Assessment of Job Satisfaction among Malaysian Employees: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jcit.vol12.2.6.2022Keywords:
Job Satisfaction, Flexible working arrangement, Work-life balance, Structural equation modelAbstract
Job satisfaction is the primary concern and serious challenge faced in the era of pandemic and digitalization, in particular when involved with the changes of working arrangement mode, forced by these two events. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of flexible working arrangement and work life balance on employee’s job satisfaction by utilizing the structural equation model that may detect the causal relationship between the observed items under study. The results suggest that flexible hours, work shifts and telecommuting/working from home has a significant effect on employee’s job satisfaction. This study has successfully constructed the structured models for job satisfaction after some modification on the observed items under study.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, A.R., Idris, M.T.M., & Hashim, M H. (2013). A study of flexible working hours and motivation. Asian Social Science, 9(3),208-215. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n3p208
Andrade, M.S., Westover, J.H., & Kupka, B.A. (2019). The role of work-life balance and worker scheduling flexibility in predicting global comparative job satisfaction. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 9(2), 80-115. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v9i2.14375
Avgoustaki, A., & Bessa, I. (2019). Examining the link between flexible working arrangement bundles and employee work effort. Human Resource Management, 58(4), 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21969
Boomsma, A. (1985). Nonconvergence, improper solutions, and starting values in lisrel maximum likelihood estimation. Psychometrika, 50(2), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02294248
Clark, A.E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: Why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4(4), 341–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5371(97)00010-9
Costa Costa, G., Åkerstedt, T., Nachreiner, F., Baltieri, F., Carvalhais, J., Folkard, S., Dresen, M.F., Gadbois, C., Gartner, J., Sukalo, H. G., Härmä, M., Kandolin, I., Sartori, S., & Silvério, J. (2004). Flexible working hours, health, and well-being in Europe: Some considerations from a SALTSA project. Chronobiology International, 21(6), 831–844. https://doi.org/10.1081/cbi-200035935
Ghazali, N.H.M. (2016). A reliability and validity of an instrument to evaluate the school-based assessment system: A pilot study. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 5(2), 148-157.
Gragnano, A., Simbula, S., & Miglioretti, M. (2020). Work–life balance: Weighing the importance of work–family and work–health balance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 907. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030907
Inayat, W., & Jahanzeb Khan, M. (2021). A study of job satisfaction and its effect on the performance of employees working in private sector organizations, Peshawar. Education Research International, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1751495
Irawanto, D.W., Novianti, K.R., & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work–life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096
Izquierdo, I., Olea, J., & Abad, F.J. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26(3), 395-400. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2013.349
Kossek, E.E., Valcour, M., & Lirio, P. (2014). The sustainable workforce. Wellbeing, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell030
Kotini-Shah, P., Man, B., Pobee, R., Hirshfield, L. E., Risman, B. J., Buhimschi, I. A., & Weinreich, H. M. (2022). Work–Life balance and productivity among academic faculty during the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent class analysis. Journal of Women's Health, 31(3), 321-330.
Krishnan, V. (2010). Constructing an area-based socioeconomic index: A principal components analysis approach. Early Childhood Intervention Australia Conference, 1-26
Lee, Y., & Choi, J. (2013). A structural equation model of predictors of online learning retention. Internet and Higher Education, 16, 36-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2012.01.005
Magnavita, N., Tripepi, G., & Chiorri, C. (2021). Telecommuting, off-time work, and intrusive leadership in workers’ well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3330. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073330
Meier, L.L., & Spector, P. E. (2015). Job satisfaction. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom050093
Meenakshi, S.P. (2013). “The importance of work-life-balance.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 14(3), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-1433135
Onyeukwu, P.E., Adeniyi, A., & Amin, H.J. (2020). Telecommuting: A panacea to covid-19 spread in Nigerian universities. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 6(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2004
Palumbo, R. (2020). Let me go to the office! An investigation into the side effects of working from home on work-life balance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 33 No. 6/7, pp. 771-790. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-06-2020-0150
Pulce, R. (2004). Are flexible work schedules replacing the 9–5 workday? Nurse Leader, 2(6), 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2004.09.005
Putri, A., & Amran, A. (2021). Employees work-life balance reviewed from work from home aspect during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Management Science and Information Technology, 1(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijmsit.v1i1.231
Reiter, N. (2007). Work life balance: What do you mean? The ethical ideology underpinning appropriate application. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886306295639
Richman, A.L., Civian, J.T., Shannon, L. L., Jeffrey Hill, E., & Brennan, R. T. (2008). The relationship of perceived flexibility, supportive work–life policies, and use of formal flexible arrangements and occasional flexibility to employee engagement and expected retention. Community, Work & Family, 11(2), 183–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/1366amrankotinikospector8800802050350
Shaju, M., & Durai, S. (2017). A study on the impact of job satisfaction on job performance of employees working in automobile industry, Punjab, India. Journal of Management Research, 9(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v9i1.10420
Tredup, H.F. (2016). Virtual: A guide to telecommuting. United States: Praca Print.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 UPSI Press
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
