. Based on the data analysis, the average score percentage for all face and content validity aspects is 91.6% and 89.8%, respectively. It is in a good category because those range from 84% to 98%. Therefore, all module aspects have high content validity and exceed 70%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Rejeki, Mazlini Adnan, Che Nidzam Che Ahmad, Budi Murtiyasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Need Analysis for Development of Circle Kit Mathematics Form Two
A needs analysis was conducted to identify the current requirements and preferences of students for the development of a Circle Kit for Form 2 Mathematics topics. The research involved a random selection of secondary schools from Kedah, Perlis, and Johor, with 90 Mathematics teachers chosen through purposive sampling to serve as the study’s samples. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected using the Needs Analysis Questionnaire (NAQ) as the survey instrument, and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that 95.5% of the respondents acknowledged the need for a Circle Kit specifically tailored for Form 2 Mathematics. Moreover, a substantial majority, 75.4%, identified the Circle topic as the primary focus requiring attention in the development of the Circle Kit. Specifically, this study focuses on key aspects such as content, activities, assessment, and materials to optimise the effectiveness of the Circle Kit. In terms of content, 70.1% of teachers advocate for the inclusion of a comprehensive user guide to facilitate its use. For activities, 60.8% of teachers emphasise the importance of incorporating group tasks to foster student collaboration and teamwork. Regarding assessment, 62.4% support a flexible approach that integrates both individual and group evaluations. Lastly, 73.2% of teachers stress the significance of using hands-on materials to enhance learning experiences and increase student engagement. These findings will guide the design and implementation of the Circle Kit, ensuring it better supports Mathematics education. The development of the Circle Kit, specifically tailored for the Circle topic in Form 2 Mathematics, is crucial to improving teaching and learning outcomes. This study recommends that the design of the Circle Kit emphasise essential characteristics, including the integration of relevant content, engaging and interactive activities, the use of appropriate materials, and the incorporation of effective assessment methods. These elements are vital to fostering a comprehensive and dynamic learning experience for students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amirah Fatihah Mohd Zulkiflee, Norazman Arbin, Norsyazana Kamarudin, Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali, Riyan Hidayat, Rezi Ariawan, Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah, Mazlini Adnan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Comprehensive Study of 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene Thin Films with Atomic Force Microscopy: Thickness and Topographical Analysis
This study aims to characterise 4-Sulfocalix[4]arene (SC[4]) thin films using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in analysing its thickness and surface morphology. Quartz substrates were cleaned using ultrasonic cleaning with an Elmasonic P70H. SC[4] thin films were then fabricated on a quartz surface using WS-400BZ-6NPP/A1/AR1 model spin coater from Laurel Technologies, producing thin films with 5, 10, 15, and 20 layers. Each thin film was characterised in the tapping mode of the AFM Park System NX-10. Scans were conducted on different film areas of different scales, and the data were analysed using XEI Data Processing and Analysis Software. Height measurements obtained via Line Profile analysis revealed a progressive increase in film thickness with the additional layers, demonstrating a significant linear relationship. AFM images showed precise 2D and 3D surface topography, indicating that the thin films became uneven and non-uniform with the addition of more layers. The findings demonstrated a linear relationship between film thickness and the number of layers, measuring 58.175 nm for 5 layers, 77.626 nm for 10 layers, 84.608 nm for 15 layers, and 94.806 nm for 20 layers. The surface roughness of thin films was also determined, and it is significantly influenced by the number of layers, as illustrated by the root mean square roughness (Rq). The values were found to be 26.512 for 5 layers, 29.777 for 10 layers, 30.177 for 15 layers, and 31.093 for 20 layers, respectively. This increase in surface irregularity indicates that the deposition process leads to progressively irregular surfaces with an additional number of layers, as proven by equivalent studies on thin films. This study emphasised the effectiveness of AFM in thin film research by demonstrating its precision in measuring thickness and analysing surface topography.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farish Armani Hamidon, Faridah Lisa Supian Supian, Mazlina Mat Darus, Nur Farah Nadia Abd Karim, Wong Yeong Yi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Translation, Validation, And Reliability of The Smartphone Addiction Instrument in The Indonesian Version for Early Childhood
