GEOGRAFI (ISSN 2289-4470 / EISSN 2462-2400) is published by the Pejabat Karang Mengarang Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (Penerbit UPSI/UPSI Press) for Department of Geography and Environment, Faculty of Human Sciences, twice a year in June and December. Its purpose is to publish research findings and academic discourse related to geography and environment in South East Asia. This journal is published in Bahasa Melayu and English. From 2003 to 2024, 96 documents from Jurnal Geografi have been cited in Scopus databased. GEOGRAFI supports Open Access. The electronic full text version of the journal is available Free of Charge (FOC).
The Role of Campus Recreational Parks Based on Agrotherapy and Its Positive Effects on University Students' Psychology: A Literature Review
Campus recreational gardens not only serve as landscaping elements that beautify the environment but also play a crucial role in enhancing students' psychological well-being. Agrotherapy, or agriculture-based therapy, is an increasingly recognized approach in university landscape design due to its potential to reduce stress and improve mental health. This study aims to review the literature regarding the role of campus recreational gardens based on agrotherapy and their positive impact on students' psychological well-being. The literature review reveals that urban agricultural elements such as community gardens, therapeutic horticulture, and agroecology-based green spaces offer psychological benefits to students by reducing stress, improving concentration, and enhancing emotional balance. This study recommends that universities consider integrating agrotherapy elements into campus recreational gardens as a strategy to enhance student well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ainol Jufri Fadzli, Mohd Amirul Hussain, Mohd Yusof Kamaruzaman, Mohd Nazri Abdul Raji, Zaliza Hanapi, Hishammuddin Hamdan, Nurul Izzati Othmani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
On behalf of the Editorial Board, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to all authors for entrusting GEOGRAFI with their scholarly work. I am equally grateful to the peer reviewers for their rigorous evaluations, insightful comments, and dedication, which are vital in upholding the academic integrity and quality of the journal. Warm regards and deepest appreciation for your continued support and contribution to GEOGRAFI.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumayyah Aimi Mohd Najib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Observations of Albinism in Endemic Toque Monkeys Macaca sinica from Different Bioregions of Sri Lanka
Albinism is an exceptionally rare congenital condition in wild non-human primates, typically arising from autosomal recessive mutations that impair melanin biosynthesis. In this study, we report the first photographic documentation of albinism in the endemic Toque Monkey (Macaca sinica) from different bioregions in Sri Lanka. Field observations conducted between January 2024 and July 2025 identified four albino individuals across distinct geographical units corresponding to the natural ranges of the three recognized subspecies: M. s. sinica, M. s. aurifrons, and M. s. opisthomelas. Diagnostic features included a complete absence of pigmentation in the fur, visibly pink skin, and red or pink eyes, hallmarks of oculocutaneous albinism. Observations from both captive and wild contexts revealed that albino individuals were socially integrated within their troops and exhibited no immediate signs of behavioral exclusion. These findings suggest that albinism, although phenotypically conspicuous and potentially maladaptive in terms of predation and sun sensitivity, may not drastically disrupt social cohesion in M. sinica. The spatial distribution of these sightings raises questions regarding potential genetic drift, inbreeding, or habitat-induced population fragmentation that may be increasing the expression of rare recessive traits. This study highlights the need for targeted genetic assessments and long-term ecological monitoring to better understand the evolutionary and conservation implications of albinism in island-endemic primate populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danushka S. Weerasekera, Shashi Madushanka , Shamal Samaranayake, Dinushika P. Manawadu, W. G. K. Hemantha Samarasekara, Kithsiri B. Ranawana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sikap dan Amalan Guru Pelatih Geografi UPSI Menggunakan BBM daripada dalam Talian Semasa Menjalani Latihan Mengajar
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk meneliti sikap dan amalan penggunaan bahan bantu mengajar (BBM) daripada dalam talian semasa menjalani kursus Latihan Mengajar (LM) oleh guru pelatih geografi Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI). Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk kuantitatif berbentuk tinjauan dengan pengumpulan data melalui borang soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada 73 orang guru pelatih Pendidikan Geografi UPSI, yang dipilih menggunakan persampelan rawak mudah berdasarkan formula Krejcie dan Morgan (1970). Instrumen kajian digunakan adalah borang soal selidik yang mengandungi tiga bahagian iaitu maklumat demografi, sikap dan amalan terhadap penggunaan BBM daripada dalam talian. Data dikumpul dengan mengedarkan pautan link Google Form melalui Whatsapp dan Telegram kepada responden dan dianalisis menggnakan perisian Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versi 29.0 iaitu melibatkan analisis deskriptif (min, sisihan piawai, frekuensi, peratus) serta analisis inferensi (korelasi Spearman rho). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tahap sikap guru pelatih berada pada tahap tinggi (min = 4.42, dengan sisihan piawai = 0.29), begitu juga tahap amalan yang berada pada tahap tinggi (min = 4.25, dengan sisihan piawai = 0.51). Analisis inferensi mendapati terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan tetapi lemah antara sikap dengan amalan penggunaan BBM dalam talian (ρ = .412, p < 0.01). Dapatan ini membuktikan bahawa semakin positif sikap guru pelatih terhadap BBM dalam talian, semakin kerap mereka mengaplikasikannya dalam pengajaran semasa LM. Kajian ini memberikan implikasi bahawa guru pelatih Pendidikan Geografi perlu terus di perkasa dengan kemahiran teknologi dan pedagogi digital bagi meningkatkan kualiti pengajaran serta keberkesanan PdP dalam konteks abad ke-21.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jemat Roselind, Amatan Mohammad Azri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pengetahuan dan Sikap Mahasiswa Pendidikan Geografi terhadap Aktiviti Kesukarelawanan di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris
