Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters
The Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters (J. Sci. Math. Lett.) [ISSN 2462-2052 / eISSN 2600-8718] is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, UPSI. Formerly, it was known as the Journal of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (ISSN 1985-7918). The journal aims to publish significant contributions in the fields of Applied Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics, as well as Science Education. Beginning in 2026, the journal will publish four issues annually in January, April, July, and October.
Study of the Granulability of Brown Coal Using Inorganic Binders
The aim of this research is to develop and evaluate a granulation technology for Kyrgyzstan's brown coal using inorganic binders, with the goal of improving its physical and mechanical properties. Experiments were conducted using a laboratory drum granulator with inorganic binders, preceded by analysis of physical and chemical properties, including elemental composition, ash content, calorific value, and particle size, of samples from the Kozho-Kelen and Kyzyl-Bulak deposits. Kyrgyzstan holds 24 billion tonnes of brown coal reserves (2.3 billion explored), with 2023 production reaching 4 million tonnes. Raw coal is characterised by moisture content of 40-50%, ash content of 12-15%, calorific value of 8-12 MJ/kg, and fine fractions (<5 mm) comprising 65-70%, with dust losses of up to 30%. Granulation with 10% inorganic binders raised the granulation coefficient to 85-95%, producing 4-8 mm granules with compressive strength up to 2.5 MPa (a 212% increase with Portland cement), reduced abrasiveness by 73% (to 12.3%), increased calorific value to 11.2 MJ/kg, and decreased porosity from 35% to 15%. The technology outperforms analogues from China (2.2 MPa, 18% ash) and Australia (2.0 MPa, 15% abrasiveness). Economic assessment for a 10,000 tonne/year operation shows savings of 2,500 tonnes of coal, an economic effect of USD 125,000, and a payback period of 1.5 years. At 50,000 tonnes/year, projected profit reaches USD 500,000. The technology raises brown coal value by 30-40%, supports environmental objectives, and aligns with Kyrgyzstan's national sustainable development priorities. The developed granulation technology offers significant economic and environmental benefits, supporting the sustainable development of the country's coal industry and reducing material losses and environmental pollution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tolgonai Dzholdosheva, Shakarkan Djaparova, Zulaika Ermekova, Adulbek Kadyrkulov, Salamat Abdramanova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Compartmental Model of Traffic Congestion with Adaptive Driver Behavior: Role of Awareness-Driven Interventions in Congestion Control
Urban traffic congestion imposes substantial societal costs through time delays, fuel waste, and environmental degradation. Traditional mathematical models often overlook the influence of driver awareness and adaptive behavior, despite their increasing relevance in the era of real-time traffic information systems. This study presents a novel SIR-based compartmental model that integrates behavioral adaptation by introducing an “Aware” class of drivers who modify their travel decisions to avoid congestion. Qualitative analysis confirms the model’s positivity and boundedness, while a stability analysis identifies a threshold condition governed by a basic congestion reproduction number, . Results indicate that when < 1, congestion dissipates over time, while > 1 leads to sustained congestion. Numerical simulations reveal that increasing the rate of awareness acquisition significantly lowers , reducing both the peak and duration of congestion. These findings highlight the potential of awareness-driven such as real-time traffic advisories and navigation systems, as effective and low-cost strategies for congestion mitigation.The results provide theoretical insights that can inform the design of integrated traffic management policies combining behavioral and infrastructure-based approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jonecis Dayap, Fahad Al Basir, Vincent L. Banot, Jeanievic Idjao, Mark Vincent Cortez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Performance and Environmental Assessment of Waste-Derived Construction Composites from Agricultural and Industrial Residues
This study addresses the growing need for sustainable construction materials by investigating the use of secondary raw materials to reduce environmental impact. The aim of the study is to evaluate and justify the use of industrial and agricultural waste in the production of construction composites with tailored physical and mechanical properties. A combination of experimental and computational methods was applied, including mechanical testing, thermophysical measurements, porometric analysis, and hydration monitoring. The results show that ash-based materials exhibit lower density and higher porosity, whereas slag-based composites demonstrate higher strength and improved frost resistance. Both material types showed improved environmental performance, including reduced CO₂ emissions, lower landfill burden, and increased waste utilisation. Additionally, waste-based materials achieved design strength in a shorter time compared to conventional construction materials. These findings confirm the potential of waste-derived materials for sustainable and efficient construction, contributing to resource conservation and reduced environmental impact in the building sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Lako, Mikael Lako http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Electrophoretic Polymorphism of Globulin Proteins and its Association with Nutritional and Physicochemical Traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
The aim of the study was to assess the variability and structural features of chickpea globulin proteins across the electrophoretic zones ω, γ, β, and α. The research employed field observations, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, densitometric and spectrophotometric analyses, alongside statistical clustering methods. These techniques successfully distinguished four characteristic zones reflecting proteins of varying molecular masses, enabling a comprehensive assessment of intraspecific polymorphism. Our findings revealed that the high-molecular-weight ω-zone exhibits the greatest structural stability, whereas the γ-zone displays the highest variability, indicating the emergence of diverse globulin isoforms. The β-zone, representing the majority of the total protein complex, contained unique marker fractions, while the low-molecular-weight α-zone showed notable intensity variations across specific genotypes. A substantial proportion of the analyzed genotypes demonstrated unique protein fractions, reflecting a high level of genetic heterogeneity while confirming the fundamental structural role of specific, highly recurrent protein spectra. Ultimately, the identification of these distinct protein polymorphism patterns provides a novel, reliable biochemical marker system to accelerate the selection of genetically diverse, structurally resilient, and nutritionally enhanced chickpea cultivars in modern breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahbuba Salmanova, Gatiba Hasanova, Akbar Karimov, Saida Hasanova, Sevinj Nuriyeva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development of Levodon Dosage Form with Controlled Release of the Active Substance
Antibacterial therapy remains a cornerstone of modern medicine due to the persistent prevalence of infectious diseases and the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance. This study reports the comprehensive development of Levodon, a novel effervescent tablet formulation based on a polymeric complex of levofloxacin with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The formulation was designed to provide controlled release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient, thereby enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of antibacterial treatment. Preclinical in vivo investigations demonstrated significant dose-dependent antibacterial activity of the developed complex. The formulation and manufacturing process of high-dose effervescent tablets (1110 mg) were successfully optimized. Quality evaluation confirmed that the finished dosage form complied with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Uzbekistan for key pharmaceutical parameters, including identity, disintegration, hardness, and assay. In vitro biopharmaceutical studies revealed a prolonged release profile of levofloxacin across media with varying pH conditions, indicating sustained drug release characteristics. Toxicological assessment further demonstrated that the formulation possesses low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ > 5000 mg/kg) and weak cumulative properties. These findings suggest that Levodon is a promising controlled-release antibacterial dosage form with potential therapeutic advantages in the management of infectious diseases.