The use of smartphones among young children is increasing rapidly with the advancement of technology. However, excessive use can lead to addiction and have negative impacts on children. This study aims to translate the Smartphone Addiction Instrument for early childhood into Indonesian and subsequently verify the validity and reliability of the instrument. This study is a cross-sectional observational survey involving the participation of 50 parents of children aged 4-5 years in data collection. There are three stages in this study: the translation process was developed through translation and back-translation; the validity involves three types of testing: content validity by consulting three experts: a psychologist, a psychiatrist, and an early childhood education lecturer; structural validity conducted through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis; and construct validity conducted using the Pearson test; and the reliability test was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha. The study results showed that the Content Validity Index (I-CVI) and the Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) of the instrument were both 1, indicating excellent content validity. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure, supported by eigenvalues, total explained variance, and the scree plot. Additionally, all recommended fit indices fell within acceptable ranges as determined by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's α value of 0.796 for the Indonesian version of the Smartphone Addiction Instrument indicates good reliability. Therefore, this instrument is both valid and reliable for use among early childhood populations and can be employed to collect actual data. The developed three-factor structure, comprising self-control failure, salience, and serious consequences, will help identify smartphone addiction in early childhood and can be used to plan educational interventions for parents, educators, and researchers in addressing smartphone addiction issues in early childhood.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amalina Amalina, N.A. Samat1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Geographic Weighted Regression Models for Contraceptive Use in West Sumatera
Spatial heterogeneity in family planning is a critical issue that reflects significant variations in contraceptive use and related indicators across regions, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to enhance family planning services. The Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model, a spatial analytical approach, incorporates geographic weights at each observation site to estimate localized regression parameters. This study aims to identify the GWR model and determine the factors influencing the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) in 19 districts and cities in West Sumatera Province in 2023. The Adaptive Kernel Bisquare Function is employed to assign spatial weighting, while Cross-Validation (CV) is used to optimize the bandwidth, ensuring robust and localized model estimation. Using secondary data from the West Sumatera Central Bureau of Statistics, the study reveals substantial spatial variability in the factors influencing CPR. Key determinants include the number of family planning clinics, the number of village family planning service posts, the proportion of poor households, and the proportion of women of reproductive age using contraceptives. The GWR model achieves a high coefficient of determination (R²) of 86.98%, indicating strong model performance in explaining CPR variation. These findings underscore the methodological importance of Adaptive Kernel Bisquare weighting and cross-validation in capturing spatial heterogeneity and provide actionable insights for localized family planning strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lely Kurnia , N.A. Samat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Structural Properties of The Power Graph of Symmetric Groups
This study investigates the power graphs of the symmetric groups Sn for 3<n<6. In a power graph, vertices represent group elements, and edges connect vertices if one element is a power of the other. The study identifies key structural patterns, including over 250 distinct subgraphs for . Specifically, complete subgraphs , correspond to cyclic subgroups of prime power orders. In contrast, incomplete subgraphs highlight the non-cyclic nature of symmetric groups for n>4, as they cannot be generated by a single element. This research provides a systematic characterization of power graphs for small symmetric groups, offering new insights into their combinatorial structure. Additionally, it contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating how the complexity of power graphs increases with , revealing intricate power relations and the presence of both cyclic and non-cyclic structural components.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ika Metiza Maris, Rawdah Adawiyah Tarmizi, Nor Hafizah Md Husin Md Husin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development of the Fuzzy Delphi Instrument for Identifying Elements of the PhyARECi-STEM Learning Module