Manuskrip ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengetahuan, dan sikap mahasiswa pendidikan Geografi terhadap aktiviti kesukarelawanan di Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif reka bentuk tinjauan deskriptif. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 181 orang mahasiswa pendidikan Geografi. Analisis deskriptif (min, sisihan piawai, kekerapan dan peratus) dan analisis inferensi (korelasi Pearson) digunakan untuk menjawab objektif kajian. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tahap pengetahuan tentang pendidikan Geografi yang diaplikasikan dalam kesukarelawanan menujukkan (M=4.70, SP=.35) dan sikap mahasiswa terhadap pengalaman penglibatan diri dalam aktiviti kesukarelawanan (M=4.73, SP=.33) berada pada tahap yang tinggi). Hasil analisis ujian korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara tahap pengetahuan dan sikap mahasiswa pendidikan Geografi terhadap aktiviti kesukarelawanan (r=0.71 sig=.00 <0.05). Kesimpulannya, hasil kajian menunjukkan mahasiswa pendidikan Geografi mempunyai tahap pengetahuan yang boleh diaplikasikan dalam aktiviti kesukarelawanan serta mempunyai sikap yang baik dalam penglibatan diri terhadap aktiviti kesukarelawanan. Tahap pengetahuan mempunyai hubungan yang kuat dengan sikap mahasiswa pendidikan Geografi. Implikasi kajian ini boleh digunakan oleh pihak Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia dalam menyemak semula kurikulum dan kokurikulum yang membantu dalam meningkatkan dan membangunkan sahsiah dan kemahiran insaniah dalam diri setiap mahasiswa melalui penglibatan dalam aktiviti kesukarelawanan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Firdaus Malail, Kamarul Ismail, Nurzaimah Asalal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Persepsi Pelajar terhadap Kandungan Visual dalam Buku Teks Geografi Tingkatan 2 dalam Meningkatkan Kefahaman Pelajar di SMK Sikuati II, Kudat, Sabah
Kajian ini meneliti impak kandungan visual dalam buku teks Geografi Tingkatan 2 terhadap kefahaman pelajar di SMK Sikuati II, Kudat, Sabah. Buku ini mengandungi pelbagai elemen visual seperti peta, gambar, graf dan jadual untuk membantu pelajar memahami konsep Geografi yang kompleks. Seramai 130 pelajar Tingkatan 3 dipilih secara rawak sebagai responden melalui pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan soal selidik. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensi menggunakan korelasi Pearson. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap persepsi pelajar terhadap kandungan visual adalah sederhana (M=3.65, SP=0.50), dengan topik isu dan pengurusan alam sekitar mencatat min tertinggi (M=3.85, SP=0.64). Terdapat hubungan signifikan pada tahap sederhana antara persepsi pelajar terhadap visual dengan kefahaman mereka (r=0.674, p<0.01). Kandungan visual didapati membantu pelajar memahami konsep sukar seperti peta topografi dan hubungan manusia-alam, di samping meningkatkan minat dan pengekalan maklumat. Kajian mencadangkan Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) menambah elemen visual interaktif dan menyusun semula visual dengan teks secara seimbang untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan pembelajaran. Kesimpulannya, kandungan visual dalam buku teks memainkan peranan penting dalam menyokong pemahaman pelajar terhadap konsep Geografi yang abstrak.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mazdi Marzuki, Reklie Ristol https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sustainable Human Settlements Development in Urban Area: Conceptual Connotation, Logical Construction
Environmental pressure and governance on sustainability have become complex and, in many cases, fragmented during the process of urbanization. Existing analytical models can be conceptually ambiguous, overlook interdependencies of urban systems, the dynamic character of the urban phenomenon and its normative dimension. In this respect, this study advances the understanding of sustainable human settlements with the help of a suitable framework that is theory-based. Based on systems theory, urban governance research, and sustainability science, the research builds a three-pronged logical-based system logic, process logic, and value logic. These logics together capture more structural, evolutionary, and ethical dimensions of sustainability across the intelligence, energy, and material levels. A framework incorporates a spatial structure, a social organization, an ecological support, and an institutional governance, connected through a set of dynamic mechanisms that ensure long-term goals such as inclusivity and inter-generational justice. While retaining classical theory of human settlement, as well as global benchmarks (SDG 11, UN-Habitat), the framework goes beyond outcome framework approach through an explicit inclusion of governance processes as well as normative aspects. The framework itself is theoretical in nature but offers practical implications for regional planning, indicator development, and smart city governance. This study builds a normative model of sustainable urban human settlements, which provides a clearer theoretical foundation for academic analysis and policy practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhongxiu Liu, Nor Kalsum Mohd Isa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Is There a Premium for Proximity? Assessing the Impact of MRT on Residential Property Prices in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Urban rail transit systems such as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Light Rail Transit (LRT) can produce a mix of beneficial and adverse effects on nearby communities, particularly for properties in close proximity to the infrastructure. This study focuses on the Sungai Buloh-Kajang (SBK) MRT Line in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and evaluates its influence on residential property values, taking into account both the favourable and unfavourable externalities associated with the transit system. To analyse these effects, a hedonic pricing model was applied to a dataset of residential transactions spanning from 2013 to 2019, encompassing properties situated within a 2-kilometer buffer of the SBK MRT corridor. The analysis accounts for comparable market conditions, income distribution, and housing types. The findings show that while properties near MRT stations generally experienced price increases, especially in middle- and lower-income areas, homes located extremely close to the MRT track in affluent neighbourhoods saw a decline in value. These results suggest that MRT systems can enhance residential property prices, but the benefits vary by location and socio-economic context. These findings underscore that while MRT systems can positively affect nearby residential property prices, these benefits are not uniform. The gains tend to be widespread, benefiting various neighbourhoods and housing types, whereas the downsides are more geographically limited. From a policy and urban planning perspective, the results highlight the value of integrating land value capture mechanisms and promoting transit-oriented development (TOD) strategies to harness these positive externalities more effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Faris Dziauddin, Mohmadisa Hashim, Zafirah Al Sadat Zyed, Hanifah Mahat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Memahami Kesan Pembinaan Lebuhraya terhadap Pembangunan Ekonomi di Jajaran yang terlibat: Sebuah Kertas Konsep