Copyright (c) 2026 Beknazarova Nuriya Seytbaevna, Mardikulova Dilshoda Khamrokulovna, Tagayalieva Nigora Abdunabievna, Makhmudov Sardor Djalilovich, Nurmukhamedova Vazira Zaxiritdinovna, Rasulov Alisher Khayotovich, Nabiev Abdusamat Khamidovich, Ziyaev Khayrulla Lutfullaevich, Kholbekov Omonkul Khudoyarovich, Ibragimov Abdurahmon Safievich, Rakhmonova Gulnora Gulomovna, Sagdullaev Bakhodir Takhirovich http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phenolic Composition and In Vitro Biological Activities of Anacyclus valentinus L.: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Potential of an Algerian Edible Spice
This study evaluated the phenolic composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts from the aerial parts of Anacyclus valentinus L., an edible spice widely used in Algerian cuisine and traditional medicine. Phenolic constituents were profiled by HPLC-DAD, while antioxidant activity was assessed using phosphomolybdate, DPPH, FRAP, and H₂O₂ scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory potential was determined through human red blood cell membrane stabilization, albumin denaturation, and proteinase inhibition assays, whereas cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay against HT-29, PC-3, A549, and non-tumor CCD18-Co cell lines. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed vanillin (45.93 mg/g), ferulic acid (20.31 mg/g), and quercetin (11.45 mg/g) as major phenolics in the methanolic extract. The aqueous extract exhibited higher total phenolic (280.83 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid contents (65.12 mg QE/g) than the methanolic extract. Both extracts demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, with the aqueous extract showing superior total antioxidant capacity (18.73 mg AAE/g) and H₂O₂ scavenging (72.44% at 500 µg/mL). DPPH activity followed the order: aqueous > methanolic > standard. Moderate anti-inflammatory effects were observed, with protein denaturation inhibition lower than the standard drug. Cytotoxic evaluation indicated weak antiproliferative activity (IC₅₀ > 200 µg/mL) against all tested cancer cell lines, with no toxicity toward normal cells. These findings highlight A. valentinus as a promising natural source of antioxidant compounds with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khadidja Belhouala, Cansu Korkmaz, Meriem Benyelles, Adel Gouri, Meltem Taş-Küçükaydın, Selçuk Küçükaydın, Mehmet Emin Duru, Bachir Benarba http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Food Waste in Schools: A Science Learning Activity for Fostering Sustainable Development Goals in a School Setting
Food waste in school canteens represents a persistent environmental challenge with strong relevance to Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), yet it remains underutilised as a contextual driver for science learning. In many educational settings, including Thailand, science instruction continues to prioritise content acquisition over sustainability-oriented and transformative thinking. This study addresses this gap by designing and developing a context-based science learning activity on food waste for Grade 10 students, aimed at examining contextual needs, applying the Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Transformative Learning and Sustainable Development (PCK for TLSD) framework integrated with transformative learning theory, and refining the activity through expert validation. A qualitative developmental research approach was adopted, comprising four phases: needs analysis through literature review, activity design, expert evaluation via a Professional Learning Community, and iterative revision. The findings indicate a clear misalignment between sustainability policy aspirations and existing classroom practices. The resulting learning activity is structured within a seven-stage context-based STEM inquiry model, integrating the core components of PCK for TLSD with Mezirow’s transformative learning phases, where food waste functions as a disorienting dilemma to stimulate critical reflection and perspective transformation. Expert feedback affirmed the activity’s conceptual robustness, curricular relevance, and practical feasibility for classroom implementation. This study contributes a theoretically grounded and contextually relevant instructional design that advances the integration of sustainable development into science education. It demonstrates the potential of context-based and transformative approaches to move beyond rote learning towards meaningful engagement with real-world environmental issues. Further empirical investigation is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed activity in enhancing students’ sustainability competencies and transformative learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Witsanu Suttiwan, Pratuengsook Maneelam, Chokchai Yuenyong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of Blood Quality During Cold Storage: Correlating Electrical Impedance, Viscosity, and Cell Counts Using Impedance Spectroscopy
Cold storage of whole blood is essential to maintain the availability and safety of transfusion products; however, prolonged storage induces progressive biochemical and biophysical changes that compromise cellular integrity and functionality. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive technique for detecting early microstructural changes in biological systems, yet its relationship with viscosity and hematological parameters during extended blood storage remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigates time-dependent variations in electrical impedance, blood viscosity, and hematological indices in whole blood preserved with acidic citrate dextrose (ACD) for up to 35 days, to evaluate EIS as an early indicator of storage-related degradation. Twenty-five units of whole blood were stored at 1–6°C and analyzed on Days 0, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Electrical impedance over a frequency range of 100 Hz–100 kHz, hematological parameters, and blood viscosity were determined using a digital impedance analyzer, an automated hematology analyzer, and a digital rotational viscometer, respectively. The results revealed a gradual decline in total electrical impedance, with the most pronounced changes occurring within the first seven days, suggesting early membrane injury and ionic redistribution. Significant decreases were observed in leukocyte, platelet, and hemoglobin levels, while red blood cell count and hematocrit remained relatively stable throughout the storage period. Blood viscosity exhibited minimal variation during the first 30 days but showed a slight increase by Day 35, indicating delayed rheological alteration. Importantly, EIS demonstrated greater sensitivity for detecting early degradation than viscosity measurements and conventional hematological parameters. These findings point to the advantages of EIS as a rapid, sensitive monitoring tool for evaluating the quality and stability of stored blood in transfusion practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Viranita Qurotul Aini, Chomsin Sulistya Widodo, Ekowati Retnaningtyas, Joel Rey U. Acob, Unggul Pundjung Juswono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Developing an Integrated Framework for Creativity-Enhanced STEM Out-of-School Activities: A Case Study of Lanna Lantern Making
