Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters
type: channel
description: The Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters (J. Sci. Math. Lett.) [ISSN 2462-2052 / eISSN 2600-8718] is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, UPSI. Formerly, it was known as the Journal of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (ISSN 1985-7918). The journal aims to publish significant contributions in the fields of Applied Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics, as well as Science Education. Beginning in 2026, the journal will publish four issues annually in January, April, July, and October.
publisher: PKM UPSI
language: en
publication name: Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters
issn: 2462-2052
items: Developing an Integrated Framework for Creativity-Enhanced STEM Out-of-School Activities: A Case Study of Lanna Lantern Making
items: Design, Simulation, and Fabrication of a Fractal Square Microstrip Antenna Based on Spiral Slots with Dual-band Feature
items: The Impact of Coastal Forest Ecosystems on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Svēte River and its Tributaries under Anthropogenic Load: A Year-Long Assessment
items: Transient Wave Propagation and Reflection in Long Penstocks with Delay Effects and Boundary Layer Damping
items: Box-Wilson Optimization of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanamide Synthesis and Its Agrochemical Activity
items: Structural Framework of the Nyi Sindurejo Geothermal System Revealed by Gravity Data Analysis, East Java, Indonesia
items: Assessment Convergence: Teachers’ Praxis and Professional Needs in Mathematics
items: Biochemical Characterisation of Major Allergens in Tropical Fruits and Their Clinical Significance
items: Bioactivities of the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved.
items: Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Malaysian Clerodendrum Species: A Comparative Approach
items: Synthesis of Novel 6-Acylamino-Benzimidazole Derivatives Derived from Carbendazim
items: Flipped Classroom in University-Level Mathematics: A Decade of Research Trends and Impact
items: Outlining Probable Fundamental Doctrine and Relations to Disasters in the Continental Crust
items: Unveiling the Phytochemical Richness of Guatemalan Spondias: Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential
items: Mathematical Assessment of Dengue Control Interventions in Cebu City, Philippines
items: Influence of Maturity Stage and Sampling Time on the Metabolite Profiles of Piper sarmentosum Using Optimized NMR Parameters
items: A Class of Vertex Decomposable Flag Simplicial Complexes
items: Dielectric and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Specialty Coffee Acidity, Moisture, and Oxidation
items: Synthesis and Evaluation of Alkoxy-Substituted Thiourea Derivatives as Antifouling Agents in Marine Ecosystem Interests
items: Isolation of Phytochemicals from Calophyllum nodosum and In Silico Evaluation of Their Drug-Likeness and DNA Gyrase Inhibition Potential
items: Development and Evaluation of a Miniature Scintillation Gamma Spectrometer for Environmental Radiation Monitoring
items: Maximum Temperature Forecasting with an Automatic Forecasting Method Based on Deep Dendritic Artificial Neural Network (AutoDeepdenT)
items: Phytochemical Influence of Scutellaria iscanderi L. on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Biosynthesis
items: Functional Relations as a Tool for Analysing Differential Equations
items: Psychometric Evaluation of a Digital Literacy Instrument Using the Rasch Rating Scale Model in the Context of Prospective Science Teachers
items: Adaptive Regularisation Method for Solving Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind
items: The Influence of Monoammonium Salt of Glycyrrhizinic Acid and Acetylsalicylic Acid on Cardiac and Hematological Processes in Rats with Experimental Myocarditis
items: Unlocking the Potential of Calophyllum Xanthones: A Review on Antileukemic Activity and Molecular Docking Insights
items: Immunoregulatory Impact of miR-124 and miR-223 on Some Immunological Parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis
items: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Alchemilla erzincanensis