Lebuhraya merupakan salah satu sumber pendapatan terbesar bagi pembangunan ekonomi sesebuah negara. Sehubungan dengan itu, pembinaan lebuhraya telah menjadi fokus utama di pelbagai negara dalam usaha memperluaskan infrastruktur dan sekaligus membangunkan ekonomi di kawasan yang terlibat. “Pembangunan ekonomi” adalah salah satu komponen yang penting dalam konsep pembangunan yang komprehensif. Pembinaan lebuhraya mendatangkan beberapa impak positif mahupun negatif khususnya dalam peningkatan ekonomi negara, mewujudkan peluang pekerjaan kepada masyarakat di jajaran yang terlibat, serta memperluaskan jaringan infrastruktur sedia ada dan sebagainya yang mampu merangsang pembangunan ekonomi di sesebuah kawasan yang terlibat dengan pembinaan lebuhraya. Penulisan ini adalah sebuah kertas konsep yang akan memberikan pemahaman yang mendalam berkenaan dengan kesan pembinaan lebuhraya ke atas pembangunan ekonomi di jajaran menerusi gabungan pelbagai kajian luar mahupun tempatan. Kertas ini dihasilkan melalui pendekatan analisis kandungan secara menyeluruh terhadap pelbagai kajian terdahulu, dan merupakan sebahagian daripada inspirasi penyelidikan di peringkat sarjana penulis pertama. Ekoran daripada itu, kertas konsep sebegini sedikit sebanyak dapat menyumbang kepada ilmu pengetahuan khususnya dalam menjadi panduan kepada pelajar, pembuat polisi, para akademik bagi mengetahui kesan pembinaan lebuhraya ke atas pembangunan ekonomi di jajaran yang terlibat.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izzati Ilyanie Mohamad Morni, Colonius Atang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Menyingkap Pengaruh El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) terhadap Cuaca dan Iklim di Malaysia
Artikel ini bertujuan untuk meninjau dan menyingkap pengaruh fenomena iklim El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) terhadap keadaan cuaca dan iklim di Malaysia, dengan memberi tumpuan khusus kepada perubahan suhu dan taburan hujan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan tinjauan literatur berbentuk ulasan naratif yang merangkumi sepuluh artikel terpilih berkaitan kajian ENSO di Malaysia daripada beberapa pangkalan data akademik. Hasil sorotan mendapati bahawa fasa El Niño secara amnya berkait dengan peningkatan suhu dan pengurangan hujan, manakala La Niña dikaitkan dengan peningkatan taburan hujan yang boleh menyebabkan banjir kilat serta kesan terhadap aktiviti marin. Para pengkaji telah menggunakan pelbagai metodologi seperti analisis statistik, analisis korelasi, serta analisis spatial berasaskan data satelit untuk menilai kesan fenomena ini. Dapatan daripada pelbagai kajian terdahulu menunjukkan bahawa fenomena ENSO memberi kesan yang signifikan terhadap corak cuaca di Malaysia, namun kesannya adalah dinamik, bergantung kepada faktor seperti lokasi, musim monsun, dan intensiti. Diharapkan artikel ini dapat memberikan kefahaman yang lebih menyeluruh kepada masyarakat serta membantu agensi berkaitan dalam usaha merancang langkah adaptasi dan mitigasi terhadap perubahan iklim ekstrem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Hashiq, Ibrahim Mohd Hairy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Initial Findings on the Socioeconomic Impacts and Migration Patterns of the Marudi-Miri Tar-Sealed Road
The study investigates the socioeconomic impacts of the tar-sealed road connecting Marudi to Miri City in Sarawak, Malaysia. Before 2005, Marudi was disconnected from Miri City by road, depending solely on express boats and flights for its transportation needs. The construction of a logging road in 2005 and its subsequent upgrade to a tar-sealed road in 2019 significantly improved accessibility. This qualitative research utilises purposive sampling and employs semi-structured interviews with 20 interviewees to explore the impacts of the road. The findings reveal four primary social and economic impacts. The newly tar-sealed road has greatly enhanced patient transportation to hospitals and made travel more convenient. However, its narrow and hilly characteristics have raised safety concerns. In terms of migration, the primary factor influencing migration decisions continues to be economic opportunities. Economically, the road has altered consumer behaviour, leading to increased shopping in Miri and posing challenges for local businesses. However, it has also spurred new business developments, including national chain stores and local enterprises. The study finds that although the tar-sealed road has improved accessibility, it does not significantly influence the migration decisions of local residents. Instead, job opportunities continue to be the primary factor for migration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bemen Win Keong Wong, Keelbisas Mika Mus, Regina Garai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Human-landscape interaction in the merapi volcanic region during the classical javanese era
Java, Indonesia, is one of the regions in the world that has shown human-environment interaction in volcanic landscapes since the classical era in medieval times. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the history of human-landscape interaction in Hindu-Buddhist Java 14 centuries ago. This study combines geography and history approaches. The data collected includes secondary and primary data through various data collection activities, namely literature study, document analysis, and observation. Data were analyzed using Geographic Information Systems, namely buffering and overlay techniques, supported by descriptive and historical analysis. Temples were used as a proxy to identify past settlements. There are two significant findings from this study. First, humans utilize the potential of natural resources as a form of human-landscape interaction. The utilization of natural resources is indicated by temples built close to rivers and springs and flat land in the volcanic plain. Secondly, the lives of ancient people were not free from natural disasters. This is indicated by temples that were damaged and buried by volcanic materials from the Merapi eruption. In summary, this study provides alternative information about human-landscape interaction in ancient Javanese society in the active volcanic environment of Merapi. Also, this research contributes new insights that communities living close to the main river channels are at greater risk of being affected by the dangers of the Merapi eruption. Reflection of these findings contributes to current disaster research, especially in the Merapi volcano area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Helena Amranthois Kapisan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mapping The Physical Vulnerability Level of Residential Fires in Alalak Tengah Urban Village, North Banjarmasin Sub-district