This study addresses the lack of a coherent framework that integrates STEM instruction, creativity development, and culturally responsive pedagogy within out-of-school learning contexts. A three-phase Design and Development Research approach was adopted. Phase one involved documentary analysis and expert consultation to identify STEM elements embedded in traditional Lanna lantern making. Phase two focused on systematic framework construction by aligning a seven-stage STEM inquiry model with an A-to-E creativity framework. Phase three consisted of expert validation through a structured focus group involving five purposively selected specialists, applying a consensus-based evaluation with an 80% agreement threshold. The findings demonstrated substantial STEM integration across science, technology, engineering, and mathematics domains, particularly in light transmission, material properties and selection, structural design, and geometric measurement. The resulting framework was translated into a six-hour instructional module comprising 20 structured sub-activities for upper primary learners, with explicit alignment between STEM inquiry processes and creativity indicators. Expert evaluation confirmed the framework’s conceptual coherence, cultural relevance, and practical feasibility for implementation. This study provides a validated pedagogical framework that systematically integrates creativity and inquiry-based STEM learning within a culturally meaningful out-of-school setting. The framework offers educators a practical tool for designing contextualised STEM experiences that promote creative thinking alongside structured investigation. Future research should focus on empirical implementation with students to evaluate learning outcomes and creativity enhancement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pathompong Chummongkol, Jiraporn Tupsai, Chockchai Yuenyong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Dynamical Modeling of Climate-Related Financial Risk and the Interplay of Natural Disasters, Migration, and Loan Defaults
The global financial system is at risk of experiencing systemic crises due to climate change and the combined impacts of higher natural disaster-related losses, migration pressures, and deterioration in loan default rates. A deterministic dynamical systems model is developed in this study to analyze the factors of climate change-related loss, people migration dynamics, credit default behavior, and financial sector strength. The model, based on a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations aligned with the principles of economic and ecological dynamics, made it possible to see how the financial system might be influenced by environmental interventions in the long run. The qualitative study confirmed that the model possesses certain very critical qualities, such as positivity, boundedness, and local stability of equilibria. Consequently, a semi-analytical decomposition solution for the same was obtained using the Adomian Decomposition Method. Numerical simulations are presented as a means to demonstrate how the system dynamics respond to variations in the critical parameters and are also employed in situations that are significant for policymaking. The results show the nonlinearity and interconnectedness of climate-induced financial risk, thereby indicating the necessity for maintaining financial flexibility through adaptive policy frameworks that cater to the changing climate conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Onos Edeki, Ozioma Ogoegbulem, Ini Adinya, Imekela Donaldson Ezekiel, Chaudry Masood Khalique http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Design, Simulation, and Fabrication of a Fractal Square Microstrip Antenna Based on Spiral Slots with Dual-band Feature
Microstrip antennas offer versatile operational capabilities, including wideband, dual-band, multiband, and compact configurations, depending on the geometry of the radiating patch. Fractal concepts have emerged as an effective approach for reconfiguring antenna patches to enhance bandwidth and multiband performance. In this study, a novel fractal-patch microstrip antenna is proposed to achieve wideband characteristics suitable for multifunctional wireless communication applications. The antenna employs a square fractal patch incorporating etched spiral slots and semicircular cuts at each corner, with overall dimensions of 79 × 50 × 1.59 mm³. The design was simulated using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) based on the finite element method (FEM). Key performance parameters, including input impedance, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, surface current distribution, and radiation patterns, were analysed. The proposed antenna demonstrates dual-band characteristics, resonating at 4.23 GHz and 7.13 GHz within the C-band region. Simulated results show VSWR values of 1.17 and 1.06 at 4.01 GHz and 7.10 GHz, respectively, indicating good impedance matching and stable radiation performance. Fabricated antenna measurements were conducted and compared with simulation results, showing satisfactory agreement. The proposed fractal-patch microstrip antenna exhibits reliable dual-band operation and favourable radiation characteristics, making it suitable for C-band applications such as satellite communication, internet telecommunication, and mobile feeder systems. Its stable performance under varying weather conditions further supports its potential for practical wireless communication services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akeel Sami Tahir, Wa’il A. Godaymi Al-Tumah, Alistair P. Duffy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Homoveratrylamine-Based Derivatives Derived from Carboxylic Acids
Condensation reactions between homoveratrilamine and various carboxylic acids provide an efficient route to structurally diverse amide and isoquinoline derivatives with potential biological activity. In this study, a series of amides and 1-substituted dihydro- and tetrahydroisoquinolines were synthesized from homoveratrilamine and itaconic acid, mandelic acid, cinnamic acid, m-iodobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid. Amides (4, 5, and 12) and 1-substituted dihydro- (6, 13-16) and tetrahydroisoquinolines (17) were successfully obtained. