Social support moderating effect between work-family conflict and health and stress of working students in UPSI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/ibej.vol12.3.2019Keywords:
Health, Social Support, Stress, Work-family Conflict (WFC), Working StudentsAbstract
There have been many studies addressing work-family conflict (WFC) among employees working in an organization. The focus of this study is to address the WFC faced by adults who are currently working and studying at the same time and examine its relationship with their health and stress condition. In addition, this study also examines the moderating effect of social support between WFC and working student’s health and stress condition. The sample for this study consists of working students enrolling in part-time programs in Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Malaysia. Questionnaires were distributed to students pursuing part-time programs in Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. The questionnaire was developed based on past literature and proposed research framework. The questionnaire consists of questions regarding WFC, Stress, Health, Social Supports and demography questions. Finding from the research indicated that WFC faced by working students in UPSI does significantly relate to Stress, Health, and Social Support. As for the moderation effect, this study found that social support does significantly moderate the relationship between WFC and working students stress condition but not with health. Suggestions on actions that need to be engaged in unravelling WFC matters among working students need to be constructed. Policies and plans on how to mitigate WFC were suggested. This is to help policymakers and government to introduce relevant initiatives so that working adults’ special needs can be fulfilled, thus reducing WFC faced by them.
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References
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Eagle, B.W., Miles, E.W., & Icenogle, M. L. (1997). Interrole conflicts and the permeability of work and family domains: Are there gender differences? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 168–184.
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Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work–family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560–568.
Hair, Jr. J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th. Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall.
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Perry Jenkins, M., Goldberg, A. E., Pierce, C. P., & Sayer, A. G. (2007). Shift work, role overload, and the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 123-138.
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Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J.I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2),314-334.
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Allen, T.D., Herst, D.E.L., Bruck, C. & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2), 278-308.
Amstad, F. T., Meier, L.L., Fasel. U., Elfring. A., & Semmer, N.K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross domain versus matching domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 151-169.
Andreassi, J. K., & Thompson, C. A. (2007). Dispositional and situational sources of control: Relative impact on work-family conflict and positive spillover. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(8), 722Y740. doi:10.1108/02683940710837697
Aycan, Z. & Eskin.M, (2005). Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work–family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey, Sex Roles, 53, 453-471.
Barnett, R. C., Gareis, K.C., & Brennan, R. T. (2008). Wives’ shift work schedules and husbands’ and wives’ well-being in dual-earner couples with children: A withincouple analysis. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 396-422.
Barnett, R.C. & Gareis, K. C. (2006). Parental after-school stress and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 101-108.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 173Y1182. doi:10.1037/00223514.51.6.1173
Bedeian,A.,Mossholder, K.& Touliatos, J. (1986). “Individual propensities for emotional supportiveness within dual-career context: work and non-work reactions”, International Journal of Manpower, 7 (4), 7-12.
Bianchi, S. M. and Milkie, M. A. (2010), Work and Family Research in the First Decade of the 21st Century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 705-725. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010. 00726.x
Boles, J. S., Howard, W. G., & Donofrio, H. H. (2001). An investigation into the interrelationships of work- family conflict, family-work conflict and work satisfaction.Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(3), 376-390
Boles, J. S., Johnston, M. W., & Hair, J. F., Jr. (1997). Role stress, work–family conflict and emotional exhaustion: Inter-relationships and effects on some work-related consequences. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 17(1), 17–28.
Burke, R.J., & El-Kot, E.G. (2010). Correlates of work-family conflicts among managers in Egypt. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 3(2), 113-131.
Byron, K.,( 2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67, 169–198.
Carlson, D., & Perrewe, P. (1999). “The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: an examination of work-family conflict”, Journal of Management, 25(4),513-40.
Carnicer, M.P.D.L., Sanchez, A. M. , Perez, M. P., & Jimenez, M. J. (2004). Work-family conflict in southern European country: The influence of job-related and non-related factors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19, 466-489.