Indonesia is an area that is vulnerable to various disasters, one of which is residential fires. Banjarmasin City has the highest population density and fire frequency in South Kalimantan. Alalak Tengah Urban Village is the urban village with the highest area of slums in North Banjarmasin Sub-district. Slums are often accompanied by a decline in the quality and facilities of settlements, making them areas that allow settlement fires to occur. Mapping vulnerability levels is necessary for disaster risk management. This research uses qualitative analysis based on Geographic Information System (GIS). The parameters used in this study are the density of residential buildings, type of residential buildings, settlement layout pattern, distance from water source location, distance from fire extinguisher location, distance from main road, and width of driveway. The research shows that the level of physical fire vulnerability in Alalak Tengah Village is divided into three levels with a low vulnerability level of 8.2 Ha, a medium vulnerability level of 11.7 Ha, and a high vulnerability level of 16.4 Ha. The high vulnerability level dominates with areas that have limited access, with dense settlements, and flammable building materials. The results of the physical vulnerability map of residential fires are reliable, with map accuracy test results ≥80%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agus Riyanto, Deasy Arisanty, Muhammad Muhaimin, Sidharta Adyatma, Aswin Nur Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The influence of TikTok water saving competition on raising climate change awareness among students in Malaysia
TikTok is a popular social media platform with a large number of young users worldwide. In line with this, the Water Saving Competition on TikTok has been organized by the Water Watch Penang Association and USM, with sponsorship from the Penang Water Supply Corporation (PBAPP), since 2021. This study aims to analyze the impact of the Water Conservation Competition on TikTok in raising awareness among students in Malaysia, focusing on aspects of preparation, inspirational factors, effectiveness, and its contribution to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A qualitative approach using thematic analysis was employed to gain an in-depth understanding, with eight participants interviewed through semi-structured sessions. The findings indicate that this TikTok competition plays a crucial role in enhancing participants' knowledge of water conservation practices. Through participation, they develop skills in time management, planning, and collaboration with peers or family members in video production. Participants gain inspiration for their water-saving videos from previous competition experiences, everyday life situations, and existing content on social media. This competition not only helps participants increase their awareness but also benefits students involved in organizing the event, as well as the TikTok community, by enriching their knowledge of more practical water-saving strategies. After taking part in the competition, participants become more efficient in practicing water conservation and feel more motivated to spread awareness to others, aligning with SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation and SDG 13: Climate Action. Such initiatives should be expanded to support efforts in enhancing climate resilience and reducing disaster risks in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tan Mou Leong, Siti Rahyla Rahmat, Low Siew Chun, Mohd Amirul Mahamud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Kajian tinjauan literatur mengenai peranan Pokok Gurah (Sapium Indicum) dalam pengurangan risiko banjir kilat di Kedah dan Kelantan, Malaysia
Banjir kilat merupakan salah satu bencana alam yang kerap berlaku di Malaysia dan negeri-negeri seperti Kedah dan Kelantan adalah tidak terkecuali menghadapi fenomena ini saban tahun. Bencana alam ini sering dikaitkan dengan perubahan guna tanah yang tidak terkawal, degradasi hutan riparian, dan perubahan iklim yang menyebabkan peningkatan kadar hujan luar biasa. Pokok riparian seperti pokok gurah (Sapium indicum) mempunyai keupayaan menyerap air berlebihan, menstabilkan struktur tanah di tebing sungai, dan mengurangkan kadar hakisan, menjadikannya elemen penting dalam pengurusan ekosistem sungai secara mampan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peranan pokok gurah dalam mengurangkan risiko banjir kilat di Kedah dan Kelantan serta menganalisis kesannya terhadap kestabilan tebing sungai dan kawalan ekosistem sungai. Selain itu, kajian ini juga menekankan kepentingan dasar pemantauan dan intervensi pengurusan bagi mengawal spesies invasif yang boleh menjejaskan keseimbangan ekosistem sungai. Pendekatan Kajian Tinjauan Literatur digunakan dalam kajian ini bagi mengumpul dan menganalisis data berkaitan peranan pokok gurah dalam ekosistem sungai dan pengurangan risiko banjir kilat. Proses tinjauan literatur dijalankan dengan menggunakan pangkalan data akademik seperti Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), Google Scholar, dan ScienceDirect, yang merangkumi jurnal ilmiah, laporan bencana, dan kajian kes berkaitan banjir kilat di Kedah dan Kelantan. Kriteria pemilihan artikel berdasarkan kata kunci tertentu seperti “pokok riparian”, “banjir kilat”, “pengurusan ekosistem sungai”, dan “kestabilan tebing sungai” bagi memastikan kerelevanan dan keberkesanan dapatan kajian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pokok gurah memainkan peranan penting dalam meningkatkan kadar infiltrative air, mengekalkan kestabilan tebing sungai, serta mengurangkan kadar hakisan dan sedimentasi. Selain itu, pemuliharaan spesies ini berpotensi untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan pengurusan banjir secara holistik, selaras dengan pendekatan pengurusan alam sekitar yang mampan. Oleh itu, strategi pemuliharaan dan pemantauan pokok riparian perlu diberi perhatian dalam perancangan dan pengurusan sungai bagi mengurangkan impak banjir kilat di kawasan berisiko tinggi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Amirul Hussain, Muhammad Ainol Jufri Fadzli, Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunos, Nur Afikah Idrus, Muhammad Shafiq Zulkifli, Hishammuddin Hamdan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Diurnal Activity Patterns and Feeding Behavior of Sloth Bear (Melursus Ursinus) during Wet and Dry Seasons in Wilpattu National Park, Sri Lanka