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro using the MTT assay against four human cancer cell lines cervical carcinoma (HeLa), mammary adenocarcinoma (HBL-100), laryngeal adenocarcinoma (HEp-2), and T-lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-CEM) as well as three non-malignant cell lines, including African green monkey kidney (Vero B) cells, rat embryonic fibroblasts, and rat hepatocytes. The antitumor drug cisplatin was used as a positive control. Proliferative activity was identified for dihydroisoquinolines differing in substituents in the aromatic moiety. This effect emerged and increased in the following order: iodophenyl < dichloro < dinitro < dimethoxy. The transition from dihydroisoquinoline 15 to tetrahydroisoquinoline 17, while retaining the iodophenyl fragment in the structure, also led to the appearance of proliferative properties in cervical carcinoma cells, resulting in an 18% increase in proliferation. Among all tested derivatives, the itaconic acid-based dihydroisoquinolines 6 exhibited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity against HeLa, HBL-100, and HEp-2 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 24.9, 13.1, and 27.1 μM, respectively. Notably, it exhibited considerably lower cytotoxicity toward Vero B cells and hepatocytes, with IC₅₀ values of 95.9 and 100 μM, respectively; however, it proved to be highly toxic to skin fibroblasts (IC₅₀ = 12.6 μM). These results indicate that the itaconic acid dihydroisoquinoline derivative demonstrates pronounced selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells while largely sparing normal cells, highlighting its potential as a promising lead compound for further optimization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukaddas Umarova Umarova , Ekaterina Terenteva, Ziroat Urunbaeva, Umida Khamidova, Elvira Yusupova, Valentina Vinogradova, Abdusalom Saidov, Shakhnoz Azimova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of Coastal Forest Ecosystems on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Svēte River and its Tributaries under Anthropogenic Load: A Year-Long Assessment
The aim of the research was to assess the impact of coastal forest ecosystems on the hydrochemical characteristics of the Svēte River and its tributaries. The methodology involved year-long monitoring at 16 sites with monthly water sampling and laboratory analysis of physicochemical parameters. The results revealed a pronounced seasonal pattern of nitrogen concentrations, with maximum values during the winter-spring period (up to 14.0 mg/L) and minimum values in summer (around 1.0 mg/L). Phosphorus concentrations showed high spatial variability, with extreme peaks of up to 43.0 mg/L in the estuarine zone and background levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 mg/L. Riparian buffer zones wider than 15 m with continuous forest cover reduced nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations by 61% and 76%, respectively, compared with sites lacking buffer vegetation. Stability of the acid-base balance (pH 7.0-8.2) and dissolved oxygen content (8-12 mg/L) was observed, along with the absence of excessive heavy metal concentrations. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of coastal forest ecosystems in mitigating agricultural nutrient inputs and support their application in river basin water quality management and buffer zone restoration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anda Bakute, Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Paula Miezaka, Kristaps Siltumens, Inga Grinfelde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Transient Wave Propagation and Reflection in Long Penstocks with Delay Effects and Boundary Layer Damping
This study examined wave propagation and reflection in long, pressurised penstocks, ranging from 3 to 4 km, within high-head hydropower systems in Albania to address challenges in transient flow dynamics for enhanced design and operational safety. A modified one-dimensional model based on the Method of Characteristics (MOC) was developed, incorporating wall elasticity, unsteady friction, and wave travel delays, with analytical and numerical simulations conducted to assess their impacts. The results indicated a wave travel delay of 11.7% (3.44 s versus 3.08 s predicted by the classical model), accompanied by a phase shift of 0.33 rad at 0.13 Hz. Peak surge pressures were also reduced by 17.8% (176 m instead of 214 m), with cumulative attenuation reaching up to 26% over an 85 s interval. This damping effect was attributed to the progressive growth of the viscous boundary layer, reaching a thickness of ~0.057 m within 12 s, as well as the influence of unsteady friction. In pumped-storage operating scenarios, the model further showed that negative pressures were alleviated by 20% (-43 m compared with -54 m), highlighting the combined role of delay and damping mechanisms in surge wave mitigation. The study concludes that integrating these factors is essential for optimising surge protection, improving turbine regulation, and ensuring structural integrity in Albania’s high-head hydropower systems. Hydropower engineers and system designers in Albania can use the research results to optimise surge protection, enhance turbine regulation, and improve the structural safety of long penstock systems in high-head hydropower plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahri Maho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Fostering Elementary Students’ Problem-Solving Skills and Scientific Mindset through Engineering Design: Evidence from a Rural STEM Camp in Thailand
Despite growing emphasis on STEM education globally, rural regions in developing countries continue to face persistent equity gaps in science learning opportunities. Science camps offer promising yet underexplored approaches to enhance STEM competencies in resource-constrained settings. This pilot study examined effects of a short-term, intensive STEM-based science camp on enhancing problem-solving skills and scientific mindset among elementary students in resource-constrained context. Using a one-group pretest - post-test design, 30 sixth-grade students from a border school in Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand, participated in a two-day intervention structured around the Engineering Design Process (EDP). The science camp featured three integrated hands-on stations: Wind-Powered Vehicle Design, Solar System Modelling, and Boat Buoyancy Challenge. Problem-solving skills were measured pre- and post-intervention using a 12-item validated test. Scientific mindset was assessed post-intervention using a 14-item scale. Analyses included dependent t-test with effect sizes and thematic analysis of observations. Result from the Problem-solving Ability Test indicated statistically significant improvement from pretest (M=5.50, SD=1.68) to post-test (M=8.07, SD=2.15), t(29)=7.048, p<.01, d=1.33, representing a large effect. Improvements occurred across all dimensions: problem identification, analysis, solution generation, and evaluation. Students demonstrated high scientific mindset levels (M=51.83/70, 74%), with consistent gains observed across problem identification, analysis, solution generation, and evaluation dimensions. Qualitative thematic analysis further revealed that the EDP framework provided a critical scaffold for “productive struggle,” enabling students to engage in collaborative iteration and view failure as a learning opportunity. These findings suggest that well-designed, STEM camps can serve as effective, scalable models for mitigating educational peripheralization in underserved rural communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Thidaporn Souysaart, Pairoh Sohsomboon, Surapong Rattana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Box-Wilson Optimization of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanamide Synthesis and Its Agrochemical Activity
