Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters
The Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters (J. Sci. Math. Lett.) [ISSN 2462-2052 / eISSN 2600-8718] is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, UPSI. Formerly, it was known as the Journal of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (ISSN 1985-7918). The journal aims to publish significant contributions in the fields of Applied Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics, as well as Science Education. Beginning in 2026, the journal will publish four issues annually in January, April, July, and October.
Structural Framework of the Nyi Sindurejo Geothermal System Revealed by Gravity Data Analysis, East Java, Indonesia
The “Nyi Sindurejo” geothermal manifestation in Batu City, East Java, is an atypical geothermal feature. It is located in the central part of Batu City, relatively distant from the active volcanic center. Although it is close to the Kasinan and Songgoriti geothermal systems, no previous specific geoscientific study has evaluated its structural framework and geothermal potential. This study aims to analyze the structural controls of Nyi Sindurejo and assess its possible relationship with adjacent geothermal systems. We utilized Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to extract geomorphological lineaments and GGMplus data to examine anomaly contrasts. Lineaments were identified and mapped based on topographic features. The gravity data were analyzed to delineate subsurface density differences. Geomorphological lineament analysis reveals a dominant N-S trend with a secondary NNW-SSE orientation. No structural trends appear to connect Nyi Sindurejo with the Kasinan-Songgoriti geothermal systems. The residual Bouguer anomaly indicates local variations in subsurface density without significant continuity toward adjacent geothermal areas It represents a local system rather than being connected to the nearby Songgoriti-Kasinan geothermal areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Laily Nur Hofi, Sukir Maryanto, Adi Susilo, Agus Naba, Didik Rahadi Santoso, Herman Tolle, Justinus Satrio, Emad M. H. Takla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment Convergence: Teachers’ Praxis and Professional Needs in Mathematics
This study investigated the preparedness, instructional practices, and professional development needs of elementary mathematics teachers to inform the design of a capacity-building program aimed at enhancing instructional quality and assessment alignment with the National Achievement Test (NAT). Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered from 35 mathematics teachers across 18 public elementary schools in one city division in the Philippines. A validated researcher-made questionnaire measured preparedness across four domains: content knowledge, pedagogical strategies, assessment practices, and NAT alignment. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while qualitative responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated high preparedness in content, pedagogy, and assessment but expressed very high training needs, particularly in assessment literacy and NAT alignment. Years of teaching experience showed a significant relationship with content knowledge, while sex was associated with differences in content and pedagogical preparedness. Other demographic factors such as age, position, and educational attainment showed no significant influence. Qualitative results highlighted major instructional challenges, including pupils’ poor problem-solving skills, lack of mastery in basic operations, and limited learning resources. Teachers also emphasized misalignment between classroom assessments and NAT competencies. The study concludes that teacher preparedness in mathematics is multidimensional and shaped by continuous professional learning rather than demographic attributes. It recommends a comprehensive professional development program focused on assessment design, test alignment, and pedagogical innovation to strengthen instructional quality and improve mathematics achievement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vincent Banot http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biochemical Characterisation of Major Allergens in Tropical Fruits and Their Clinical Significance
The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical properties and clinical significance of immunoreactive proteins from tropical fruits in the Republic of Poland. The methodology included protein extraction from mango, pineapple, papaya, and kiwi, followed by electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE, 2D electrophoresis), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and immunological tests (ELISA and western blotting) using sera from 56 patients with confirmed fruit allergies. The results showed clear differences in protein composition, with kiwi and mango exhibiting the highest number and intensity of protein fractions (36 and 31 spots, respectively) in the mass range of 10–80 kDa and pI 4.5–6.8. A total of 14 unique proteins with high homology (68–95%) to known allergens, including profilins, thaumatin-like proteins, actinidin, papain, and bromelain, were identified. In kiwi and mango, more than 80% of patients demonstrated high IgE reactivity, resistance to heat and enzymatic treatment, and a significant correlation (p = 0.84, p < 0.001) between protein stability and immunoreactivity. Papaya and pineapple showed lower reactivity (less than 50%) and greater sensitivity to processing. Kiwi proteins (especially actinidin and profilin) showed the strongest immunoreactivity, which persisted after treatment. Cross-sensitisation to several fruits was detected in 21.4% of patients, mainly involving structurally stable proteins. Overall, the findings establish the high clinical significance of kiwi and mango allergens and highlight the need for molecular diagnostics and personalised recommendations for sensitised patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Zofia Lisiecka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bioactivities of the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved.