This study examines the seasonal behavioral patterns of sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in Wilpattu National Park, Sri Lanka, focusing on their activities and feeding behaviors during the dry and wet seasons. Systematic field observations were conducted to record the frequency of six key behaviors: Walking, Bedding down, Self-grooming, Fighting or Chasing, Defecation and Urination, and Hydration. Chi-squared tests were used to assess seasonal differences, revealing significant variations in Walking (χ² = 32.895, p < 0.001), Bedding down (χ² = 4.5, p = 0.034), and Fighting or Chasing (χ² = 5.444, p = 0.020). These behaviors were influenced by seasonal factors such as food and water availability, temperature, and shelter conditions. In contrast, Self-grooming, Defecation and Urination, and Hydration showed no significant seasonal differences (p > 0.05). Activity patterns indicated increased activity in the morning and afternoon, with reduced activity in the evening. Feeding duration did not differ significantly between seasons (W = 81, p = 0.535), though the distribution of feed types varied, with ants and termites being more prevalent in the wet season and berries in the dry season. These findings suggest that sloth bears adjust their behavior and feeding strategies to seasonal changes in resource availability. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective conservation and management of sloth bear populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danushka S Weerasekera, Shashi Madhushanka, Malmi Jayaweera, Kithsiri B Ranwana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cabaran usahawan kiosk 1 Borneo Hypermall semasa pandemik COVID-19
Pandemik COVID-19 telah memberi impak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Malaysia. Sektor Perusahaan Kecil dan Sederhana (PKS) merupakan sektor yang paling terjejas oleh pelaksanaan Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP). Pandemik COVID-19 telah mengakibatkan pelbagai masalah kepada usahawan kiosk, dengan ramai yang terpaksa menutup perusahaan mereka. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk menyelidik cabaran yang dihadapi oleh peniaga kiosk di 1 Borneo Hypermall sewaktu pandemik COVID-19. Metodologi kajian ini melibatkan pendekatan kuantitatif dan pemerhatian untuk menyokong hasil kajian. Hasil kajian menunjukkan cabaran yang dihadapi pengusaha kiosk di 1 Borneo Hypermall semasa pandemik COVID-19 berlaku adalah terdapat persaingan pemasaran di kalangan pengusaha yang lain (skor min = 4.38), waktu perniagaan yang ditetapkan oleh kerajaan kepada pengusaha kiosk adalah terhad (skor min = 4.00) dan pengusaha kurang pengetahuan cara untuk mempromosi jualan di media sosial (skor min = 3.90). Bagi menangani cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pengusaha kiosk ini, pihak kerajaan perlu menjalankan program ilmu keusahawanan bagi memantapkan lagi kemahiran pengurusan, kewangan dan pemasaran para usahawan untuk menghadapi cabaran pandemik COVID-19.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chentia Subi, Mohamad Nazril Sharil, Jessie Padisan, Lindah Roziani Jamru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Tahap literasi geografi fizikal dalam kalangan pelajar luar bandar
Artikel ini bertujuan mengenal pasti tahap literasi geografi fizikal dalam kalangan pelajar luar bandar dengan menjadikan salah sebuah sekolah di Daerah Muallim sebagai kajian kes. Kajian ini melibatkan tiga pemboleh ubah iaitu pengetahuan literasi istilah geografi fizikal, kemahiran membaca dan melihat, bertutur dan mendengar, serta kemahiran menulis dan mencipta berkaitan dengan geografi fizikal. Pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan reka bentuk tinjauan borang soal selidik dan temu bual digunakan dalam kajian ini. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 52 orang pelajar tingkatan satu dan dua yang bersetuju menjadi responden secara sukarela dan bersedia menjawab soal selidik. Analisis deskriptif (frekuensi dan peratus) dan inferensi (korelasi Pearson dan ANOVA) digunakan untuk menjawab setiap persoalan kajian. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan 53.26% pelajar berada pada tahap sederhana dalam pengetahuan literasi istilah geografi fizikal, sementara kemahiran membaca dan melihat, bertutur dan mendengar, menulis dan mencipta berada pada tahap baik. Keputusan ujian korelasi Pearson menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif antara kekerapan membaca buku, sumber rujukan dan minat terhadap geografi, bagi nilai r=-.152, p>.023, r=.124, p>.045 dan r=.171, p>.012 manakalak keputusan ujian ANOVA menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang signifikan antara jantina. Secara keseluruhannya, literasi geografi fizikal pelajar berada pada tahap sederhana, dan kebolehan membaca, membaca, bertutur, mendengar, menulis, dan kreatif mereka berada pada tahap yang baik, tetapi perkadarannya masih lemah. Pihak sekolah dan Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia boleh menggunakan implikasi kajian ini untuk melaksanakan langkah-langkah yang sewajarnya bagi meningkatkan kualiti pembelajaran daripada segi literasi dan kemahiran geografi dalam kalangan pelajar.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatin Nurnajwa Mohamad Asri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Community-Based Springs Management of The Sukolilo Karst Landscape Area to Fulfill Clean Water Needs
The demographic growth rate development is in line with economic dynamics that drive environmental degradation. This occurrence is evident within the KBAK Sukolilo area, which has evolved into a cultivation area despite being designated as a geological cultural heritage site by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources since 2014. The primary issue in the Purwodadi region is the annual occurrence of drought. Ninety-seven villages across 14 districts in Grobogan experience a clean water crisis. The research objectives are: 1) mapping land use distribution and potential water sources in KBAK Sukolilo and 2) analyzing water management for meeting water needs. The research object is the springs located in KBAK Sukolilo, Grobogan District, covering six districts. The research method involves surveying data collection on the potential and quality of springs in KBAK Sukolilo, conducting interviews, and utilizing descriptive analysis and geospatial information analysis techniques. The research findings indicate a dynamic change in land use, with Plantations (22.5%), Fields (13.7%), Settlements (9.4%), Irrigated Rice Fields (34.8%), Rain-fed Rice Fields (12.3%), Bushes (6.9%), and Empty Land (0.4%). The karst area of KBAK Sukolilo, which plays a crucial hydrological role, boasts 28 springs, with the highest potential at the Ngakiman