Cavana, R.Y, Delahaye, B.L. & Sekaran,U. (2000). Applied Business Research: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396.
Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In I. G. Sarason & B. Sarason (Eds.), Social support:Theory, research and applications (pp. 73-94). The Hague, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff
Cort W. Rudolph, Jesse S. Michel, Michael B. Harari, Tyler J. Stout, (2014) "Perceived social support and work- family conflict: A comparison of Hispanic immigrants and non-immigrants", Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21 Issue: 3, pp.306-325, https://doi.org/10.1108/CCM-01- 2013-0002
Davis, K. D., Gere, J., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2017). Investigating the work-family conflict and health link: Repetitive thought as a mechanism. Stress Health, 33, 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2711
Dormann, C., & Zapf, D. (1999). Social support, social stressors at work and depressive symptoms: Testing for main and moderating effects with structural equations in a three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 874–884.
Eagle, B.W., Miles, E.W., & Icenogle, M. L. (1997). Interrole conflicts and the permeability of work and family domains: Are there gender differences? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 168–184.
Ford, M.T., Heinen, B.A., & Langkamer, K.L. (2007). Work and family satisfaction and conflict: a meta-analysis of cross-domain relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 57–80.
Frone, M.R, Russell. M & Cooper. M.L, (1992). Antecedents and outcomes of work–family conflict: testing a model of the work–family interface, Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), Pages 65-78
Frone, M. R. R., Russell, M., & Cooper, M. L. (1992). Prevalence of work–family conflict: Are work and family boundaries asymmetrically permeable? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 723–729.
Frone, M.R., Yardley, J.K., & Markel. K.S. (1997). Developing and testing an intergrativemodel of the work family interface. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 50, 145-167.
Fu, C.K., & Shaffer, M.A. (2001). The tug of work and family: direct and indirect domain-specific determinants of work-family conflict. Personnel Review, 30, 502-522.
Gao, Y., Shi, J., Niu, Q., & Wang, L. (2013). Work-Family Conflict and Job Satisfaction:Emotional Intelligence as a Moderator. Stress and health : Journal of The International Society For The Investigation Of Stress. 29. 10.1002/smi.2451.
Grandey, A. A., Cordeiro, B. L., & Crouter, A. C. (2005). A longitudinal and multi-source test of the work–family conflict and job satisfaction relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 305–323.
Greenhaus, J.H. & Beutell, N.J. (1985). “Sources of conflict between work and family roles”,Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88.
Greenhaus, J.H., & Powell, G.N. (2006). When work and family are allies: a theory of work–family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31 (1), 72–92.
Greenhaus, H.J., Tammy, D.A., & Spector, P.E. (2006). Health consequences of workfamily: the dark side of the work-family interface. Research in Occupational Stress and Well-Being, 5, 61-98. 10.1016/S1479-3555(05)05002-X.
Green, S, Salkind, N., and Akey, T. (1997) Using SPSS for Windows, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1997.
Gruenewald TL, Seeman TE. (2010). Social support and physical health: links and mechanisms. In: Steptoe A, editor. Handbook of behavioral medicine: methods and applications. 1. New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer. p. 225.
Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work–family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 560–568.
Hair, Jr. J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th. Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Hamizatun Akmal, M. Y. & Norzaini, A. (2013). Perkaitan antara pengurusan masa dan stress dalam kalangan pelajar siswazah di IPTA. AJTLHE, 5(1), 34-39.
Higgins, C. A., Duxbury, L. E., & Irving, R. H. (1992). Work–family conflict in the dualcareer family. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 51, 51–75.
Hsu, Y. R. (2011). Work-family conflict and job satisfaction in stressful working environments: The moderating roles of perceived supervisor support and intern locus of control. International Journal of Manpower, 32(2), 233Y248. doi:10.1108/01437721111130224
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D., & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964).Organizational Stress, New York: Wiley
Kanter, R.M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New York.