Endophytic fungi, which inhabit plant tissues, are renowned for their capacity to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, six endophytic fungal isolates were derived from the medicinal plant Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved., native to Uzbekistan, and their secondary metabolites were evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Three fungal isolates exhibiting antibacterial activity were identified through ITS gene sequencing. Ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria doliconidium, Preussia africana, and Alternaria alternata exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of between 15.43 ± 0.20 mm and 24.4 ± 0.36 mm. Furthermore, P. africana and A. alternata extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HEp-2, HBL-100, and CCRF-CEM. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of A. doliconidium, P. africana, and A. alternata extracts revealed 30, 23, and 44 compounds, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as sustainable sources of novel bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications. The sustainability of bioactive compound production by endophytes offers a promising path toward eco-friendly and economically viable solutions for pharmaceuticals and agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamila Mardieva, Farkhod Eshboev, Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov, Akhror Abdurashidov, Asadali Baymirzaev, Mukaddas Umarova, Umida Khamidova, Elvira Yusupova, Zilola Kabirova, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Octavio Calvo-Gomez, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Shamansur Sagdullaev, Shakhnoz Azimova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Malaysian Clerodendrum Species: A Comparative Approach
The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae), widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, has traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, skin disorders, hypertension, and infections. Despite their ethnomedicinal relevance, scientific validation of their pharmacological properties remains limited for many species. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivities of extracts from four Clerodendrum species: Clerodendrum nutans, C. myrmecophilum, C. paniculatum, and C. disparifolium. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content (TPC), while antityrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using mushroom tyrosinase and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition assays, respectively. Among the species tested, the leaf extract of C. paniculatum exhibited the strongest bioactivities, with a DPPH IC50 value of 79.5 μg/mL, TPC of 135.2 mg GAE/g, tyrosinase inhibition of 82.5%, and lipoxygenase inhibition of 66.8%. These findings suggest that C. paniculatum may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for potential therapeutic or cosmetic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor, Fatimah Mohamed, Mazatul Azrin Rahman, Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim, Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Ainur Hanie Zainudin, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Salam Ahmed Abed, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Alfred Ngenge Tamfu, Arwa R. Althaher http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis of Novel 6-Acylamino-Benzimidazole Derivatives Derived from Carbendazim
Benzimidazole derivatives possess potential biological activity, and modern methods are required for the synthesis of new derivatives in high yields. The aim of this study was to obtain new benzimidazole derivatives through acylation of carbendazim (1) with aliphatic carboxylic acids, then carry out the reactions of nitration, reduction and acylation of acyl-derivatives, and studying chemical structure and cytotoxic activity of the obtained compounds. The resulting acyl compounds (2 and 3) were nitrated to synthesize 6-nitro derivatives (4 and 5) in high yields. Their reduction gave 6-aminobenzimidazole derivatives (6 and 7), respectively. The yield of the synthesized compound (6) was 72.1%, and that of compound (7) was 93%. Compounds (6) and (7) were acylated with aliphatic carboxylic acids to obtain bis-acyl products. It is worth noting that selective acylation of the amino group at position 6 of the benzimidazole molecule led to the formation of amides (8-14) in 79-92% yields. Only the reaction of compound (6) with glacial acetic acid led to the formation of triacetamide (8) in 92% yield. The synthesized all compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. Additionally, synthesized benzimidazole derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (BT-20, MDA-MB-231, HCC1395) and the noncancerous HEK293 line using the MTT assay. Most compounds showed low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ > 50 μM), while derivatives (9) and (10) exhibited moderate activity suggesting that the presence of ethyl (9) or propyl (10) groups at position 2 of the imidazole ring influences the anticancer potential.
benzimidazole derivatives; carbendazim; acylation; aliphatic carboxylic acids; nitration; reduction; acyl products
Copyright (c) 2025 Shohrux Kubayev, Askar Abdurazakov, Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Rakhmatov, Aleksey Koval, Vladimir Katanaev, Khayrulla Bobakulov, Nilufar Mamadalieva, Burkhon Elmuradov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Flipped Classroom in University-Level Mathematics: A Decade of Research Trends and Impact
This bibliometric analysis investigates the adoption and development of the flipped classroom approach in university mathematics education using 165 Scopus-indexed journal articles published between 2014 and 2024. The research, conducted using Biblioshiny in R, examines publication trends, key contributors, and thematic patterns via co-citation networks and keyword mapping. Results demonstrate a steady increase in research output, particularly subsequent to 2020, driven by the shift toward blended and online learning. Dominant themes include student engagement, digital learning tools, and curriculum design, with an emerging emphasis on artificial intelligence and adaptive learning technologies. Citation analysis identifies foundational studies but highlights critical research gaps, including the need for standardized assessment frameworks, evaluation of long-term learning outcomes, and broader implementation across diverse mathematical subfields. This study provides a structured overview of the field and identifies directions for future inquiry, supporting educators and policymakers in advancing evidence-based teaching strategies in university-level Mathematics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amirul Aizad Ahmad Fuad, Ashraff Ruslan, Anam, Mujahid Abdullahi, Yunusa Aliyu Hadejia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Outlining Probable Fundamental Doctrine and Relations to Disasters in the Continental Crust