This research aims to describe the process of developing the Fuzzy Delphi instrument to identify elements of the applied physics learning module integrated with STEM and Augmented Reality or AR (PhyARECi-STEM learning module). This questionnaire was developed based on the national standards of higher education analysis in Indonesia, Hilda Taba's curriculum model, module elements found in literature, interviews, and focus groups with experts. The study is descriptive. The 50-item questionnaire relates to learning outcomes, content, process, and assessment. Nine experts conducted the validity evidence of the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire to ensure content validity. Subsequently, the questionnaire was distributed to 30 respondents to obtain reliability. The data analysis techniques used for validity and reliability were the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Cronbach's alpha. The study's results demonstrated the validity of the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, as evidenced by an I-CVI value within the range of 0.89 to 1, an S-CVI value of 0.99, and a Kappa value within the range of 0.89 to 1.00. Furthermore, the reliability of the questionnaire was also established, with a Cronbach alpha value of 0.974. Therefore, the Fuzzy Delphi instrument, validated and demonstrated to be reliable, is now ready to be employed to identify the fundamental elements of the PhyARECi-STEM learning module via expert consensus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Renol Afrizon, Lilia Ellany Mohtar, Mohd Syahriman Mohd Azmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
K-Nearest Neighbor Regression for Predicting Song Popularity Using Gower Distance
The machine learning approach is widely used to investigate human activities, such as in the art field. In the music industry, a song's popularity is essential to predict before it is released. In this paper, we were interested in predicting the popularity of songs using the -nearest neighbor regression. The Spotify app was used to gather some information related to the audio features of a song, i.e., song duration, instrumentalness, loudness, acousticness, danceability, energy, liveness, speechiness, audio valence, key, audio mode, tempo, and time signature. This research used mixed-type variables; thus, the dissimilarity is measured using the Gower distance. In addition, two weighting methods were also compared to predict song popularity. Using 10-fold cross-validation, we found that the inversely proportional weights-distance showed better prediction performance when compared with equal weight. Moreover, we also found the best performance in predicting the song popularity is obtained when = 5 nearest neighbors were used, with mean square error (MSE) of 636.75 and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 41.58% that implies a reasonable prediction result.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hazmira Yozza, Riswan Efendi, Nor Azah Samat, Izzati Rahmi, Aqil Burney S.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The BStID Mathematical Model for Prevalence of Stunting
This study aims to propose a new mathematical model for transmitting stunting prevalence in children. This study develops an initial model of stunting prevalence, namely the B. ID compartment model, which considers important characteristics of stunting transmission. In this study, the resulting model is (formula) and (formula). This mathematical model will include the development of difference and differential equations to represent the transmission of stunting prevalence in real life, such as being able to describe the development of stunting in the future. Authorities can use this new initial mathematical model as a prevention strategy to reduce stunting prevalence. The extension of this study will include the application of the proposed BStID mathematical model to stunting data in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yulia Retno Sari, Samat S.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of STEM Teaching Model on Physics Student Teachers’ Awareness and Readiness
This study used a pre-experimental research design with a quantitative survey. The study utilized the STEM teaching model developed in the previous study, and implemented five STEM teaching practices for physics student teachers (PSTs) over two months. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyse the data. The study showed that before the intervention study, PSTs had a low awareness of STEM education (mean = 2.525; standard deviation (SD) = 0.681) and a low level of readiness (mean = 2.786; SD = 0.718). After the experiment, both means increased significantly, reaching 3.83 (SD = 0.70) and 3.51 (SD = 0.91), respectively. Inferential statistics showed that there were significant changes in the STEM awareness and readiness of PSTs before and after the experiment (both p < .01;). The results of the Paired T-test showed Cohen's d of 0.912 and 0.558, respectively, which have a large and moderate effect. In summary, the STEM teaching model had a positive impact on the awareness and readiness of PSTs and provided an effective way to cultivate and improve the STEM capabilities of PSTs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zhaofeng Zeng, Hongyu Wei, Xin Li, Siew Wei Tho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Challenges and Future Prospects of Agricultural Waste Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review
The use of agricultural waste as reinforcement in metal matrix nanocomposites presents a promising avenue for sustainable materials development. The incorporation of agricultural waste materials in metal matrixes can enhance the mechanical properties and potentially reduce the environmental impact of composites. However, this approach also faces significant challenges, such as compatibility issues, interfacial bonding, dispersion, and processing techniques. This paper critically reviews the current state of research on agricultural waste-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites, identifies key challenges, and proposes future perspectives to overcome these obstacles and unlock the full potential of these materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rebecca Samaila Hamalai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