spring, with a discharge of 146.5 liters per second, and the lowest potential of 2 liters per second found in 8 springs in the Sukolilo Karst area in Grobogan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ervando Tommy, Dewi Liesnoor Setyowati, Puji Hardati, Jamhur, Ray Gerraldo S Tambunan, Figo Dwi Akbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Ketersediaan penuaian hujan bagi Kolej Kediaman Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Masalah kekurangan sumber air telah menjadi satu perbincangan bukan sahaja ahli akademik malahan pihak berkepentingan yang lain. Pelbagai kajian dan saranan telah dikemukakan, namun masalah kekurangan bekalan sumber air ini masih lagi tidak dapat diselesaikan. Kajian kes di Sabah, masalah kekurangan air ini tidak sahaja terjadi di kawasan luar bandar, malahan kawasan tumpuan penduduk seperti institusi pendidikan juga menerima kesannya tidak terkecuali Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS). Terdapat banyak aduan dan rungutan daripada para pelajar sehingga mendapat perhatian daripada media sosial. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kebolehtakungan air hujan bagi kolej kediaman di UMS sebagai saranan dalam mengatasi masalah sumber bekalan air mentah bagi kegunaan luar para pelajar. Kajian ini, menggunakan reka bentuk kajian kuantitatif melalui pengiraan keluasan bumbung kolej kediaman pelajar sebagai permukaan tadahan air hujan. Tiga buah kolej kediaman pelajar iaitu KKTM, KKTF, dan KKTPAR dijadikan sampel kawasan kajian. Pengiraan ini adalah berlandaskan pengiraan formula kebolehpercayaan penuaian hujan yang dibangunkan oleh NAHRIM. Daripada analisis pengiraan yang telah dilakukan, nilai kebolehtakungan air hujan adalah sebanyak 2008.29 m³ (KKTM), 1752.54 m³ (KKTF), dan 1483.28 m³ (KKTPAR). Berdasarkan nilai yang diperolehi, air tuaian hujan mampu dijadikan alternatif sebagai gantian terhadap bekalan air paip. Dari aspek komponen pula, dilihat aspek penyelenggaraan bagi mengaplikasikan Sistem Penuaian Air Hujan (SPAH) perlu ditingkatkan supaya sistem ini dapat digunakan dengan sebaiknya. Hasil akhir kajian dapat menjadi saranan kepada pihak universiti dalam menyediakan tangki takungan supaya air hujan yang turun dapat disimpan tanpa dibazirkan. Seterusnya, dapat mengurangkan kos pengurusan pihak universiti dalam pembayaran utiliti bagi UMS.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roslaini Abdul Jalil, Nordin Sakke, Adi Jafar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Keberkesanan slaid pengajaran kreatif berasaskan canva dalam meningkatkan penguasaan Geografi
Kajian ini meneliti keberkesanan penggunaan aplikasi Canva dalam penghasilan slaid pengajaran yang menarik serta impaknya terhadap pemahaman dan minat pelajar dalam kursus Pengantar Geografi. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif melalui kaedah soal selidik yang melibatkan 179 orang pelajar dari Pusat Pengajian Pendidikan Jarak Jauh, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Responden dipilih secara persampelan bertujuan dan instrumen kajian merangkumi soalan tertutup serta terbuka untuk menilai persepsi mereka terhadap penggunaan Canva. Data dianalisis menggunakan perisian R, dengan analisis deskriptif bagi data kuantitatif dan analisis tematik untuk respons terbuka. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa 73.18 peratus pelajar menyatakan slaid pengajaran berasaskan Canva membantu pemahaman mereka, manakala 96.65 peratus pelajar menyatakan ia meningkatkan minat dan penglibatan mereka dalam kelas atas talian. Kombinasi imej, video, audio, grafik, warna yang sesuai dan pemilihan jenis tulisan memainkan peranan dalam menyampaikan maklumat dengan lebih jelas dan menarik. Penggunaan slaid yang interaktif dan visual yang efektif membantu mengekalkan perhatian pelajar sepanjang pembelajaran. Kesimpulannya, penggunaan Canva dalam penghasilan slaid pengajaran bukan sahaja meningkatkan pemahaman dan minat pelajar, malah menyokong keberkesanan pembelajaran secara atas talian dengan lebih interaktif dan menarik.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Amalin Fatihah Kamarul Zaman, Nik Norliati Fitri Md Nor, Siti Masayu Rosliah Abdul Rashid, Izham Mohamad Yusoff https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Attitude on e-waste recycling among the public in Selangor
Electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) is the definition of those appliances that are already used, broken, and ready to be discarded by the user. The public is seen as the backbone in ensuring the success of E-waste management through recycling activity. Hence, this cross-sectional study determined the attitude toward E-waste recycling activity among 813 respondents around Selangor. Upon completion of the chi-square analysis, there was a significant p-value <0.05 between the level of attitude among respondents with gender and educational background variables. Respondents with higher educational backgrounds and female respondents generally have a high level of attitude compared to other demographic backgrounds. It reflects that other groups of respondents require room for improvement to ensure that every group of publics achieve a high level of attitude over time. Since attitude is one of the factors that will help to improve public participation in E-waste recycling activity, this study can be used as the baseline for various stakeholders to create awareness and provide adequate information on E-waste recycling.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amirah Sariyati Mohd Yahya, Tengku Adeline Adura Tengku Hamzah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pengurusan sisa banjir di Kuala Krai Kelantan
Kajian ini memberi fokus kepada pengurusan sisa banjir di Kuala Krai Kelantan yang dilakukan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT) dan penglibatan masyarakat. Dua konsep kendalian utama iaitu pengurusan bencana dan pengurusan sisa dijadikan panduan bagi mendapatkan maklumat yang diperlukan. Kawasan kajian yang dipilih ialah Taman Berkat Jaya yang mewakili kawasan bandar dan Kampung Manek Urai Lama yang mewakili kawasan luar bandar. Pemilihan kawasan adalah berdasarkan kedudukan kedua-duanya yang terletak berhampiran dengan sungai dan mempunyai tahap keterdedahan yang tinggi terhadap bencana banjir. Metod kajian yang digunakan adalah kajian kepustakaan, temubual informal dan kaedah soal selidik. Sampel kajian yang diambil ialah seramai 30 orang responden bagi setiap kawasan berdasarkan teknik persampelan rawak mudah. Analisis soal selidik yang dijalankan terhadap responden di kedua-dua kawasan menunjukkan wujud kesepaduan penglibatan antara komuniti dan pihak berwajib menguruskan sisa selepas banjir. Hasil korelasi pearson antara kesedaran masyarakat tentang kepentingan pembersihan sisa banjir menunjukkan terdapat hubungan positif yang sangat kuat iaitu r = 0.934 dan nilai signifikan = 0.00 (p < 0.01). Keadaan ini menunjukkan kesedaran masyarakat untuk membersihkan sisa banjir mempengaruhi kerjasama mereka dengan PBT. Hasil dan keputusan kajian ini diharap dapat menambah baik sistem pengurusan sisa sedia ada dan perlaksanaan dasar berkaitan pengurusan sisa bencana ke arah kelestarian.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Hafidzi Hussin, Zaini Sakawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cities in Bloom: Navigating the Journey of Urbanization in Malaysia Towards Sustainable Futures