With aim to address impacts of penetration points by human structures (hard points), vegetation (multi-point) and slope or hills (continuous) towards crustal faults, doctrine equations like Archimedes, relative centrifugal force, square cube, Newtonian, Bernoulli, kinetic and Coriolis and were tested using weight, area and height. Newtonian energy was well distributed with area in 2-dimension layout. However, the square-cube law applies to nature and focus was on 3-dimentional forms. Aboveground weight was converted into mass by relative centrifugal force, a down-ward vertical spiral that functions with Coriolis to settle crustal matter within their layers. The aboveground weight causes the belowground layer to thicken. While human structures are 3-dimensional, have spaces and rely on supporting beams as well as hard points to stabilize, under the same vertical spiral downward motion, pronate and supinate zones develop beneath the structure. This repulsion causes adjacent crustal materials to become displaced and move upward (180°), similar to the expression of Archimedes. Eventually, crustal materials beneath human structures vibrate to resettle but, because their composition was already mixed, slips, cracks or voids continuously develop. Overall, the downward flow of kinetic vis-à-vis sideward repulsion becomes larger with height and the resultant voids partake a bubble-like motion in the crust. Overall, land clearing spills crustal materials between layers and the effects of mixing adds risk of contact with liquid medium. Such contact causes weathering, the formation of voids and eventually faults. Built environments need to evaluate belowground crustal matter preferably using the doctrines tested to avoid timely disasters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bryan Raveen Nelson, Azi Azeyanty Jamaludin, Salwa Shahimi, Ju Lian Chong, Lusita Meilana, Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran, Harris C. Raj Kumar, Rasha Ghaleb Ahmad Moqbel, Karri Sharon, Abdul Jalal Khan Chowdhury, Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unveiling the Phytochemical Richness of Guatemalan Spondias: Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential
Jocote fruits, derived from Spondias purpurea and Spondias mombin, are widely consumed in Guatemala and are traditionally valued for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Previous studies conducted in other regions highlight their richness in vitamins and phenolic constituents with potential health benefits. This study evaluated the flavonoid composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of nine varieties of the two Spondias species collected from distinct regions of Guatemala to assess their potential as nutraceutical resources. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, while total phenolics were quantified by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Flavonoids and related phenolic compounds were profiled using HPLC-DAD, with compound identification based on retention time comparison with analytical standards. Extracts from the Corona, Tronador, and Rax Ux varieties of S. purpurea and the Jobo and Quinin varieties of S. mombin exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.19 to 7.96 mg/L. Across the samples, p-coumaric acid and rutin were the most frequently detected phytochemicals (present in 14 samples), followed by quercetin (detected in 13 of the 15 samples). These findings demonstrate that Guatemalan jocote fruits possess a variety of bioactive flavonoids and phenolic compounds, supporting their classification as nutraceutical candidates due to their strong antioxidant potential. Further pharmacological and cytotoxicity studies are recommended to elucidate additional health-related benefits and broaden their potential applications in nutraceutical development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Pablo Molina-Jauregui, Max Samuel Mérida-Reyes, Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva, Juan Francisco Perez Sabino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mathematical Assessment of Dengue Control Interventions in Cebu City, Philippines
Dengue remains a significant public health challenge in the Philippines, with Cebu City experiencing recurrent outbreaks. In this study, we utilized a modified SIR-SI dengue model to understand the transmission dynamics in Cebu City and to assess the impact of dengue control interventions. Parameters in the model were estimated using weekly reported dengue data obtained from the Philippines’ electronic Freedom of Information (eFOI) portal for the 20th to 52nd weeks of 2022. Our results indicate a substantial reduction in the reproduction number from 3.58, observed without any control measures, to 1.16 with the control interventions. Despite this reduction, the reproduction number remains above the critical threshold of 1, indicating a continued risk of outbreaks. Sensitivity analysis identified the mosquito biting rate and transmission rate as key parameters influencing dengue transmission. This suggests the need to enhance control interventions by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population. We simulated dengue reduction scenarios with respect to two control measures: self-protective measures and vector control. The results reveal that implementing self-protective measures alone reduced hospitalized cases by 15.42%, while vector control measures led to a 49.38% reduction. Combining both strategies resulted in a substantial 98.6% reduction in hospitalized cases. These findings imply that the control interventions implemented in Cebu City during the 2022 dengue outbreak effectively reduced hospitalized cases (health-seeking individuals) by approximately 98.6%. To further reduce the number of infected individuals, the City government and regional health officials must enhance existing control measures by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population through enhanced awareness programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonecis Dayap, Gemma Amazona, Audrey Verano, Carla Jean Ybañez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of Maturity Stage and Sampling Time on the Metabolite Profiles of Piper sarmentosum Using Optimized NMR Parameters
Optimization is a critical step in metabolomics workflows to ensure reliable data, particularly when handling large sample numbers. In this study, optimization was carried out for Piper sarmentosum Roxb., a medicinal herb of regional importance, to establish standardized procedures for NMR-based metabolomic analysis and sample collection. Extraction conditions were evaluated using different sample masses, with 75 mg of freeze-dried material providing the best signal intensity, particularly in the aromatic region. Several NOESY-based NMR parameter sets were then compared, and the settings adapted from Halabalaki et al. (2014) produced the highest spectral quality and were adopted for further analyses. Following optimization, the influence of leaf maturity and harvesting time on metabolite composition was assessed using 1D NOESY NMR spectroscopy. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed clear metabolic distinctions between young and mature leaves, while samples collected in the morning and afternoon showed no notable differences, indicating that sampling time had minimal impact on metabolite composition. The optimized protocols established in this work minimize technical variability, enhance spectral reproducibility, and improve metabolite detectability. These outcomes provide a robust platform for large-scale metabolomics investigations of P. sarmentosum and other medicinal plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adiana Mohamed Adib, Sui Kiong Ling , Nurunajah Ab Ghani, Noraini Kasim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Class of Vertex Decomposable Flag Simplicial Complexes