X-Ray Shielding Characteristics of Sand Reenforced Plastic Concrete Blocks
X-Ray shielding efficiency of sand reenforced plastic concrete blocks synthesized using sand and waste sachet water plastic in the percentage ratio of 50:50, 30:70, 10:90 and 0:100 has been studied in this paper. The density of the synthesized concrete blocks and their x-ray shielding characteristics were measured using a densitometer and a set of x-rays shielding fixed diagnostic x-ray machine and digital Geiger counter respectively. The density value decreased as the sand percentage decreased from 1.922 gcm-1 to 1.250 gcm-1 with an increasing plastic percentage, resulting from the substitution of sand with lighter plastic. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) and the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) values increased with an increase in the percentage of plastic while the tenth value layer (TVL) and half value layer (HVL) decreased with increase in the percentage of plastic in the concrete material. The value of the mean free path (MFP) appeared higher when more sand composition. The results demonstrated that more plastic composition improved the concrete shielding efficiency even as the density continued to decrease. This might be since more spaces are closed with more plastic percentage, closing gaps between sand particles. The study demonstrated that the sand reenforced plastic concrete presented in this work offers greater advantage solves the problems of light weight and durability that is faced with conventional cement concrete materials in X-rays shielding applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Masok Felix Bitrus, Umar Sa’ad Aliyu, Dawam Robert Rangmou, Amina Muhammad Dunama, Oni Samuel Tolulope https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Learning Using Comics and Artificial Intelligence in Physics Subjects : A Review
Technological developments present a variety of forms of interactive media in physics learning. Comics and artificial intelligence (AI) are two innovative media genres that are popularly used to enhance learning. However, a general review of the learning effects of various previous researchers on the effects of comics and AI on physics learning is still limited. This literature review aims to identify the impacts and challenges of implementing comics and AI in physics learning. This literature review goes through five stages, including determining the research question, literature search, article selection, outlining the information from the articles, and literature writing. Articles are sourced from open-access databases, Scorpus, ProQuest, ERIC and Google Scholar. Articles published between 2020 and 2024 are found through searches using keywords in the abstract and title. The search results in as many as 23 articles worth reviewing. Based on the review, comics and AI have proven effectiveness in enhancing physics learning by increasing interest, motivation, and student involvement in learning and understanding concepts in physics. These media have great potential to support interactive and communicative learning. Both media have impacts, advantages, weaknesses, and challenges in their application. AI can give lead to plagiarism in learning, and uncontrolled comics affect students' focus on learning. The implementation of these two learning media has a positive effect on improving learning outcomes. This medium can teach complex subjects in an accessible and fun way. Comics provide interactive and communicative learning that supports independent learning for students. In conclusion, comics and AI positively impact students' physics learning. This literature review provides information about research objects, issues, and conclusions for other researchers regarding the development of comics and AI in physics learning.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nurazreen M.G, Suriani A.B, Lilia Ellany M., Aliya N., Azzam M.B, Adli M., dhanil Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Game-Based Learning with the Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Physics: What Are the Implications in Teaching and Learning? A Review
Technological advances provide support to education in presenting more relevant and effective learning. One of the technological tools that is popularly implemented in physics learning as a learning medium is Digital Game-Based Learning (DGBL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). These two technologies have various impacts on their use in the learning process. However, the review of the impact of learning from various previous researchers on the technology on physics learning is still limited. This literature review aims to identify the impact and challenges of applying DGBL and AI in physics learning. The method used for this article review is based on four stages. The first stage is the formulation of planning by determining the formulation of research questions. The second stage is the search for articles from Scopus, ProQuest, ERIC, Google Scholar, and open-access databases. Articles are obtained based on searches with keywords in the title and abstract and are in the range of 2020 to 