Karatepe, O.M., & Baddar. L (2006). An empirical study of the selected consequences of frontline employees’ work–family conflict and family–work conflict, Tourism Management, 27, 1017–1028
Kelloway, E.K., Gottlieb, B.H. & Barham, L. (1999). “The source nature and direction of work and family conflict: a longitudinal investigation”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), . 337-46.
Kelly, R. & Voydanoff, P. (1985). “Work-family role strain among employed parents”,Family Relations, 34(3), 367-74.
Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1999). Bridging the work–family policy and productivity gap: A literature review. Community, Work, and Family, 2, 7–32.
Lakey, B., & Cohen, S. (2000). Social support theory and measurement. In S. Cohen, L.Underwood, & B. H.Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 29-52). New York: Oxford University Press.
Leiter, M. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1996). “Consistency of the burnout construct across occupations”. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping (9), 229-243.
Lin, P. Y. (2008). A research for the relationship between work family conflict and job performance of international tourist hotel employees in Taiwan: The moderating effect of social support (Unpublishedmaster’sthesis).ProvidenceUniversity, Taichung City, Taiwan. (Original work published in Chinese)
Montgomery, A.J, Panagopolou. E & Benos. A.(2006). Work–family interference as a mediator-mediator between job demands and job burnout among doctors, Stress and Health, 22, 203–212
Nabavi, A.H., & Shahryari, M. (2012). Linkage Between Worksite Support with Work Role Expectation, Role Ambiguity and Its Effects on Work-Family Conflict, Canadian Social Science, 8(4), 112-119.
Nart, S. and Batur, O. (2013). The relation between work-family conflict, job stress,organizational commitment and job performance: a study of Turkish primary teachers. European Journal of Research on Education, 2(2), 72-81.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work– family conflict and family– work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 4, 400–410.
Ollier-Malaterre, A., M. Valcour, L. den Dulk and E.E. Kossek (2013) . Theorizing national context to develop comparative work-life research: A review and research agenda. Eur. Manage. J., 31: 433-447.
Parasuraman, S., Greenhaus, J. H., & Granrose, C. S. (1992). Role stressors, social support, and well-being among two-career couples. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, 339–356.
Perry Jenkins, M., Goldberg, A. E., Pierce, C. P., & Sayer, A. G. (2007). Shift work, role overload, and the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 123-138.
Posig, M. & Kickul, J. (2004). Work-role expectations and work family conflict: gender deferences in emotional exhaustion, Women in Management Review, 19, 7, 373-386
Rasli, A.(2006). Data Analysis and Interpretation: A Handbook for Postgraduate Social Scientists, Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Sekaran, U. (2006). Research Methods for Business, A Skill Building Approach, Fourth Edition, Wiley.
Selvarajan, T. R., Singh, B., & Cloninger, P. A. (2016). Role of personality and affect on the social support and work family conflict relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior,94, 39-56.
Stansfeld SA, Marmot M, Wilkinson R. (2006) Social support and social cohesion. Social determinants of health.;2:148-171.
Stoner, C. R., Hartman, R.I., & Arora, R. (1990). Work-home role conflict in female owners of small business: An exploratory study. Journal of Small Business Management, 28,30-38.
Taylor SE, Seeman TE.(1999) Psychosocial resources and the SES-health relationship. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 896:210–225. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08117.x.
Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work– family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 1, 6–15.
Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J.I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2),314-334.
Voydanoff, P. (1988). Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work–family conflict. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 749–761.
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2019-11-06
How to Cite
Abd Razak, A. Z. A., Yeop Yunus, N. K. Y. Y., Samsudin, N., Ab Wahid, H., & Wahid, Z. W. (2019). Social support moderating effect between work-family conflict and health and stress of working students in UPSI. International Business Education Journal, 12, 25–38. https://doi.org/10.37134/ibej.vol12.3.2019
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