Developing an Integrated Framework for Creativity-Enhanced STEM Out-of-School Activities: A Case Study of Lanna Lantern Making
type: item
description: This study addresses the lack of a coherent framework that integrates STEM instruction, creativity development, and culturally responsive pedagogy within out-of-school learning contexts. A three-phase Design and Development Research approach was adopted. Phase one involved documentary analysis and expert consultation to identify STEM elements embedded in traditional Lanna lantern making. Phase two focused on systematic framework construction by aligning a seven-stage STEM inquiry model with an A-to-E creativity framework. Phase three consisted of expert validation through a structured focus group involving five purposively selected specialists, applying a consensus-based evaluation with an 80% agreement threshold. The findings demonstrated substantial STEM integration across science, technology, engineering, and mathematics domains, particularly in light transmission, material properties and selection, structural design, and geometric measurement. The resulting framework was translated into a six-hour instructional module comprising 20 structured sub-activities for upper primary learners, with explicit alignment between STEM inquiry processes and creativity indicators. Expert evaluation confirmed the framework’s conceptual coherence, cultural relevance, and practical feasibility for implementation. This study provides a validated pedagogical framework that systematically integrates creativity and inquiry-based STEM learning within a culturally meaningful out-of-school setting. The framework offers educators a practical tool for designing contextualised STEM experiences that promote creative thinking alongside structured investigation. Future research should focus on empirical implementation with students to evaluate learning outcomes and creativity enhancement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: STEM education
  topic: keywords
subject: creative thinking
  topic: keywords
subject: out-of-school activities
  topic: keywords
subject: culturally responsive teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Lanna lantern
  topic: keywords
creator: Pathompong Chummongkol
creator: Chockchai Yuenyong
creator: Jiraporn Tupsai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pathompong Chummongkol, Jiraporn Tupsai, Chockchai Yuenyong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 153
ending page: 162
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.13.2026

Design, Simulation, and Fabrication of a Fractal Square Microstrip Antenna Based on Spiral Slots with Dual-band Feature
type: item
description: Microstrip antennas offer versatile operational capabilities, including wideband, dual-band, multiband, and compact configurations, depending on the geometry of the radiating patch. Fractal concepts have emerged as an effective approach for reconfiguring antenna patches to enhance bandwidth and multiband performance. In this study, a novel fractal-patch microstrip antenna is proposed to achieve wideband characteristics suitable for multifunctional wireless communication applications. The antenna employs a square fractal patch incorporating etched spiral slots and semicircular cuts at each corner, with overall dimensions of 79 × 50 × 1.59 mm³. The design was simulated using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) based on the finite element method (FEM). Key performance parameters, including input impedance, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, surface current distribution, and radiation patterns, were analysed. The proposed antenna demonstrates dual-band characteristics, resonating at 4.23 GHz and 7.13 GHz within the C-band region. Simulated results show VSWR values of 1.17 and 1.06 at 4.01 GHz and 7.10 GHz, respectively, indicating good impedance matching and stable radiation performance. Fabricated antenna measurements were conducted and compared with simulation results, showing satisfactory agreement. The proposed fractal-patch microstrip antenna exhibits reliable dual-band operation and favourable radiation characteristics, making it suitable for C-band applications such as satellite communication, internet telecommunication, and mobile feeder systems. Its stable performance under varying weather conditions further supports its potential for practical wireless communication services.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Microstrip Antennas
  topic: keywords
subject: Square Patch
  topic: keywords
subject: Fractal Antennas
  topic: keywords
subject: HFSS Software
  topic: keywords
subject: C-bands
  topic: keywords
subject: Dual band
  topic: keywords
creator: Akeel Sami Tahir
creator: Doha Al-Feadh
creator: Wa’il A. Godaymi Al-Tumah
creator: Alistair P. Duffy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Akeel Sami Tahir, Wa’il A. Godaymi Al-Tumah, Alistair P. Duffy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 163
ending page: 173
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.14.2026

The Impact of Coastal Forest Ecosystems on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Svēte River and its Tributaries under Anthropogenic Load: A Year-Long Assessment
type: item
description: The aim of the research was to assess the impact of coastal forest ecosystems on the hydrochemical characteristics of the Svēte River and its tributaries. The methodology involved year-long monitoring at 16 sites with monthly water sampling and laboratory analysis of physicochemical parameters. The results revealed a pronounced seasonal pattern of nitrogen concentrations, with maximum values during the winter-spring period (up to 14.0 mg/L) and minimum values in summer (around 1.0 mg/L). Phosphorus concentrations showed high spatial variability, with extreme peaks of up to 43.0 mg/L in the estuarine zone and background levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 mg/L. Riparian buffer zones wider than 15 m with continuous forest cover reduced nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations by 61% and 76%, respectively, compared with sites lacking buffer vegetation. Stability of the acid-base balance (pH 7.0-8.2) and dissolved oxygen content (8-12 mg/L) was observed, along with the absence of excessive heavy metal concentrations. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of coastal forest ecosystems in mitigating agricultural nutrient inputs and support their application in river basin water quality management and buffer zone restoration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nitrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus
  topic: keywords
subject: Eutrophication
  topic: keywords
subject: Buffer zones
  topic: keywords
subject: Seasonal dynamics
  topic: keywords
creator: Anda Bakute
creator: Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva
creator: Paula Miezaka
creator: Kristaps Siltumens
creator: Inga Grinfelde
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anda Bakute, Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Paula Miezaka, Kristaps Siltumens, Inga Grinfelde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 140
ending page: 152
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.12.2026