In this paper, we investigate the vertex decomposability of clique complexes associated with simple graphs and establishes a structural characterization based on forbidden induced subgraphs. We prove that the clique complex CL(G) is vertex decomposable if and only if the underlying graph G contains no induced subgraphs isomorphic to 2K2, C4, or C5. The proof proceeds by demonstrating that such graphs and their complements are chordal, implying that their independence complexes are vertex decomposable. Since the independence complex of the complement graph coincides with the clique complex of G, the desired result follows. Furthermore, important algebraic consequences are derived: every vertex decomposable complex is shellable and hence partitionable, implying the validity of Stanley’s conjecture for the corresponding face ring K[CL(G)]. Thus, this work introduces a new class of vertex decomposable flag simplicial complexes arising from graphs free of 2K2, C4, and C5. The results provide a significant combinatorial framework connecting chordal graph theory, simplicial complex decomposability, and algebraic properties of Stanley-Reisner rings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Mohammad Ajdani, Francisco Bulnes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dielectric and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Specialty Coffee Acidity, Moisture, and Oxidation
This article presents Microwave Non-Destructive Testing (MNDT) as a non-invasive method of evaluating specialty coffee quality by measuring dielectric permittivity at X-band frequencies (8-12 GHz). The moisture content, degree of oxidation, and acidity (pH) of light, medium, and dark roasted single-origin Arabica beans were examined during a 30-day resting period after roasting. Reference standards were analysed with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) (400–4000 cm⁻¹) and calibrated pH meters. The highly negative correlation of dielectric permittivity with acidity (r = -0.979, ρ = -0.963, p < 0.001) yielding −0.963 and −0.979 Pearson and Spearman correlations is strong evidence that, of all the sensory qualities attributed to the specialty coffee, the most salient, the acidity, can be intravenously measured with great speed and accuracy. The correlations of moisture (r = 0.612, p = 0.012) and oxidation (r = 0.541, p = 0.028) suggest some degree of added dielectric sensitivity. However, the sensitivity to increased complexity of the coffee matrix from roasting is more relevant. The implications of this work are significant to food science and underscore the need to bridge siloed disciplines of physics and chemistry, demonstrating that microwave non-destructive testing (MNDT) is useful and non-invasive as a generalised substitute to the multitude of destructive methods in quality assessment. Its compliments the existing cupping method of application to the coffee industry, coupled with its improvement upon existing multivariate methods, indicates well for sustainable quality assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Khairil Adzhar Mahmood, Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali, Zuhani Ismail Khan , Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin , Irmazatussyehdany Buniyamin, Kwan Yeow Tan, Bazilah Baharom, Wanbo Luo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis and Evaluation of Alkoxy-Substituted Thiourea Derivatives as Antifouling Agents in Marine Ecosystem Interests
The incorporation of alkoxy-substituted chain into thiourea moiety has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its promising antimicrobial and antibacterial activities, making them potential candidates for antifouling applications. In this study, two new alkoxy-substituted thiourea derivatives, namely; N-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-N’-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)thiourea (3a) and N-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-N’-(4-cyanobenzoyl)thiourea (3b) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antifouling properties. The compounds were structurally and physiochemically characterized using ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In turn, antifouling activities were assessed against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli through preventive and detachment assays. Notably, compound 3b exhibited strong antifouling performance, achieving up to 94.56% biofilm reduction in the preventive assay, due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing cyano (–CN) substituent. These findings highlight the potential of alkoxy-substituted thiourea derivatives as effective antifouling agents, warranting further exploration for use in fouling-release applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin, Adibah Izzati Daud, Sze Ee Sylvia Voon, Chiong Hwee Hii, Noraznawati Ismail, Mauricio F. Erben http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Isolation of Phytochemicals from Calophyllum nodosum and In Silico Evaluation of Their Drug-Likeness and DNA Gyrase Inhibition Potential
The Calophyllum species have gained a lot of attention for their structurally diverse secondary metabolites with potential biological activities, including antibacterial scaffolds. A detailed study done on the phytochemical profile of the Calophyllum nodosum stem bark has led to the isolation of three xanthones, trapezifolixanthone (1), caloxanthone C (2), 1-hydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (3), and a cyclic ester, canumolactone (4). Their structures were characterised using spectroscopic techniques like NMR, MS, and IR, and the spectra were confirmed with the previous literature. The pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and cross-validated using pkCSM, while molecular docking simulation against bacterial DNA gyrase was performed using Autodock Vina. All isolated compounds met the drug-likeness requirements under Lipinski’s rule, according to the ADMET predictions, showing favourable oral and gastrointestinal bioavailability and absorption. Canumolactone (4), in particular, showed the best combination of solubility, clearance, and the least amount of CYP liabilities. The molecular docking simulation revealed that trapezifolixanthone (1) gave the strongest binding affinity to DNA gyrase among all isolated compounds, surpassing the binding affinity of the standard inhibitor, BDBM50198240. The current study presents the first combined ADMET predictions and molecular docking analysis for compounds isolated from C. nodosum. The findings provide preliminary evidence of their potential as drug-like scaffolds for future pharmacological development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yiizamy Suffian, Vivien Yi Mian Jong , Ainaa Nadiah Abd Halim, Jiumn-Yih Wu, Wafa M. Al Madhagi, Nor Hisam Zamakshshari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development and Evaluation of a Miniature Scintillation Gamma Spectrometer for Environmental Radiation Monitoring