2024. The third stage is to assess articles based on the focus of studies that discuss AI, DGBL, and physics. The search results resulted in as many as 20 articles that are worth reviewing. Based on the results of the literature review, the fourth stage is to write information about the impact and challenges of using technologies in physics learning. DGBL and AI have proven to be effective in supporting students' interest, motivation, and engagement in learning. AI supports features that can be personalized according to students' learning abilities, and DGBL supports interactive learning presentations. Those various features presented can enhance students' comprehension of concepts for better results in understanding abstract physics material. Those technologies also have their own challenges. The over-reliability of this technology can cause plagiarism in learning and affect students' focus in learning. In general, those technologies strongly support physics learning, especially to encourage interest and motivation in students' learning. This media is a form of technology recommendation for teachers and students to support physics learning.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fitri M.N, Suriani Abu Bakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Comprehensive Review on Technology-Based Learning Using Artificial Intelligence for Science Subjects and Its Implications in Teaching and Learning
Awareness of technological advancements in education is crucial to ensure that teaching and learning methods are more relevant and effective. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a new emerging technology in education, enabling computers to have human-like cognition. However, research on the effectiveness of AI technology in teaching and learning (TaL) science subjects is still limited. This literature review aims to identify trends, impacts, and challenges of AI implementation in science learning. The review employs a systematic review method consisting of four steps: framing research questions, searching for relevant articles or journals, reading and analyzing abstracts, and extracting information from the articles or journals. A total of 30 articles were reviewed in this study. The results of the review indicate that AI provides a positive effect on learning. A popular trend in the use of AI technology in science learning is chatbot from ChatGPT. The impact of applying AI in science education includes student motivation and engagement, understanding complex and abstract concepts, improving the quality of science education, personalized learning, and its use in assessment and testing. Challenges in the application of AI in science education include lack of teacher-student interaction, high dependence on AI technology, lack of teacher training, adaptation, and integration of AI technology in the curriculum, variations in accessibility and quality, and ethical challenges. AI has a great opportunity to be implemented in support of science learning, considering its impact and challenges. In general, AI has a significant influence on supporting better learning.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Noorazlan Abd Azis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hydrometallurgical Synthesis of pure zincite (ZnO) powder from dead zinc carbon batteries for use in the manufacturing of antimicrobial products
The conversion of waste materials in our environment into useable chemical products is a popular issue these days. Here, we report on the production of zincite powder using a very simple hydrometallurgical method. Within two hours, 92.23% of the original 10 g/L SZCB reacted at ideal leaching conditions (2.5 mol/L HCl, 80°C). The result predicted the diffusion model as rate determining step, with calculated Ea of 28.53 kJ/mol. The precipitated hydroxide was calcined to produce pure zincite powder of yield 85.2%. Analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the high purity ZnO existed as a flower-like spherical aggregation and antimicrobial testing was later carried out to be reported in part B of the research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Kuranga Ayinla, SEYI EBUN ADEBOYE, Asim Abdallah Mohammed, Mufutau Abiodun, Abdullahi Alafara, Islamiya Oluwatosin, Abdulmajeed Mualiyu, Bankim Chandra Tripathy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Design and Construction of a Dual Powered Reverse Osmosis Based Mobile Water Treatment Plant for Military and Emergency Use
A mobile water treatment plant was designed, constructed and tested to provide potable drinking water from almost all-natural water sources during military operations and emergency situations. The treatment plant was designed to fit into a Tata LPTA 713/32 military grade truck with payload capacity of 2500kg.In order to design a plant to treat water from different sources, several water treatment methods were analyzed including existing mobile water treatment plants in the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) to give a combination of treatment processes that effectively treat 2.16 m3 of water per day serving 505 cadets their daily water requirements with no time lapse per treatment cycle within a short period of time. The treatment flow process majorly involves the use of ion exchange unit, filtration units, water softening unit and reverse osmosis as the main treatment unit. Autodesk inventor software was used in the design and analysis of the locally constructed components. After