Transient Wave Propagation and Reflection in Long Penstocks with Delay Effects and Boundary Layer Damping
type: item
description: This study examined wave propagation and reflection in long, pressurised penstocks, ranging from 3 to 4 km, within high-head hydropower systems in Albania to address challenges in transient flow dynamics for enhanced design and operational safety. A modified one-dimensional model based on the Method of Characteristics (MOC) was developed, incorporating wall elasticity, unsteady friction, and wave travel delays, with analytical and numerical simulations conducted to assess their impacts. The results indicated a wave travel delay of 11.7% (3.44 s versus 3.08 s predicted by the classical model), accompanied by a phase shift of 0.33 rad at 0.13 Hz. Peak surge pressures were also reduced by 17.8% (176 m instead of 214 m), with cumulative attenuation reaching up to 26% over an 85 s interval. This damping effect was attributed to the progressive growth of the viscous boundary layer, reaching a thickness of ~0.057 m within 12 s, as well as the influence of unsteady friction. In pumped-storage operating scenarios, the model further showed that negative pressures were alleviated by 20% (-43 m compared with -54 m), highlighting the combined role of delay and damping mechanisms in surge wave mitigation. The study concludes that integrating these factors is essential for optimising surge protection, improving turbine regulation, and ensuring structural integrity in Albania’s high-head hydropower systems. Hydropower engineers and system designers in Albania can use the research results to optimise surge protection, enhance turbine regulation, and improve the structural safety of long penstock systems in high-head hydropower plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transient flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Water hammer
  topic: keywords
subject: Viscous damping
  topic: keywords
subject: Wavefront dispersion
  topic: keywords
subject: Surge protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Fahri Maho
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fahri Maho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 124
ending page: 139
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.11.2026

Box-Wilson Optimization of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanamide Synthesis and Its Agrochemical Activity
type: item
description: Benzimidazole derivatives are considered to be compounds with potential biological activity. It is important to synthesize their derivatives with high yields, select biologically active compounds from the synthesized compounds, and optimize the synthesis process of the selected compounds. The aim of this study was to obtain a new benzimidazole derivative, N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide, as a promising biologically active compound, by nitration of N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide and to optimize the synthesis conditions. To increase the yield of the target product, the reaction conditions were optimized using a mathematical design of experiments approach (Box-Wilson method). The main technological parameters such as optimal temperature (0°C), reaction time (5 hours), molar ratio of reagents (1:6:9), and yield (85.3%) were determined; a regression model was constructed and optimal synthesis conditions were created. The structure of the synthesized compound was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. In addition, N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) propionamide showed significant activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum (33.3%) and Aspergillus niger (26.6%). It showed 100% inhibition of herbicidal activity in wheat and cucumber seedlings. In this study, for the first time, optimized conditions were identified for the synthesis of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide in high yield. The obtained data demonstrate significant biological activity of the compound and highlight its potential as a promising lead for the development of new agrochemicals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nitration
  topic: keywords
subject: Box-Wilson method
  topic: keywords
subject: Design of experiments (DoE)
  topic: keywords
subject: Agrochemical benzimidazoles
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungicidal activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbicidal activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarvar Saidov
creator: Elyor Raxmatov
creator: Rikhsibay Karimov
creator: Elvira Kurbanova
creator: Askar Abdurazakov
creator: Nemat Olimov
creator: Khurshidakhon Nabieva
creator: Davron Arabov
creator: Chori Elmuradov
creator: Shamansur Sagdullaev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Raxmatov, Rikhsibay Karimov, Elvira Kurbanova, Askar Abdurazakov, Nemat Olimov, Khurshidakhon Nabieva, Davron Arabov, Chori Elmuradov, Shamansur Sagdullaev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 174
ending page: 180
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.15.2026