Benzimidazole derivatives are considered to be compounds with potential biological activity. It is important to synthesize their derivatives with high yields, select biologically active compounds from the synthesized compounds, and optimize the synthesis process of the selected compounds. The aim of this study was to obtain a new benzimidazole derivative, N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide, as a promising biologically active compound, by nitration of N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide and to optimize the synthesis conditions. To increase the yield of the target product, the reaction conditions were optimized using a mathematical design of experiments approach (Box-Wilson method). The main technological parameters such as optimal temperature (0°C), reaction time (5 hours), molar ratio of reagents (1:6:9), and yield (85.3%) were determined; a regression model was constructed and optimal synthesis conditions were created. The structure of the synthesized compound was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. In addition, N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) propionamide showed significant activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum (33.3%) and Aspergillus niger (26.6%). It showed 100% inhibition of herbicidal activity in wheat and cucumber seedlings. In this study, for the first time, optimized conditions were identified for the synthesis of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide in high yield. The obtained data demonstrate significant biological activity of the compound and highlight its potential as a promising lead for the development of new agrochemicals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Raxmatov, Rikhsibay Karimov, Elvira Kurbanova, Askar Abdurazakov, Nemat Olimov, Khurshidakhon Nabieva, Davron Arabov, Chori Elmuradov, Shamansur Sagdullaev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Structural Framework of the Nyi Sindurejo Geothermal System Revealed by Gravity Data Analysis, East Java, Indonesia
The “Nyi Sindurejo” geothermal manifestation in Batu City, East Java, is an atypical geothermal feature. It is located in the central part of Batu City, relatively distant from the active volcanic center. Although it is close to the Kasinan and Songgoriti geothermal systems, no previous specific geoscientific study has evaluated its structural framework and geothermal potential. This study aims to analyze the structural controls of Nyi Sindurejo and assess its possible relationship with adjacent geothermal systems. We utilized Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to extract geomorphological lineaments and GGMplus data to examine anomaly contrasts. Lineaments were identified and mapped based on topographic features. The gravity data were analyzed to delineate subsurface density differences. Geomorphological lineament analysis reveals a dominant N-S trend with a secondary NNW-SSE orientation. No structural trends appear to connect Nyi Sindurejo with the Kasinan-Songgoriti geothermal systems. The residual Bouguer anomaly indicates local variations in subsurface density without significant continuity toward adjacent geothermal areas It represents a local system rather than being connected to the nearby Songgoriti-Kasinan geothermal areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Laily Nur Hofi, Sukir Maryanto, Adi Susilo, Agus Naba, Didik Rahadi Santoso, Herman Tolle, Justinus Satrio, Emad M. H. Takla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment Convergence: Teachers’ Praxis and Professional Needs in Mathematics
This study investigated the preparedness, instructional practices, and professional development needs of elementary mathematics teachers to inform the design of a capacity-building program aimed at enhancing instructional quality and assessment alignment with the National Achievement Test (NAT). Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered from 35 mathematics teachers across 18 public elementary schools in one city division in the Philippines. A validated researcher-made questionnaire measured preparedness across four domains: content knowledge, pedagogical strategies, assessment practices, and NAT alignment. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while qualitative responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated high preparedness in content, pedagogy, and assessment but expressed very high training needs, particularly in assessment literacy and NAT alignment. Years of teaching experience showed a significant relationship with content knowledge, while sex was associated with differences in content and pedagogical preparedness. Other demographic factors such as age, position, and educational attainment showed no significant influence. Qualitative results highlighted major instructional challenges, including pupils’ poor problem-solving skills, lack of mastery in basic operations, and limited learning resources. Teachers also emphasized misalignment between classroom assessments and NAT competencies. The study concludes that teacher preparedness in mathematics is multidimensional and shaped by continuous professional learning rather than demographic attributes. It recommends a comprehensive professional development program focused on assessment design, test alignment, and pedagogical innovation to strengthen instructional quality and improve mathematics achievement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vincent Banot http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Coupled Effects of Viscoelasticity and Nanoparticle Dynamics on Mixed Convection of Brinkman Nanofluids
Low thermal conductivity limits the effectiveness of conventional heat transfer fluids in industrial settings. Researchers have investigated modified fluid-based strategies to get around this. The mixed convection of a viscoelastic Brinkman nanofluid passing over a horizontal circular cylinder is examined in this work. The equations were simplified by using the Buongiorno nanofluid model and the necessary non-dimensional and similarity transformations. The Keller-Box Method (KBM), which is implemented in Matlab package, was then used to solve the equations numerically. In addition to the profiles of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction, numerical solutions are provided and analysed for the coefficient of skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, and the viscoelasticity, Lewis number, Brownian number, buoyancy ratio parameter, and thermophoresis parameter for each of the governing parameters. Numerical solutions are presented and analysed for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number alongside the profiles of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction for different governing parameters, specifically the viscoelasticity, Brownian number, buoyancy ratio parameter, and thermophoresis parameter. The numerical findings unequivocally indicate that an increase in the viscoelastic parameter results in a significant decrease in the skin friction coefficient, attributed to the inhibition of momentum diffusion near the cylinder surface caused by the elastic characteristic in the fluid.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Rahman Mohd Kasim, Siti Farah Haryatie Mohd Kanafiah, Nurizzatul Atikha Rahmat, Adeosun Adeshina Taofeeq, Nurul Amira Zainal, Farahanie Fauzi, Livia Owen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Biochemical Characterisation of Major Allergens in Tropical Fruits and Their Clinical Significance