Developing a compact gamma spectrometer for radiation monitoring in critical zones, such as nuclear power plants and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, is vital for ensuring high sensitivity and accurate measurements amid geopolitical instability and military aggression. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a miniature scintillation spectrometer using a lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal (LYSO) and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) or multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC), and to compare it with an existing compact photomultiplier tube (PMT) R7400U assembly with a thallium-doped caesium iodide crystal (CsI(Tl)). The first stage involved preparing a prototype board for the R7400U PMT and analyzing its spectrometric characteristics. Next, an experimental setup using the LYSO crystal, SiPM photodiode, preamplifier electronics, and a spectrum analyzer was assembled, while gamma radiation interaction was modeled with GEANT4. Experimental measurements with a Cesium-137 (137Cs) source (661.7 keV) showed that the spectrometer could register and analyse gamma spectra with moderate resolution. The SiPM signal remained stable with optimal electronics and a 400 V DC-DC converter, providing low noise. Experimental data matched Monte Carlo simulations, and the SiPM's large pixel count ensured better response linearity at high light intensity. As a result, the design proved stable and effective for long-term measurements. The proposed approach demonstrated the possibility of such miniaturisation of spectrometric systems without significant degradation of performance. The study demonstrated the feasibility of a miniature scintillation spectrometer with LYSO and SiPM/MPPC, performing similarly to the PMT-based system. This compact design offers a viable solution for portable radiation monitoring in critical environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danylo Kovalenko, Ruslan Yermolenko, Olga Gogota, Luka Gavrysh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Maximum Temperature Forecasting with an Automatic Forecasting Method Based on Deep Dendritic Artificial Neural Network (AutoDeepdenT)
Due to the global ecological crisis, accurate temperature prediction has become increasingly important, especially for environmental sustainability worldwide. The main motivation for this research is the increasing importance of temperature prediction due to the global ecological crisis. Considering the impacts of climate change and environmental sustainability, making accurate temperature predictions has become a critical necessity for the conservation of natural resources and the fight against climate change. In addition to traditional statistical techniques, the success of deep learning methods in solving complex relationships has become the focal point of research in this field. A large number of statistical techniques are used to predict air temperatures, but deep learning methods have recently become popular for complex relationships. More layers distinguish Deep Artificial Neural Networks (DANNs) from traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Since they have multi-layered designs, they perform high-level inference in data analysis. This research has predicted temperature values using the Dendritic Neuron Model-Based Explainable Feedback Deep Artificial Neural Network (DeepDenT) architecture. The study consists of 412 monthly maximum temperature data covering 1991 to 2022 from the Giresun province. According to the results, the AutoDeepDenT method obtains more accurate predictions than all other tested models. This highlights the effectiveness of advanced deep learning techniques in temperature prediction and their importance for environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehmet Akif Kara, Abdülkadir Keskin, Erol Egrioglu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Influence of Scutellaria iscanderi L. on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Biosynthesis
The rapid development of nanotechnology requires environmentally friendly and biocompatible approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials with stable physicochemical properties. Green synthesis using plant extracts provides a sustainable alternative due to their natural biomolecules that initiate and regulate nanoparticle formation. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the extract of Scutellaria iscanderi L. and to investigate the role of its phytochemical components in nanoparticle formation and stabilization. ZnO-NPs were synthesized via a biogenic route employing the aqueous extract of S. iscanderi. The influence of amino acids, carbohydrates, and flavonoids in reduction and stabilization was evaluated, and the obtained nanoparticles were characterized using modern analytical techniques. Amino acids and carbohydrates facilitated nanoparticle reduction and controlled growth, while flavonoids acted as natural stabilizers, preventing aggregation and providing antioxidant protection. Characterization confirmed the formation of stable ZnO-NPs with desirable physicochemical properties. The extract of S. iscanderi effectively mediated the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs through the synergistic action of its biomolecules. These findings highlight the potential of S. iscanderi-derived nanoparticles for applications in pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shamansur Sagdullayev, Iroda Shermatova, Azizaxon Xusniddinova, Tayirova Dilobar, Zakirova Rukhsona http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Functional Relations as a Tool for Analysing Differential Equations
This paper examines the use of functional relations as a comprehensive analytical instrument for resolving and streamlining differential equations across many categories, including linear, nonlinear, stochastic, delayed, and hybrid systems. The objective is to augment model interpretability, diminish dimensionality, and optimise computational efficiency in intricate systems. The methodology incorporates symmetric Lie analysis, stochastic calculus, operator theory, and symbolic computation. Functional relationships were established using infinitesimal symmetries, Lyapunov functionals, and moment-based analysis. Numerical and symbolic experiments were conducted utilising Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB. Functional relations lowered model dimensionality by as much as 40% and enhanced prediction accuracy. For the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation, scale-invariant relationships accurately represented soliton dynamics with an error margin of less than 1.8%. In stochastic systems, functional connections among moments reduced prediction errors by 12%. In hybrid systems, piecewise invariants reduced oscillation amplitudes by 25%. Inverse problems demonstrated a 13% improvement in parameter reconstruction accuracy and an 18% reduction in calculation time. Functional relations provide a strong foundation for analysing differential equations, especially in systems marked by nonlinearity, uncertainty, or structural complexity. The results endorse the incorporation of functional relationships into control systems, digital twins, and hybrid models. Their formalisation and adaptive implementation create new opportunities for interpretable, resource-efficient modelling in applied sciences and engineering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elaman Kenenbaev, Gulay Kenenbaeva, Gulzat Abakirova, Farkhat Nazarbaev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Psychometric Evaluation of a Digital Literacy Instrument Using the Rasch Rating Scale Model in the Context of Prospective Science Teachers