Structural Framework of the Nyi Sindurejo Geothermal System Revealed by Gravity Data Analysis, East Java, Indonesia
type: item
description: The “Nyi Sindurejo” geothermal manifestation in Batu City, East Java, is an atypical geothermal feature. It is located in the central part of Batu City, relatively distant from the active volcanic center. Although it is close to the Kasinan and Songgoriti geothermal systems, no previous specific geoscientific study has evaluated its structural framework and geothermal potential. This study aims to analyze the structural controls of Nyi Sindurejo and assess its possible relationship with adjacent geothermal systems. We utilized Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to extract geomorphological lineaments and GGMplus data to examine anomaly contrasts. Lineaments were identified and mapped based on topographic features. The gravity data were analyzed to delineate subsurface density differences. Geomorphological lineament analysis reveals a dominant N-S trend with a secondary NNW-SSE orientation. No structural trends appear to connect Nyi Sindurejo with the Kasinan-Songgoriti geothermal systems. The residual Bouguer anomaly indicates local variations in subsurface density without significant continuity toward adjacent geothermal areas It represents a local system rather than being connected to the nearby Songgoriti-Kasinan geothermal areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nyi Sindurejo
  topic: keywords
subject: Lineament analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Kasinan-Songgoriti
  topic: keywords
subject: GGMplus Gravity Data
  topic: keywords
subject: Batu geothermal area
  topic: keywords
creator: Laily Nur Hofi
creator: Sukir Maryanto
creator: Adi Susilo
creator: Agus Naba
creator: Didik Rahadi Santoso
creator: Herman Tolle
creator: Justinus Satrio
creator: Emad M. H. Takla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Laily Nur Hofi, Sukir Maryanto, Adi Susilo, Agus Naba, Didik Rahadi Santoso, Herman Tolle, Justinus Satrio, Emad M. H. Takla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 69
ending page: 78
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.7.2026

Assessment Convergence: Teachers’ Praxis and Professional Needs in Mathematics
type: item
description: This study investigated the preparedness, instructional practices, and professional development needs of elementary mathematics teachers to inform the design of a capacity-building program aimed at enhancing instructional quality and assessment alignment with the National Achievement Test (NAT). Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered from 35 mathematics teachers across 18 public elementary schools in one city division in the Philippines. A validated researcher-made questionnaire measured preparedness across four domains: content knowledge, pedagogical strategies, assessment practices, and NAT alignment. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while qualitative responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated high preparedness in content, pedagogy, and assessment but expressed very high training needs, particularly in assessment literacy and NAT alignment. Years of teaching experience showed a significant relationship with content knowledge, while sex was associated with differences in content and pedagogical preparedness. Other demographic factors such as age, position, and educational attainment showed no significant influence. Qualitative results highlighted major instructional challenges, including pupils’ poor problem-solving skills, lack of mastery in basic operations, and limited learning resources. Teachers also emphasized misalignment between classroom assessments and NAT competencies. The study concludes that teacher preparedness in mathematics is multidimensional and shaped by continuous professional learning rather than demographic attributes. It recommends a comprehensive professional development program focused on assessment design, test alignment, and pedagogical innovation to strengthen instructional quality and improve mathematics achievement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teaching Mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics in the Elementary
  topic: keywords
subject: National Achievement Test
  topic: keywords
subject: Assessment in Mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Elementary Mathematics
  topic: keywords
creator: Vincent Banot
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vincent Banot http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-07
publication date: 2025-12-07
starting page: 184
ending page: 197
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.14.2025

Biochemical Characterisation of Major Allergens in Tropical Fruits and Their Clinical Significance
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical properties and clinical significance of immunoreactive proteins from tropical fruits in the Republic of Poland. The methodology included protein extraction from mango, pineapple, papaya, and kiwi, followed by electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE, 2D electrophoresis), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and immunological tests (ELISA and western blotting) using sera from 56 patients with confirmed fruit allergies. The results showed clear differences in protein composition, with kiwi and mango exhibiting the highest number and intensity of protein fractions (36 and 31 spots, respectively) in the mass range of 10–80 kDa and pI 4.5–6.8. A total of 14 unique proteins with high homology (68–95%) to known allergens, including profilins, thaumatin-like proteins, actinidin, papain, and bromelain, were identified. In kiwi and mango, more than 80% of patients demonstrated high IgE reactivity, resistance to heat and enzymatic treatment, and a significant correlation (p = 0.84, p < 0.001) between protein stability and immunoreactivity. Papaya and pineapple showed lower reactivity (less than 50%) and greater sensitivity to processing. Kiwi proteins (especially actinidin and profilin) showed the strongest immunoreactivity, which persisted after treatment. Cross-sensitisation to several fruits was detected in 21.4% of patients, mainly involving structurally stable proteins. Overall, the findings establish the high clinical significance of kiwi and mango allergens and highlight the need for molecular diagnostics and personalised recommendations for sensitised patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cross-sensitisation
  topic: keywords
subject: protein diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: IgE reactivity
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance to treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: cysteine proteases
  topic: keywords
subject: component diagnostics
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Zofia Lisiecka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Zofia Lisiecka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 158
ending page: 173
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.12.2025