The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical properties and clinical significance of immunoreactive proteins from tropical fruits in the Republic of Poland. The methodology included protein extraction from mango, pineapple, papaya, and kiwi, followed by electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE, 2D electrophoresis), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and immunological tests (ELISA and western blotting) using sera from 56 patients with confirmed fruit allergies. The results showed clear differences in protein composition, with kiwi and mango exhibiting the highest number and intensity of protein fractions (36 and 31 spots, respectively) in the mass range of 10–80 kDa and pI 4.5–6.8. A total of 14 unique proteins with high homology (68–95%) to known allergens, including profilins, thaumatin-like proteins, actinidin, papain, and bromelain, were identified. In kiwi and mango, more than 80% of patients demonstrated high IgE reactivity, resistance to heat and enzymatic treatment, and a significant correlation (p = 0.84, p < 0.001) between protein stability and immunoreactivity. Papaya and pineapple showed lower reactivity (less than 50%) and greater sensitivity to processing. Kiwi proteins (especially actinidin and profilin) showed the strongest immunoreactivity, which persisted after treatment. Cross-sensitisation to several fruits was detected in 21.4% of patients, mainly involving structurally stable proteins. Overall, the findings establish the high clinical significance of kiwi and mango allergens and highlight the need for molecular diagnostics and personalised recommendations for sensitised patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Zofia Lisiecka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bioactivities of the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved.
Endophytic fungi, which inhabit plant tissues, are renowned for their capacity to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, six endophytic fungal isolates were derived from the medicinal plant Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved., native to Uzbekistan, and their secondary metabolites were evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Three fungal isolates exhibiting antibacterial activity were identified through ITS gene sequencing. Ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria doliconidium, Preussia africana, and Alternaria alternata exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of between 15.43 ± 0.20 mm and 24.4 ± 0.36 mm. Furthermore, P. africana and A. alternata extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HEp-2, HBL-100, and CCRF-CEM. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of A. doliconidium, P. africana, and A. alternata extracts revealed 30, 23, and 44 compounds, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as sustainable sources of novel bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications. The sustainability of bioactive compound production by endophytes offers a promising path toward eco-friendly and economically viable solutions for pharmaceuticals and agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamila Mardieva, Farkhod Eshboev, Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov, Akhror Abdurashidov, Asadali Baymirzaev, Mukaddas Umarova, Umida Khamidova, Elvira Yusupova, Zilola Kabirova, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Octavio Calvo-Gomez, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Shamansur Sagdullaev, Shakhnoz Azimova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Malaysian Clerodendrum Species: A Comparative Approach
The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae), widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, has traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, skin disorders, hypertension, and infections. Despite their ethnomedicinal relevance, scientific validation of their pharmacological properties remains limited for many species. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivities of extracts from four Clerodendrum species: Clerodendrum nutans, C. myrmecophilum, C. paniculatum, and C. disparifolium. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content (TPC), while antityrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using mushroom tyrosinase and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition assays, respectively. Among the species tested, the leaf extract of C. paniculatum exhibited the strongest bioactivities, with a DPPH IC50 value of 79.5 μg/mL, TPC of 135.2 mg GAE/g, tyrosinase inhibition of 82.5%, and lipoxygenase inhibition of 66.8%. These findings suggest that C. paniculatum may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for potential therapeutic or cosmetic applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor, Fatimah Mohamed, Mazatul Azrin Rahman, Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim, Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Ainur Hanie Zainudin, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Salam Ahmed Abed, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Alfred Ngenge Tamfu, Arwa R. Althaher http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Heat Transfer Analysis on Thin Film Flow in MHD Ternary Nanofluid Over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet with Radiation Effect
This study investigates heat transfer enhancement in a thin film flow over an unsteady stretching sheet by employing ternary nanofluids comprising three different nanoparticles suspended in water. Recognizing the limitations of conventional nanofluids, this research explores the synergistic effects of these nanoparticles to optimize heat transfer efficiency. Considering the significance of radiation in high-temperature applications, the study incorporates radiation heat transfer effects for accurate temperature predictions. Using similarity transformations, the governing equations are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically resolved using Matlab's bvp4c solver. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to examine the combined effects of radiation, magnetic fields, and nanoparticle composition on heat transfer properties in order to further improve heat transfer. By analyzing the impact of key parameters such as radiation, film thickness, nanoparticle volume fraction, suction/injection, magnetic field, and unsteadiness on skin friction, local Nusselt number, velocity, and temperature profiles, the study identifies optimal conditions for maximizing heat transfer efficiency. The findings suggest that thermal field of ternary nanofluid improves via radiation, stretching and Alumina nanoparticle parameters. Results also show that the optimized heat transfer involves a minimum Alumina nanoparticle parameter at the highest stretching and radiation parameters. This research provides valuable insights into the design and development of efficient thermal management systems in various applications, including aerospace, energy, and industrial sectors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Syazana Anuar, Al-Nurul Amni Athirah Hasbullah, Nur Adilah Liyana Aladdin, Norfifah Bachok, Zeeshan Khan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis of Novel 6-Acylamino-Benzimidazole Derivatives Derived from Carbendazim