This research aims to develop a digital literacy instrument and test it on prospective science teachers using the Rasch Rating Scale Model. The study involved 81 second-semester students from the Science Education Study Program at Semarang State University (UNNES) and 59 students from UIN Salatiga. The instrument consists of 30 items, 10 essay questions, and 20 questionnaire statements measured using a four-point scale. Data were analyzed using the WINSTEPS Version 5.7.3.0 application. Content validity results show that all essay questions are valid, while 4 out of 20 questionnaire items are inconsistent and require revision. Construct validity analysis indicates that the essay questions account for 29% of the total variance, and the questionnaire explains 46%. The internal consistency (KR-20) is acceptable for essay questions (0.65) and very high for the questionnaire (0.83). Item reliability is excellent, with 0.92 for essay questions and 0.98 for the questionnaire. Item characteristics show a standard deviation of 0.35 for essay questions and 1.01 for the questionnaire. Reliability was evaluated using KR-20 for essay-based items and Cronbach’s Alpha for the questionnaire. This ensures consistency in reporting reliability across both test and non-test components. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis reveals bias in several essay questions between groups, with low probability values and high DIF contrast. In contrast, the questionnaire items function similarly across both groups. Biased items were reviewed and revised. Overall, the instrument demonstrates strong reliability and is suitable for measuring digital literacy in prospective science teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Erna Noor Savitri, Sudarmin, Murbangun Nuswowati, Ani Rusilowati, Endang Susilaningsih, Sigit Saptono, Roswanna Safkolam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Adaptive Regularisation Method for Solving Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind
This paper presented a comprehensive approach to the construction of a robust regularisation technique for solving the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the first kind, a class of problems frequently encountered in such areas of signal processing, inverse imaging, and control theory. The purpose of the study was to develop an efficient and reasonable procedure to regularise this type of equation, which improves the accuracy of solutions in conditions where standard methods are ineffective due to noise or nonlinear distortion. The study proposed a modification of Tikhonov’s method that uses nonlinear functionals that reflect the specific structure of the original problem. Furthermore, an algorithmic strategy for selecting the normative parameter was implemented, factoring in the a priori knowledge of the expected smoothness of the solution. This enabled the development of an efficient technique that adapts to diverse types of problems and provides stable performance even under challenging conditions. Numerous experiments were conducted on both synthetic and real datasets to verify the effectiveness of the method. The findings showed that the proposed approach considerably improves the decision accuracy and convergence rate compared to standard regulatory methods, even in the presence of strong noise in the data. The comparative analysis confirmed that the new method has advantages in terms of computational efficiency and ability to adapt to diverse types of kernels and functional settings. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrated a marked reduction of errors in the recovered functions as well as a stable convergence rate, even for high dimensional problems. The proposed scheme can automatically adapt to the different nature of noise and nonlinear distortion, which makes it a versatile tool for use in many applications that require high accuracy and efficiency in solving nonlinear integral equations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gulmira Saparova, Zirapa Abduvasieva, Nurayim Momunova, Tursunay Matkerimova, Vilyura Tashmatova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Monoammonium Salt of Glycyrrhizinic Acid and Acetylsalicylic Acid on Cardiac and Hematological Processes in Rats with Experimental Myocarditis
This study investigated the effects of GLAS, a supramolecular complex composed of the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid and aspirin, on vascular-platelet hemostasis, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial function, respiratory chain enzyme activity, and the NO-ergic system in an experimental model of adrenaline-induced myocarditis. In vitro, GLAS and aspirin at concentrations of 10⁻² and 10⁻³ mg/mL significantly reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 2-3 times for aspirin and 2-5 times for GLAS. In vivo, GLAS transiently reduced platelet count and decreased adhesion by 42% and aggregation by 46%. Myocarditis led to a 98% increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), a key marker of LPO, while GLAS reduced MDA levels by 68% in myocardial cell homogenates and by 62.2% in cardiac mitochondria. Additionally, myocarditis impaired oxidative phosphorylation, reduced mitochondrial respiration, and inhibited succinate dehydrogenase and NAD dehydrogenase by 47.6% and 40.7%, respectively. GLAS and aspirin improved mitochondrial function, with GLAS showing greater efficacy in enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and stimulating enzyme activity. Moreover, myocarditis increased nitric oxide metabolite levels due to elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and GLAS more effectively reduced iNOS expression than aspirin, although it did not fully normalize the parameters. These findings suggest that GLAS, through its pronounced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, offers protective benefits to cardiac muscle cells in myocarditis and may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for cardiovascular complications associated with this condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muslima Yunusova, Surayyo Dalimova, Sherali Kuziev, Gulbahor Umarova, Nigora Hamdamova, Guzal Mukhammadjonova, Mukhlisa Dadakhonova, Sobir Khamroev, Zaynieva Makhbuba, Gafurov Maxmudjon, Farkhod Eshboev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unlocking the Potential of Calophyllum Xanthones: A Review on Antileukemic Activity and Molecular Docking Insights