Bioactivities of the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved.
type: item
description: Endophytic fungi, which inhabit plant tissues, are renowned for their capacity to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, six endophytic fungal isolates were derived from the medicinal plant Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved., native to Uzbekistan, and their secondary metabolites were evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Three fungal isolates exhibiting antibacterial activity were identified through ITS gene sequencing. Ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria doliconidium, Preussia africana, and Alternaria alternata exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of between 15.43 ± 0.20 mm and 24.4 ± 0.36 mm. Furthermore, P. africana and A. alternata extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HEp-2, HBL-100, and CCRF-CEM. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of A. doliconidium, P. africana, and A. alternata extracts revealed 30, 23, and 44 compounds, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as sustainable sources of novel bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications. The sustainability of bioactive compound production by endophytes offers a promising path toward eco-friendly and economically viable solutions for pharmaceuticals and agricultural practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved
  topic: keywords
subject: endophytic fungi
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary metabolites
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial
  topic: keywords
subject: cytotoxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: GC-MS
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamila Mardieva
creator: Farkhod Eshboev
creator: Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov
creator: Akhror Abdurashidov
creator: Asadali Baymirzaev
creator: Mukaddas Umarova
creator: Umida Khamidova
creator: Elvira Yusupova
creator: Zilola Kabirova
creator: Sherali Kuziev
creator: Feruzbek Khasanov
creator: Octavio Calvo-Gomez
creator: Dilfuza Egamberdieva
creator: Shamansur Sagdullaev
creator: Shakhnoz Azimova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kamila Mardieva, Farkhod Eshboev, Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov, Akhror Abdurashidov, Asadali Baymirzaev, Mukaddas Umarova, Umida Khamidova, Elvira Yusupova, Zilola Kabirova, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Octavio Calvo-Gomez, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Shamansur Sagdullaev, Shakhnoz Azimova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
starting page: 132
ending page: 144
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.10.2025

Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Malaysian Clerodendrum Species: A Comparative Approach
type: item
description: The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae), widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, has traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, skin disorders, hypertension, and infections. Despite their ethnomedicinal relevance, scientific validation of their pharmacological properties remains limited for many species. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivities of extracts from four Clerodendrum species: Clerodendrum nutans, C. myrmecophilum, C. paniculatum, and C. disparifolium. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content (TPC), while antityrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using mushroom tyrosinase and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition assays, respectively. Among the species tested, the leaf extract of C. paniculatum exhibited the strongest bioactivities, with a DPPH IC50 value of 79.5 μg/mL, TPC of 135.2 mg GAE/g, tyrosinase inhibition of 82.5%, and lipoxygenase inhibition of 66.8%. These findings suggest that C. paniculatum may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for potential therapeutic or cosmetic applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lamiaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: Clerodendrum
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: tyrosinase
  topic: keywords
subject: lipoxygenase
  topic: keywords
creator: Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor
creator: Fatimah Mohamed
creator: Mazatul Azrin Rahman
creator: Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim
creator: Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini
creator: Ainur Hanie Zainudin
creator: Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh
creator: Salam Ahmed Abed
creator: Sherali Kuziev
creator: Feruzbek Khasanov
creator: Alfred Ngenge Tamfu
creator: Arwa R. Althaher
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor, Fatimah Mohamed, Mazatul Azrin Rahman, Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim, Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Ainur Hanie Zainudin, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Salam Ahmed Abed, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Alfred Ngenge Tamfu, Arwa R. Althaher http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 29
ending page: 34
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.3.2026