Malaysia has become one of the most urbanized countries in Southeast Asia over the past few decades. This rapid urbanization has changed the social, economic, and environmental landscapes due to several factors such as population growth, economic development, and rural-urban migration. Therefore, this paper explores the evolving landscape of urbanization in Malaysia and emphasizes the urgent need for effective urban design and planning strategies to tackle the challenges of rapid growth. This study employed content analysis to examine established urban design theories from influential thinkers like Kevin Lynch, Jane Jacobs, Daniel Burnham, Le Corbusier, Janette Sadik-Khan, and Nabeel Hamdi to uncover valuable insights for enhancing urban environments. This method was selected because of its ability to systematically interpret textual data within its context. Key themes include the importance of creating mixed-use neighborhoods, designing pedestrian-friendly spaces, engaging communities, and promoting sustainable practices. With urban populations projected to reach approximately 75% of the total population by 2024, this study emphasizes the necessity for collaboration among policymakers, urban planners, and community members. By adopting a holistic approach to urban planning, Malaysia can build vibrant and resilient cities that balance growth with sustainability and reflect the unique identities of its local communities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Azli Abdullah, Mohd Amirul Mahamud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of Accessibility and Nuisance on Neighbourhood Satisfaction near Sungai Buloh-Kajang (SBK) MRT Line
The presence of urban rail transit can impact residents both positively and negatively, especially those who live within walking distance to this infrastructure. Positive MRT externalities such as improved accessibility from home to work and other desirable destinations may be highly valued by residents, while negative externalities such as noise and visual obstruction can be perceived as highly undesirable and, in extreme cases, lead residents to move. Hence, this study aims to determine neighbourhood satisfaction among residents living near the SBK MRT Line. In this study, multivariate regression analysis was used as an analytical tool to model the satisfaction of residents living near the SBK MRT Line. The dependent variable is perceived neighbourhood satisfaction. Individuals were surveyed on five propositions related to neighbourhood and housing satisfaction. The results suggest that the perceived neighbourhood satisfaction of residents living near the SBK MRT line is mixed. As expected, the perceived effect of improved accessibility appears to have a statistically significant influence on neighbourhood satisfaction. Factors such as satisfaction with the short walk to the nearest MRT station and improved accessibility to work by MRT have a direct effect on neighbourhood satisfaction. In addition, seven factors or variables were used to estimate the impact of MRT line nuisance on neighbourhood satisfaction. The results suggest that two factors related to perceived noise play an important role in determining neighbourhood satisfaction. More specifically, the MRT noise that can be heard at home and concern about the health effects of noise are statistically significant; both negatively influence neighbourhood satisfaction. Interestingly, however, factors related to interest in the MRT or attitudes towards riding it to work and other destinations have no statistical effect on neighbourhood satisfaction, except a perceived positive relationship between the presence of an MRT line and higher property prices. In addition, two factors used to indicate environmental characteristics – satisfaction with crime levels and satisfaction with green space – appear to have a strong positive effect on neighbourhood satisfaction. Finally, two factors used to describe respondents' demographic characteristics, married and homeowner, appear to be important factors explaining neighbourhood satisfaction. From a policy perspective, the findings from this study provide insights into the accessibility gains and other residential characteristics – such as neighbourhood aesthetics and location assets – that could compensate for or at least mitigate perceived nuisances related to MRT proximity. It also provides insights into groups of people and types of areas that may require a tailored approach or additional attention because of greater MRT nuisance perceptions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohd Faris Dziauddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Progress of Research on Volcanic-Geomorphology in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Literature Review
Southeast Asia, with its large number of volcanoes, wide distribution, and high occupancy and population growth in volcanic environments, has a high potential to emerge as one of the world's centres for volcanic geomorphology studies. In this article, we present information on the progress and trends of volcanic-geomorphology research topics in Southeast Asia. This article is a systematic literature review organized by the PRISMA approach. Search keywords were determined using the PICO method. The documents reviewed were obtained from the Scopus database, with the criteria of research articles published in journals or conference proceedings, English language, and territory/area limited to Southeast Asia. A total of 214 documents were collected with these keywords and criteria. Of these, 53 articles were selected through the extraction process and continued with the review. The findings of this study show that studies on volcanic geomorphology in Southeast Asia are relatively few, even though studies on volcanoes themselves have been conducted from various perspectives. Volcanic geomorphology studies indexed in the Scopus database were conducted from 1963 to 2024. The two most discussed topics are genesis/landform and geomorphological processes that occur in landforms, while the other topics that are relatively little discussed are materials and the environment. Implementing other methods like remote sensing, geophysics, and environment often supports geomorphological survey and analysis methods.