The genus Calophyllum, a member of the Calophyllaceae family, has garnered increasing scientific attention due to its pharmacologically active constituents, particularly xanthones. This review consolidates current findings on xanthones isolated from Malaysian Calophyllum species, emphasizing their antileukemic potential. A total of 72 xanthones have been reported across various species, with the majority derived from stem bark and roots. Several xanthones such as caloxanthone B, ananixanthone, and brasixanthone B exhibit remarkable cytotoxic activity against leukemia cell lines, notably K562. The review also evaluates molecular docking interactions of 41 structurally characterized xanthones with two critical leukemia-related protein targets: cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2). Docking simulations revealed that calozeyloxanthone, xanthochymone B, and caloxanthone J demonstrated strong binding affinities toward these targets, by surpassing standard inhibitors abemaciclib and batimastat in silico. These findings corroborate existing in vitro data and highlight the therapeutic potential of Calophyllum-derived xanthones as dual-target inhibitors. The review outlines key pharmacophores contributing to bioactivity and underscores the promise of Malaysian Calophyllum species as reservoirs for novel antileukemic agents. Further preclinical and clinical evaluations are warranted to validate their efficacy and develop structure-optimized derivatives for cancer therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, Bunleu Sungthong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Immunoregulatory Impact of miR-124 and miR-223 on Some Immunological Parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-lasting autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the synovium and the destruction of joints. This study evaluated the expression of miR-124 and miR-223 in RA patients and their association with key inflammatory markers: sCD28, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-40, MCP-1, and VEGF. One hundred eighty participants were enrolled, including 120 RA patients (newly diagnosed and biologically treated) and 60 healthy controls. Serum cytokine levels were measured using sandwich ELISA, and miRNA expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Results revealed significant, distinct yet overlapping dysregulation of miR-124 and miR-223 in RA patients in comparison to controls, influenced by inflammatory status, therapeutic intervention, and patient-specific factors. These alterations correlated positively with raised serum levels of IL-6, IL-17A, and VEGF, indicating active inflammation, immune activation, and angiogenesis. Biological therapy significantly reduced miRNA dysregulation and inflammatory marker levels, reflecting effective disease control. The expression profiles of miR-124 and miR-223 closely reflected both inflammatory activity and therapeutic response. The correlation between expression of miR-223 and pro-inflammatory mediators reinforce its role in supporting T-cell activation and immunogenic signaling, while the contrary pattern of miR-124 indicates a regulatory role in modulating inflammatory cascades and angiogenesis. The immunological indicators sCD28, MCP-1, IL-40, and VEGF illuminate the reciprocal influence of immune activation, chemotaxis, and vascular remodeling in the pathogenesis of RA. The study's outcomes substantiate miR-124 and miR-223 as consistent diagnostic biomarkers of RA. Moreover, the essential roles of related immunological markers in disease activity and therapeutic response. This study contributes to enhancing the importance of using miRNA in modifying the immune reaction by influencing the concentration and function of inflammatory mediators to reduce the development and severity of RA and enhances the therapeutic response, with the feasibility of using them as diagnostic parameters and therapeutic targets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aya Sabah Hameed, Rawaa AlChalabi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Alchemilla erzincanensis
This study aimed to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using Alchemilla erzincanensis extract and to evaluate their antimicrobial potential against selected bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using an environmentally friendly green synthesis approach based on the extract of A. erzincanensis, an endemic plant species in Turkiye. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. SEM analysis revealed that the AgNPs were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 34.24 to 48.43 nm. XRD results confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of the particles. EDX spectra indicated a high silver content. Antibacterial activity tests showed that the AgNPs exhibited notable inhibitory effects particularly against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and also demonstrated activity against resistant Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study is the first to report the use of A. erzincanensis for AgNP synthesis and highlights its potential contribution to the development of novel antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hüseyin Akşit, Ömer Gergin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Ephedra alata Decne.: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Potentials
Ephedra alata Decne. is a medicinal species used to treat several ailments including cancer, digestive and respiratory disorders, bacterial and fungal infections, and renal failure. Although its therapeutic uses are documented, comprehensive in vitro evaluation of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential using a phytochemical-based approach has remained limited. This study focused on the evaluation of anticancer (MTT assay), anti-inflammatory (HRBC membrane stabilizing, proteins denaturation and protease inhibition assays), and antioxidant activities (TAC, DPPH, reducing power, and H2O2), in addition to the phenolic characterization of E. alata extracts. The phytochemical compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD analysis. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer potential were assessed in vitro. Rutin, vanillin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, pyrocatechol, luteolin, and quercetin were the phenolic compounds revealed in the aerial part of E. alata by HPLC-DAD. The methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited an important radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 535 ± 0.035 and 644 ± 0.048 µg/mL, respectively. Impressively, the methanolic extract was particularly effective in reducing hypotonic-induced HRBC lysis with 42.80% protection (IC50 value of 12.22 ± 0.04 µg/mL). Unfortunately, no potent anticancer effects were exerted against the carcinoma cells. However, the extracts from E. alata were found not to be toxic to normal cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phytochemicals of E. alata contributed to the biological activities and could be considered as natural sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, although no considerable anticancer activity was observed here.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bachir Benarba, Khadidja Belhouala, Cansu Korkmaz, Meltem Taş-Küçükaydin, Selçuk Küçükaydın, Mehmet Emin Duru http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Integrating Augmented Reality in Chemistry Education: The Impact of the Augmented Reality Chemistry Student Investigation (AR-CSI) Module on Content Knowledge and 21st Century Skills