Synthesis of Novel 6-Acylamino-Benzimidazole Derivatives Derived from Carbendazim
type: item
description: Benzimidazole derivatives possess potential biological activity, and modern methods are required for the synthesis of new derivatives in high yields. The aim of this study was to obtain new benzimidazole derivatives through acylation of carbendazim (1) with aliphatic carboxylic acids, then carry out the reactions of nitration, reduction and acylation of acyl-derivatives, and studying chemical structure and cytotoxic activity of the obtained compounds. The resulting acyl compounds (2 and 3) were nitrated to synthesize 6-nitro derivatives (4 and 5) in high yields. Their reduction gave 6-aminobenzimidazole derivatives (6 and 7), respectively. The yield of the synthesized compound (6) was 72.1%, and that of compound (7) was 93%. Compounds (6) and (7) were acylated with aliphatic carboxylic acids to obtain bis-acyl products. It is worth noting that selective acylation of the amino group at position 6 of the benzimidazole molecule led to the formation of amides (8-14) in 79-92% yields. Only the reaction of compound (6) with glacial acetic acid led to the formation of triacetamide (8) in 92% yield. The synthesized all compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. Additionally, synthesized benzimidazole derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (BT-20, MDA-MB-231, HCC1395) and the noncancerous HEK293 line using the MTT assay. Most compounds showed low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ > 50 μM), while derivatives (9) and (10) exhibited moderate activity suggesting that the presence of ethyl (9) or propyl (10) groups at position 2 of the imidazole ring influences the anticancer potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: benzimidazole derivatives; carbendazim; acylation; aliphatic carboxylic acids; nitration; reduction; acyl products
  topic: keywords
creator: Shohrux Kubayev
creator: Askar Abdurazakov
creator: Sarvar Saidov
creator: Elyor Rakhmatov
creator: Aleksey Koval
creator: Vladimir Katanaev
creator: Khayrulla Bobakulov
creator: Nilufar Mamadalieva
creator: Burkhon Elmuradov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shohrux Kubayev, Askar Abdurazakov, Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Rakhmatov, Aleksey Koval, Vladimir Katanaev, Khayrulla Bobakulov, Nilufar Mamadalieva, Burkhon Elmuradov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
starting page: 145
ending page: 157
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.11.2025

Flipped Classroom in University-Level Mathematics: A Decade of Research Trends and Impact
type: item
description: This bibliometric analysis investigates the adoption and development of the flipped classroom approach in university mathematics education using 165 Scopus-indexed journal articles published between 2014 and 2024. The research, conducted using Biblioshiny in R, examines publication trends, key contributors, and thematic patterns via co-citation networks and keyword mapping. Results demonstrate a steady increase in research output, particularly subsequent to 2020, driven by the shift toward blended and online learning. Dominant themes include student engagement, digital learning tools, and curriculum design, with an emerging emphasis on artificial intelligence and adaptive learning technologies. Citation analysis identifies foundational studies but highlights critical research gaps, including the need for standardized assessment frameworks, evaluation of long-term learning outcomes, and broader implementation across diverse mathematical subfields. This study provides a structured overview of the field and identifies directions for future inquiry, supporting educators and policymakers in advancing evidence-based teaching strategies in university-level Mathematics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Flipped classroom
  topic: keywords
subject: university-level mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: 21st Century Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Amirul Aizad Ahmad Fuad
creator: Ashraff Ruslan
creator: Anam
creator: Mujahid Abdullahi
creator: Yunusa Aliyu Hadejia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amirul Aizad Ahmad Fuad, Ashraff Ruslan, Anam, Mujahid Abdullahi, Yunusa Aliyu Hadejia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 92
ending page: 113
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.9.2026