Copyright (c) 2024 Raisya Arzety Olivia, Arif Ashari, Muhamad Ervin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Global Citizenship Education Elements in Geography Subject in Malaysia
This paper discusses Global Citizenship Education (GCED) in the geography curriculum of junior high schools in Malaysia. The purpose is to examine the extent to which GCED elements are emphasized in the secondary school geography curriculum. Topics in the syllabus that involve GCED elements are well known. However, perhaps this do not survey implementation at the school level. The study was conducted qualitatively by analyzing existing documents such as Curriculum and Assessment Standard Document (DSKP) and textbooks used by schools. The findings of the study show that there are elements of GCED in the existing geography curriculum and have been applied through direct and indirect approaches. It is in line with the Cross Curriculum Elements named as Global Sustainability and Environmental Sustainability related to Global Citizenship. With GCED elements in the existing curriculum, teachers are expected to apply GCED elements as best as possible inside and outside the classroom. Geography teachers need to be trained to master GCED so that they can identify topics that have GCED elements and can be implemented in teaching and learning either through a direct or insertion approach.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammad Zohir Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Identification of Firefly Population Areas along Sepetang River Using the Buffer Method
This study identifies firefly population areas along the Sepetang River using Geographic Information System (GIS) buffer analysis. The focus is on Pteroptyx tener, which thrives in mangrove ecosystems, especially around Sonneratia caseolaris (Berembang trees). Field data were collected over six months from ten stations along the river to analyze firefly abundance concerning surrounding land use and vegetation types. Buffer zones of 50, 100, and 150 meters were applied to assess the impact of environmental factors and human activities on firefly populations. The results revealed that Station 6 had the highest firefly concentration, attributed to its dense Berembang tree cover. These findings emphasize the significance of mangrove conservation for sustaining firefly habitats. This research highlights the effective use of GIS in ecological conservation and underscores the need for protective buffer zones to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on firefly populations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Noor Fazeera Ahmad Fuzi, Azimah Abd Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ESD-SDGs in Teaching among Geography Teachers
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is an important agenda in schools towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and to achieve UNESCO's 2030 Agenda. Both conceptual frameworks, ESD-SDGs are implemented in pedagogic activities and important to the achievement of the SDGs. The purpose of this study is to measure ESD-SDG concept in teaching, among Geography teachers. A quantitative study was conducted involving 252 samples from 350 Geography teachers in Penang through a survey method. The findings based on mean score showed as “often”carried out by Geography teachers in term of “experiential-learning (active) approach” (M=3.95, SD=0.809), “real-world learning approach” (M=3.40, SD=1.065) and “critical-problem solving learning approach” (M=3.53, SD=1.011). Geography teachers implemented the “experiential-learning (active) approach” in teaching by “Emphasis on sustainable living”, “Cultivate the value of appreciating all life and nature” and “Spread the ideals of harmony, peace, and respect for one another". Furthermore, teachers choose “sometime” in implementing the global citizenship project based on the “Real-world learning approach”. As a worldwide need to teach and promote students about sustainable development (SD) in line with SDG4.7, the findings of the study show that the pedagogical approach to sustainable development towards the implementation of the ESD-SDGs concept is insufficient and needs to be improved especially students-centered learning (SCL) in the teaching approach.
Sustainable Development Goals, Student-Centered Learning (SCL)
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohd Zaki Said, Nor Asniza Ishak, Mohammad Zohir Ahmad @ Shaari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Quality of School Bus Services for Students in the City of Alor Setar and the Town of Jitra, Kedah Darul Aman
This study aims to identify the quality of school bus services in the city of Alor Setar and the city of Jitra, Kedah based on six criteria: safety, availability/time, cost, comfort, physical condition, and convenience. The study employed a quantitative approach and a questionnaire survey design. The respondents consisted of 62 students of SMK Tengku Laksamana, Alor Setar, and 34 students of SMK Tanjung Pauh, Jitra, who used the school bus service. We conducted descriptive analysis (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential analysis (Chi-Square test) to identify differences in service quality between the two schools. A study showed that SMK Tengku Laksamana has better service quality than SMK Tanjung Pauh in all six areas: safety (4.20), availability/time (4.27), cost (4.25), comfort (4.14), physical (4.46), and convenience (3.77). The safety score was 3.27, availability/time (2.92), cost (3.19), comfort (2.99), physical (3.55), and convenience (3.31). The Chi-Square Test found that there was no significant difference for safety criteria between the two schools (p > 0.05). However, other criteria such as time availability, cost, comfort, physicality, and convenience show significant differences (p < 0.05), which indicates that there is a difference in the quality of school bus services in Alor Setar and Jitra. In conclusion, the quality of school bus service at SMK Tengku Laksamana is better than at SMK Tanjung Pauh. This study recommends enhancing the school bus service at SMK Tanjung Pauh, particularly in areas such as physical condition, convenience, cost, and comfort. Authorities and school bus service managers need to consider this finding in order to improve service quality and increase user satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2024 Siti Aimuni Abu Hassan, Mazdi Marzuki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0