the selection of the design process a reverse osmosis-based water treatment plant with 8 hours run time was constructed with water grade materials and processes. The treatment plant was tested using water samples from river Kaduna, water runoffs and pond from the Nigerian Defence Academy environs. The samples were tested at the Kaduna Water Board laboratory and the results obtained showed that the treatment unit was effective in removing all harmful microorganisms and adjusting all physiochemical properties of water to meet the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The filtration unit was capable of effectively reducing turbidity to the standard for all the water sample tested. The highest value of turbidity of raw water recorded was 1105 NTU and it was reduced to 4.05 NTU. The water softening units was effective for the removal of hardness to the desired standards; the highest value recorded at 208 mg/l was reduced to 60 mg/l. The treatment plant was also effective in stabilizing the PH of all the water samples to almost neutral as the PH values of all the treated water samples were between 6.8 and 7.10. The reverse osmosis unit was responsible for the removal of unwanted ions and heavy metals had high removal rate after testing except for Cadmium from river Kaduna sample which was 0.7408 ppm and reduced to 0.3407 ppm still higher than the recommended standard 0.03 ppm. At the end of this work it was observed that the water treatment plant was stable and consistent in treating water including the removal of heavy metals and that the efficiency of the removal of heavy metals can be improved by increasing the number of the reverse osmosis unit.
Copyright (c) 2024 R. S Hamalai, A. Sadiq, D.K Garba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fillquation: A Game-based Learning Material in Numeracy Education
– The study indicates that educational games can significantly enhance learning motivation and effectiveness. This study employed descriptive – qualitative method to evaluate the features and acceptability of a proposed game-based learning material by three expert teachers. It also examined the material's effectiveness on the interest of (n=24) students in grades 4 to 6 at Tabugon Elementary School. The evaluation utilized the Department of Education's standard LRMDS instrument, alongside a modified math interest inventory checklist. Findings revealed increased the student level of interest in solving basic math operations, with students showing positive attitudes towards its use. The study concluded that the game-based learning material effectively boosts students' interest and aids in learning basic math concepts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rey De Lemios, Aubrey Labitag, Sunshine Loresto, Angelica Laguidao, Jesus Parena Santillan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Environmental Precaution on the Transmission of Typhoid Fever: A Mathematical Modelling Approach
We proposed and analyzed a nonlinear mathematical model for typhoid fever and optimal control in a community with overpopulation. The model considered the effect of environmental precautions on the transmission of typhoid fever. We obtained the basic reproduction number denoting the epidemic indicator. We proved the local and global asymptomatic stability conditions for disease-free and endemic equilibrium. The model exhibits strategies for optimal control of typhoid fever, such as preventive strategies (environmental sanitation, proper hygiene, vaccination) and the treatment strategy. The numerical simulation of typhoid fever disease transmission and its maximum control summarized that prevention and treatment are the best methods for eradicating the disease in society. Since which is less than one, it follows that the disease-free equilibrium is asymptomatically stable, and that the disease will always die out.
Copyright (c) 2024 Oluwatobi Kabir Idowu, Latifat Morenikeji Erinle-Ibrahim, Joshua Oluwasegun Agbomola, Sideeqoh Oluwaseun Olawale-Shosanya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Implementation of Problem Based Learning Approach Culturally Responsive Teaching to Enhance Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Algebraic Function Limit Material
This research aims to evaluate the engagement and learning outcomes of students through the Problem Based Learning model with a Culturally Responsive Teaching approach, particularly in the topic of algebraic function limit system. Based on observations and interviews conducted at Muhammadiyah Mlati High School, it was found that students in the eleventh grade of Social Sciences were less active in participating in mathematics classes, which are part of the mandatory curriculum based on the 2013 Curriculum. This study utilized the Classroom Action Research method conducted in three cycles. Each cycle included planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The observation results indicated an increase in learning activity with a score of 56.25% in the first cycle, 72.13% in the second cycle, and 91.38% in the third cycle. This increase in learning activity correlates with the improvement in students' learning outcomes, where the N-gain value in the first cycle was 0.48 (medium category), 0.51 in the second cycle (medium category), and 0.56 in the third cycle (medium category), indicating that the success indicator (≥75.00) has been achieved. Thus, this research is considered successful and concluded at the end of the third cycle.