Outlining Probable Fundamental Doctrine and Relations to Disasters in the Continental Crust
type: item
description: With aim to address impacts of penetration points by human structures (hard points), vegetation (multi-point) and slope or hills (continuous) towards crustal faults, doctrine equations like Archimedes, relative centrifugal force, square cube, Newtonian, Bernoulli, kinetic and Coriolis and were tested using weight, area and height. Newtonian energy was well distributed with area in 2-dimension layout. However, the square-cube law applies to nature and focus was on 3-dimentional forms. Aboveground weight was converted into mass by relative centrifugal force, a down-ward vertical spiral that functions with Coriolis to settle crustal matter within their layers. The aboveground weight causes the belowground layer to thicken. While human structures are 3-dimensional, have spaces and rely on supporting beams as well as hard points to stabilize, under the same vertical spiral downward motion, pronate and supinate zones develop beneath the structure. This repulsion causes adjacent crustal materials to become displaced and move upward (180°), similar to the expression of Archimedes. Eventually, crustal materials beneath human structures vibrate to resettle but, because their composition was already mixed, slips, cracks or voids continuously develop. Overall, the downward flow of kinetic vis-à-vis sideward repulsion becomes larger with height and the resultant voids partake a bubble-like motion in the crust. Overall, land clearing spills crustal materials between layers and the effects of mixing adds risk of contact with liquid medium. Such contact causes weathering, the formation of voids and eventually faults. Built environments need to evaluate belowground crustal matter preferably using the doctrines tested to avoid timely disasters.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: spatial
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: energy
  topic: keywords
subject: structure
  topic: keywords
subject: material
  topic: keywords
subject: vibration
  topic: keywords
creator: Bryan Raveen Nelson
creator: Azi Azeyanty Jamaludin
creator: Salwa Shahimi
creator: Ju Lian Chong
creator: Lusita Meilana
creator: Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran
creator: Harris C. Raj Kumar
creator: Rasha Ghaleb Ahmad Moqbel
creator: Karri Sharon
creator: Abdul Jalal Khan Chowdhury
creator: Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bryan Raveen Nelson, Azi Azeyanty Jamaludin, Salwa Shahimi, Ju Lian Chong, Lusita Meilana, Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran, Harris C. Raj Kumar, Rasha Ghaleb Ahmad Moqbel, Karri Sharon, Abdul Jalal Khan Chowdhury, Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 15
ending page: 28
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.2.2026

Unveiling the Phytochemical Richness of Guatemalan Spondias: Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential
type: item
description: Jocote fruits, derived from Spondias purpurea and Spondias mombin, are widely consumed in Guatemala and are traditionally valued for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Previous studies conducted in other regions highlight their richness in vitamins and phenolic constituents with potential health benefits. This study evaluated the flavonoid composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of nine varieties of the two Spondias species collected from distinct regions of Guatemala to assess their potential as nutraceutical resources. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, while total phenolics were quantified by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Flavonoids and related phenolic compounds were profiled using HPLC-DAD, with compound identification based on retention time comparison with analytical standards. Extracts from the Corona, Tronador, and Rax Ux varieties of S. purpurea and the Jobo and Quinin varieties of S. mombin exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.19 to 7.96 mg/L. Across the samples, p-coumaric acid and rutin were the most frequently detected phytochemicals (present in 14 samples), followed by quercetin (detected in 13 of the 15 samples). These findings demonstrate that Guatemalan jocote fruits possess a variety of bioactive flavonoids and phenolic compounds, supporting their classification as nutraceutical candidates due to their strong antioxidant potential. Further pharmacological and cytotoxicity studies are recommended to elucidate additional health-related benefits and broaden their potential applications in nutraceutical development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: polyphenols
  topic: keywords
subject: p-coumaric acid
  topic: keywords
subject: rutin
  topic: keywords
subject: quercetin
  topic: keywords
subject: nutraceutical
  topic: keywords
subject: Spondias purpurea
  topic: keywords
subject: Spondias mombin
  topic: keywords
creator: Pedro Pablo Molina-Jauregui
creator: Max Samuel Mérida-Reyes
creator: Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva
creator: Juan Francisco Perez Sabino
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Pablo Molina-Jauregui, Max Samuel Mérida-Reyes, Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva, Juan Francisco Perez Sabino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 174
ending page: 183
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.13.2025