Chemistry is often viewed as a challenging subject, and the main difficulty for students in learning chemistry is the presence of many abstract concepts. One of the important topics in chemistry that requires a deep understanding of concepts and extensive visualisation is chemical bonding. Thus, modern technology has created opportunities for students to overcome visualisation problems. Integrating modules with Augmented Reality (AR) can effectively enhance academic achievement and foster 21st century skills. The Augmented Reality Chemistry Student Investigation (AR-CSI) Module was designed to help students understand chemical bonding by integrating AR technology. A non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design was employed to examine the effects of the AR-CSI Module on students’ understanding of chemical bonding and the enhancement of 21st century skills. A total of 60 18-year-old students from one of the matriculation colleges in Malaysia were involved in the control and treatment groups. The instruments used comprised an achievement test and the Malaysian Twenty-First Century Skills Instrument (M-21CSI) questionnaire. Results revealed a significant difference in the understanding of chemical bonding between the control and treatment groups [t(58) = −14.718, p < 0.001]. Additionally, the treatment group showed a significant difference in the four clusters of 21st century skills scores compared to the control group [F(4,55) = 149.645, p<.001]. In conclusion, the findings indicated that the AR-CSI Module can enhance students' comprehension of chemical bonding and foster their 21st century skills. Incorporating an AR-based module into chemistry learning may serve as an effective pedagogical method to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical comprehension, thereby preparing students more effectively for the demands of a technology-driven and skills-oriented global environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Syatilla Haerany Abd Ghani, Tien Tien Lee, Jianfen Wang, Rusmansyah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hopf Bifurcation as a Driver of Oscillatory Dynamics in Predator-Prey Systems with Holling Type II Response
This study addresses a key challenge in ecological modelling: accurately predicting population dynamics in predator-prey systems where predator saturation and nonlinear responses are present. Traditional Lotka-Volterra models fail to account for realistic predator behaviour, particularly the limiting effects of prey handling time, which can distort predictions of ecosystem stability. To resolve this, a modified predator-prey system incorporating a Holling type II functional response is analysed to investigate the conditions under which Hopf bifurcation emerges. The central goal is to determine the precise parameter thresholds that trigger transitions from stable equilibrium to sustained oscillations or chaotic dynamics. These transitions represent critical phenomena in real ecosystems. Using centre manifold and normal form theory, analytical conditions are derived for the occurrence and classification of Hopf bifurcation as supercritical or subcritical. The results demonstrate that predator mortality, saturation levels, and the predator-prey interaction coefficient play decisive roles in shaping long-term population behaviour. Unlike general models, the proposed approach proves particularly effective when system dynamics are governed by nonlinear interactions and time delays, such as in ecosystems with delayed predator responses or environmental fluctuations. Numerical simulations validate the analytical findings and reveal specific regimes where oscillatory or chaotic population cycles emerge. This nuanced understanding offers a practical tool for predicting ecological transitions and supports the development of targeted biodiversity management strategies. Thus, the study contributes a robust analytical-numerical framework for identifying and classifying bifurcations in nonlinear ecological systems subject to stochastic and temporal effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dorina Guxholli, Valentina Shehu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Essentials of Preprocessing Data in Improving Logistic Regression Performance Based on Rough Sets Theory: A Case Study of Stunting in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Various studies have considered a logistic regression model for investigating stunting and its determinants. However, some models above fall short of the researcher's expectations, such as the fact that there is no significant variable, making them very challenging to interpret. In this paper,we are interested in handling the problem above by applying data reduction strategies using rough set theory in the preprocessing phase and implementing them for stunting data sets in Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. There are three types of data reduction: removing inconsistent samples, irrelevant attributes, or both, so three kinds of modified models will be used in this paper, namely Logistic Regression Reduction Rough Set (LR3S) type I, II, and III. The classic and modified models were compared using performance model criteria, which include precision, recall, F1-score, accuracy, ROC curves, and AUC values. It was determined that the stunting data set was unsuitable for the classical logistic model, and the best model was built by removing inconsistent observations (LR3S type I). At a 5% significance level, the best model indicates the factors significantly influencing stunting incidence: exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight, smoking family, immunization, and gender. Stunting classes are not considerably differentiated by factors such as worms, clean water, comorbidities, hygienic latrines, and health assurance in Solok Regency. A priority program and policies for stunting prevention in this regency can be developed by considering the extent of these factors' major influence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izzati Rahmi, Riswan Efendi, Ferra Yanuar, Hazmira Yozza, Muhammad Wahyudi, S.M.A. Burney, Erol Eğrioğlu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unveiling the Chemical Composition and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume (Hypericaceae) Essential Oil from Malaysia
Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume, a member of the Hypericaceae family, is a lesser-studied tropical plant traditionally used in Southeast Asian ethnomedicine. Despite its known traditional applications, scientific evidence on the chemical and pharmacological properties of its essential oil remains scarce. This study presents the first analysis of the essential oil derived from the leaves of C. cochinchinense collected in Malaysia, focusing on its chemical composition and enzyme inhibitory activities. The essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation and subsequently analyzed using gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. A total of 41 volatile components were identified, representing 98.8% of the total oil content. The predominant components detected in the essential oil were β-caryophyllene (28.5%), α-humulene (10.2%), germacrene D (9.8%), guaiol (5.8%), and globulol (5.2%). To explore its therapeutic potential, the essential oil was evaluated for its inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes. The AChE inhibitory activity was measured using the Ellman method, showing a moderate inhibition percentage of 72.8%, while LOX inhibition was recorded at 74.5%, indicating promising anti-inflammatory potential. These findings suggest that the essential oil of C. cochinchinense could be a useful natural source for developing anti-inflammatory and related neurodegenerative therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurunajah Ab Ghani, Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim, Norazrina Md Ramin, Syarifah Nadhirah Wan Idrus, Mohd Shafiq Aazmi, Noraini Kasim, Hazimin Safiq Mohd Mahsop, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0