Copyright (c) 2024 Deny Hadi Siswanto, Hary Kuswantara, Nur Wahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring the Efficacy of the Weighted Average Method for Solving Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations: A Study on the Burger-Fisher Equation
This study explores the application of the weighted average method for solving the Burger-Fisher equation, a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) of significant interest in various scientific disciplines. Nonlinear PDEs, such as the Burger-Fisher equation, are fundamental in describing complex physical, biological, and engineering phenomena but pose challenges for both analytical and numerical solutions. The weighted average method, known for its ability to converge rapidly to exact solutions, offers a promising approach for tackling such equations. By discretizing both spatial and temporal derivatives using a combination of forward, backward, and central differences, the method approximates solutions with high accuracy and stability. Conducting convergence and stability analyses, this study elucidates the computational requirements and performance characteristics of the weighted average method. Utilizing mathematical software like MATLAB and MAPLE, the method's implementation involves solving a tridiagonal matrix system at each time step. Comparison between numerical solutions obtained using the method and exact solutions demonstrates the method's accuracy, with negligible errors observed. Visual representations further illustrate the close agreement between the numerical and exact solutions, validating the method's reliability for practical applications. The study's findings underscore the practical utility of the weighted average method in solving the Burger-Fisher equation and similar nonlinear PDEs. Its ability to accurately approximate solutions while maintaining stability highlights its efficacy as a computational tool for addressing complex mathematical problems across diverse scientific and engineering fields. The study contributes to advancing the understanding and application of numerical methods for nonlinear PDEs, offering valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking precise and reliable solutions to complex mathematical models. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of fine-tuning numerical parameters and leveraging computational resources to achieve optimal accuracy when utilizing the weighted average method for solving nonlinear PDEs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adedapo Chris Loyinmi, Mercy Deborah Sanyaolu, Sunday Gbodogbe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Schiff Base- Salicylic Acid Metal Complexes
Four-metal (II) complexes of a new Schiff base [M(NaNp)(Sal)Cl2] where M=Mn (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Fe (II) were synthesized. The Schiff base and its complexes have been synthesized. They have been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Ultraviolet spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction, and Scanning electron microscopy. The Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the Schiff base and its metal complexes were compared to determine the functional groups involved in the bonding. Results from FTIR spectra indicated that the Schiff bases are tetrahedral in geometry except for the Fe complex, which was revealed to be Octahedral. These complexes were also found to coordinate through the nitrogen of the azomethine group, oxygen of the hydroxyl group, and carbonyl – O atom. Based on the Ultraviolet spectroscopy data, it was confirmed that the complexes had all undergone a hypsochromic shift. The Powder X-ray diffraction study revealed that the complexes exhibited crystalline peaks which confirmed that they are crystalline. The Scanning electron microscopy of the complexes showed that they are agglomerated with a controlled morphological structure.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mercy Bamigboye, Osunniran Wahab, Shosanya Deborah, Ejidike Ikechukwu, Ayuba Mustapha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Studies from Magnolia alba and Their Antioxidant Activity
The purposes of this study were to investigate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity from Magnolia alba (Magnoliaceae). The antioxidant activity was investigated using total phenolic content and DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Isolation and purification of the leaf extracts of M. alba yielded six phytochemicals identified as squalene (1), parthenolide (2), vanillin (3), stigmasterol acetate (4), friedelin (5), and β-sitosterol (6). In antioxidant activity, the hexane extract of M. alba showed the highest value of phenolic content with 206.7 mg GAE/g, whereas methanol extract gave the highest inhibition in DPPH assay with 36.0%. However, all compounds were found weak activity in DPPH assay. The implication of this study demonstrates that M. alba could represent a source of molecules with antioxidant potential in the prevention of free radical-related diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ahmad Azrul Hakim Yahaya, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, Salam Ahmed Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Utilizing ChatGPT for Teaching Computer Networking