Benzimidazole derivatives possess potential biological activity, and modern methods are required for the synthesis of new derivatives in high yields. The aim of this study was to obtain new benzimidazole derivatives through acylation of carbendazim (1) with aliphatic carboxylic acids, then carry out the reactions of nitration, reduction and acylation of acyl-derivatives, and studying chemical structure and cytotoxic activity of the obtained compounds. The resulting acyl compounds (2 and 3) were nitrated to synthesize 6-nitro derivatives (4 and 5) in high yields. Their reduction gave 6-aminobenzimidazole derivatives (6 and 7), respectively. The yield of the synthesized compound (6) was 72.1%, and that of compound (7) was 93%. Compounds (6) and (7) were acylated with aliphatic carboxylic acids to obtain bis-acyl products. It is worth noting that selective acylation of the amino group at position 6 of the benzimidazole molecule led to the formation of amides (8-14) in 79-92% yields. Only the reaction of compound (6) with glacial acetic acid led to the formation of triacetamide (8) in 92% yield. The synthesized all compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. Additionally, synthesized benzimidazole derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (BT-20, MDA-MB-231, HCC1395) and the noncancerous HEK293 line using the MTT assay. Most compounds showed low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ > 50 μM), while derivatives (9) and (10) exhibited moderate activity suggesting that the presence of ethyl (9) or propyl (10) groups at position 2 of the imidazole ring influences the anticancer potential.
benzimidazole derivatives; carbendazim; acylation; aliphatic carboxylic acids; nitration; reduction; acyl products
Copyright (c) 2025 Shohrux Kubayev, Askar Abdurazakov, Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Rakhmatov, Aleksey Koval, Vladimir Katanaev, Khayrulla Bobakulov, Nilufar Mamadalieva, Burkhon Elmuradov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Flipped Classroom in University-Level Mathematics: A Decade of Research Trends and Impact
This bibliometric analysis investigates the adoption and development of the flipped classroom approach in university mathematics education using 165 Scopus-indexed journal articles published between 2014 and 2024. The research, conducted using Biblioshiny in R, examines publication trends, key contributors, and thematic patterns via co-citation networks and keyword mapping. Results demonstrate a steady increase in research output, particularly subsequent to 2020, driven by the shift toward blended and online learning. Dominant themes include student engagement, digital learning tools, and curriculum design, with an emerging emphasis on artificial intelligence and adaptive learning technologies. Citation analysis identifies foundational studies but highlights critical research gaps, including the need for standardized assessment frameworks, evaluation of long-term learning outcomes, and broader implementation across diverse mathematical subfields. This study provides a structured overview of the field and identifies directions for future inquiry, supporting educators and policymakers in advancing evidence-based teaching strategies in university-level Mathematics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amirul Aizad Ahmad Fuad, Ashraff Ruslan, Anam, Mujahid Abdullahi, Yunusa Aliyu Hadejia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Analysis of Academic Performance using Learning Management System (LMS) Data and Bayesian Network
Learning Management Systems (LMS) have become integral tools in higher education, generating vast amounts of data that can be leveraged to analyze and enhance academic performance. Despite the abundance of this data, effectively harnessing it to understand complex relationships between learning activities and student outcomes remains a challenge. This paper explores the application of Bayesian Network (BN), a powerful technique in Educational Data Mining (EDM) to model and predict student outcomes using LMS data. BN provides a probabilistic framework to explore how various learning analytics variables influence academic success. Using LMS data from an online undergraduate Mathematics course, the model investigated the impact of student engagement, resource utilization, and participation on exam grades. The results show that consistent attendance (88%), active participation in lecturing sessions (85%), and involvement in online mathematical laboratory activities (62%), despite lower engagement in other areas such as assessments and gamification, are strongly associated with favourable final exam outcomes (62% achieving ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ grades). Numerical simulations were conducted to explore future student outcomes by manipulating key variables, demonstrating the potential of improved learning strategies such as full participation, improved prior knowledge and complete utilization of digital resources. This study highlights the utility of BN in analyzing LMS data to inform educational practices and ultimately enhance academic performance in higher education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurulhuda Ramli, Mohd Tahir Ismail, Huda Zaki Naji http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Outlining Probable Fundamental Doctrine and Relations to Disasters in the Continental Crust
With aim to address impacts of penetration points by human structures (hard points), vegetation (multi-point) and slope or hills (continuous) towards crustal faults, doctrine equations like Archimedes, relative centrifugal force, square cube, Newtonian, Bernoulli, kinetic and Coriolis and were tested using weight, area and height. Newtonian energy was well distributed with area in 2-dimension layout. However, the square-cube law applies to nature and focus was on 3-dimentional forms. Aboveground weight was converted into mass by relative centrifugal force, a down-ward vertical spiral that functions with Coriolis to settle crustal matter within their layers. The aboveground weight causes the belowground layer to thicken. While human structures are 3-dimensional, have spaces and rely on supporting beams as well as hard points to stabilize, under the same vertical spiral downward motion, pronate and supinate zones develop beneath the structure. This repulsion causes adjacent crustal materials to become displaced and move upward (180°), similar to the expression of Archimedes. Eventually, crustal materials beneath human structures vibrate to resettle but, because their composition was already mixed, slips, cracks or voids continuously develop. Overall, the downward flow of kinetic vis-à-vis sideward repulsion becomes larger with height and the resultant voids partake a bubble-like motion in the crust. Overall, land clearing spills crustal materials between layers and the effects of mixing adds risk of contact with liquid medium. Such contact causes weathering, the formation of voids and eventually faults. Built environments need to evaluate belowground crustal matter preferably using the doctrines tested to avoid timely disasters.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bryan Raveen Nelson, Azi Azeyanty Jamaludin, Salwa Shahimi, Ju Lian Chong, Lusita Meilana, Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran, Harris C. Raj Kumar, Rasha Ghaleb Ahmad Moqbel, Karri Sharon, Abdul Jalal Khan Chowdhury, Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unveiling the Phytochemical Richness of Guatemalan Spondias: Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential
Jocote fruits, derived from Spondias purpurea and Spondias mombin, are widely consumed in Guatemala and are traditionally valued for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Previous studies conducted in other regions highlight their richness in vitamins and phenolic constituents with potential health benefits. This study evaluated the flavonoid composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of nine varieties of the two Spondias species collected from distinct regions of Guatemala to assess their potential as nutraceutical resources. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, while total phenolics were quantified by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Flavonoids and related phenolic compounds were profiled using HPLC-DAD, with compound identification based on retention time comparison with analytical standards. Extracts from the Corona, Tronador, and Rax Ux varieties of S. purpurea and the Jobo and Quinin varieties of S. mombin exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.19 to 7.96 mg/L. Across the samples, p-coumaric acid and rutin were the most frequently detected phytochemicals (present in 14 samples), followed by quercetin (detected in 13 of the 15 samples). These findings demonstrate that Guatemalan jocote fruits possess a variety of bioactive flavonoids and phenolic compounds, supporting their classification as nutraceutical candidates due to their strong antioxidant potential. Further pharmacological and cytotoxicity studies are recommended to elucidate additional health-related benefits and broaden their potential applications in nutraceutical development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Pablo Molina-Jauregui, Max Samuel Mérida-Reyes, Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva, Juan Francisco Perez Sabino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mathematical Assessment of Dengue Control Interventions in Cebu City, Philippines
Dengue remains a significant public health challenge in the Philippines, with Cebu City experiencing recurrent outbreaks. In this study, we utilized a modified SIR-SI dengue model to understand the transmission dynamics in Cebu City and to assess the impact of dengue control interventions. Parameters in the model were estimated using weekly reported dengue data obtained from the Philippines’ electronic Freedom of Information (eFOI) portal for the 20th to 52nd weeks of 2022. Our results indicate a substantial reduction in the reproduction number from 3.58, observed without any control measures, to 1.16 with the control interventions. Despite this reduction, the reproduction number remains above the critical threshold of 1, indicating a continued risk of outbreaks. Sensitivity analysis identified the mosquito biting rate and transmission rate as key parameters influencing dengue transmission. This suggests the need to enhance control interventions by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population. We simulated dengue reduction scenarios with respect to two control measures: self-protective measures and vector control. The results reveal that implementing self-protective measures alone reduced hospitalized cases by 15.42%, while vector control measures led to a 49.38% reduction. Combining both strategies resulted in a substantial 98.6% reduction in hospitalized cases. These findings imply that the control interventions implemented in Cebu City during the 2022 dengue outbreak effectively reduced hospitalized cases (health-seeking individuals) by approximately 98.6%. To further reduce the number of infected individuals, the City government and regional health officials must enhance existing control measures by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population through enhanced awareness programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonecis Dayap, Gemma Amazona, Audrey Verano, Carla Jean Ybañez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of Maturity Stage and Sampling Time on the Metabolite Profiles of Piper sarmentosum Using Optimized NMR Parameters
Optimization is a critical step in metabolomics workflows to ensure reliable data, particularly when handling large sample numbers. In this study, optimization was carried out for Piper sarmentosum Roxb., a medicinal herb of regional importance, to establish standardized procedures for NMR-based metabolomic analysis and sample collection. Extraction conditions were evaluated using different sample masses, with 75 mg of freeze-dried material providing the best signal intensity, particularly in the aromatic region. Several NOESY-based NMR parameter sets were then compared, and the settings adapted from Halabalaki et al. (2014) produced the highest spectral quality and were adopted for further analyses. Following optimization, the influence of leaf maturity and harvesting time on metabolite composition was assessed using 1D NOESY NMR spectroscopy. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed clear metabolic distinctions between young and mature leaves, while samples collected in the morning and afternoon showed no notable differences, indicating that sampling time had minimal impact on metabolite composition. The optimized protocols established in this work minimize technical variability, enhance spectral reproducibility, and improve metabolite detectability. These outcomes provide a robust platform for large-scale metabolomics investigations of P. sarmentosum and other medicinal plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adiana Mohamed Adib, Sui Kiong Ling , Nurunajah Ab Ghani, Noraini Kasim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0