ChatGPT has taken the world by storm in recent years with its ability to interact and respond in a ‘human way’ form. Despite the warm reception, there are also concerns regarding integrity, plagiarism and worry about too much reliance on ChatGPT. Nevertheless, just like with other technologies, resistance is futile, yet its benefit must be embraced while maintaining some guidelines to be adhered. This paper presents the implementation of ChatGPT in teaching and learning theoretical parts of Introduction to Networking course. Though this is a laboratory-embedded course, the cognitive skills part still contributes to 40% of the assessment. It is challenging to maintain engagement and attract the attention of students during lecture sessions compared to laboratory sessions. Therefore, ChatGPT is utilized in various techniques to achieve the mentioned objective.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nur Idawati Md Enzai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Promoting and Assessing Collaborative Learning using Learning Analytics in Higher Education– Overview of Drivers and Wheels
Learning analytics leverages the use of technology to gather and analyse data about student performance, engagement, and learning behaviours, which can help educators make informed decisions about how to improve learning outcomes. In higher education, learning analytics can provide insights into student engagement, performance, and learning pathways. Collaborative learning in higher education involves a group of students working together towards a common goal or task. Collaborative learning encourages students to work together to solve problems, analyse information, and make decisions, especially in self-directed learning environment. Through discussion and debate, students develop critical thinking skills and learn to approach problems from different perspectives to enhance problem-solving skills. Collaborative learning provides opportunities for students to work with others from diverse backgrounds, helping them develop interpersonal skills such as communication, teamwork, and leadership. While collaborative learning helps students to foster critical thinking and develop interpersonal skills, students’ activities and engagement in collaborative learning are not properly assessed and measured. Student performance indicators are highly dependent on the learning activities and resources used in the learning management system based on individual basis. The ability and potential of learning analytics to track students’ behaviour and performance in team, and to monitor the effectiveness of their sharing and communication is not fully utilised in higher education. This paper addresses this issue and aims to provide an overview of collaborative learning analytics. The overview elaborates essential elements in collaborative learning and defines features in analytics to support collaborative learning. The overview is expected to guide to educators and developers in promoting and assessing students’ performance based on collaborative works.
Copyright (c) 2024 Norjumaahtul Adawwiah Ab Majid, Hairulliza Mohamad Judi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Examining the Thermal Dynamics of Coffee Cups: Evaluating the Impact of Cup Material on Thermal Characteristics via Numerical Simulations
This work examines the thermal diffusivity properties of four different materials, ceramic, stainless steel, plastic, and glass, using the one-dimensional heat equation's Initial Boundary Value Problem (IBVP) framework. We investigate the transient thermal behaviour of these materials using numerical techniques like the Crank-Nicolson method and the explicit FTCS (Forward-Time Central-Space) method. We perform simulations and analyse heat transfer dynamics and temperature distributions using Python implementations with uniform step sizes. According to our research, there are notable differences in the thermal diffusivity performance of the materials, with stainless steel showing better conductive qualities. Furthermore, a look at the midpoint temperature profiles of the cups provides information on the thermal and temporal dynamics. A comparison of the Crank-Nicolson and FTCS approaches shows how effective the latter is in producing precise and stable solutions. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of material thermal properties and numerical methods' suitability for simulating heat transfer phenomena.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabastine Emmanuel, Saratha Sathasivam, Siti Fatimah Azzahrah Binti Azhar, Nur Elya Nadhirah Binti Che Mazhaimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0