Mathematical Assessment of Dengue Control Interventions in Cebu City, Philippines
type: item
description: Dengue remains a significant public health challenge in the Philippines, with Cebu City experiencing recurrent outbreaks. In this study, we utilized a modified SIR-SI dengue model to understand the transmission dynamics in Cebu City and to assess the impact of dengue control interventions. Parameters in the model were estimated using weekly reported dengue data obtained from the Philippines’ electronic Freedom of Information (eFOI) portal for the 20th to 52nd weeks of 2022. Our results indicate a substantial reduction in the reproduction number from 3.58, observed without any control measures, to 1.16 with the control interventions. Despite this reduction, the reproduction number remains above the critical threshold of 1, indicating a continued risk of outbreaks. Sensitivity analysis identified the mosquito biting rate and transmission rate as key parameters influencing dengue transmission. This suggests the need to enhance control interventions by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population. We simulated dengue reduction scenarios with respect to two control measures: self-protective measures and vector control. The results reveal that implementing self-protective measures alone reduced hospitalized cases by 15.42%, while vector control measures led to a 49.38% reduction. Combining both strategies resulted in a substantial 98.6% reduction in hospitalized cases. These findings imply that the control interventions implemented in Cebu City during the 2022 dengue outbreak effectively reduced hospitalized cases (health-seeking individuals) by approximately 98.6%. To further reduce the number of infected individuals, the City government and regional health officials must enhance existing control measures by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population through enhanced awareness programs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dengue
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavioral Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Reproduction Number
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonecis Dayap
creator: Gemma Amazona
creator: Audrey Verano
creator: Carla Jean Ybañez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jonecis Dayap, Gemma Amazona, Audrey Verano, Carla Jean Ybañez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
starting page: 120
ending page: 131
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.9.2025

Influence of Maturity Stage and Sampling Time on the Metabolite Profiles of Piper sarmentosum Using Optimized NMR Parameters
type: item
description: Optimization is a critical step in metabolomics workflows to ensure reliable data, particularly when handling large sample numbers. In this study, optimization was carried out for Piper sarmentosum Roxb., a medicinal herb of regional importance, to establish standardized procedures for NMR-based metabolomic analysis and sample collection. Extraction conditions were evaluated using different sample masses, with 75 mg of freeze-dried material providing the best signal intensity, particularly in the aromatic region. Several NOESY-based NMR parameter sets were then compared, and the settings adapted from Halabalaki et al. (2014) produced the highest spectral quality and were adopted for further analyses. Following optimization, the influence of leaf maturity and harvesting time on metabolite composition was assessed using 1D NOESY NMR spectroscopy. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed clear metabolic distinctions between young and mature leaves, while samples collected in the morning and afternoon showed no notable differences, indicating that sampling time had minimal impact on metabolite composition. The optimized protocols established in this work minimize technical variability, enhance spectral reproducibility, and improve metabolite detectability. These outcomes provide a robust platform for large-scale metabolomics investigations of P. sarmentosum and other medicinal plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Metabolomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Piper sarmentosum
  topic: keywords
subject: NMR
  topic: keywords
creator: Adiana Mohamed Adib
creator: Sui Kiong Ling
creator: Nurunajah Ab Ghani
creator: Noraini Kasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adiana Mohamed Adib, Sui Kiong Ling , Nurunajah Ab Ghani, Noraini Kasim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 59
ending page: 68
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.6.2026

A Class of Vertex Decomposable Flag Simplicial Complexes
type: item
description: In this paper, we investigate the vertex decomposability of clique complexes associated with simple graphs and establishes a structural characterization based on forbidden induced subgraphs. We prove that the clique complex CL(G) is vertex decomposable if and only if the underlying graph G contains no induced subgraphs isomorphic to 2K2, C4, or C5. The proof proceeds by demonstrating that such graphs and their complements are chordal, implying that their independence complexes are vertex decomposable. Since the independence complex of the complement graph coincides with the clique complex of G, the desired result follows. Furthermore, important algebraic consequences are derived: every vertex decomposable complex is shellable and hence partitionable, implying the validity of Stanley’s conjecture for the corresponding face ring K[CL(G)]. Thus, this work introduces a new class of vertex decomposable flag simplicial complexes arising from graphs free of 2K2, C4, and C5. The results provide a significant combinatorial framework connecting chordal graph theory, simplicial complex decomposability, and algebraic properties of Stanley-Reisner rings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vertex decomposable complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Clique complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Chordal graph
  topic: keywords
subject: Flag simplicial complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Stanley’s conjecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Partitionable complex
  topic: keywords
creator: Seyed Mohammad Ajdani
creator: Francisco Bulnes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Mohammad Ajdani, Francisco Bulnes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
starting page: 198
ending page: 203
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.15.2025

Dielectric and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Specialty Coffee Acidity, Moisture, and Oxidation
type: item
description: This article presents Microwave Non-Destructive Testing (MNDT) as a non-invasive method of evaluating specialty coffee quality by measuring dielectric permittivity at X-band frequencies (8-12 GHz). The moisture content, degree of oxidation, and acidity (pH) of light, medium, and dark roasted single-origin Arabica beans were examined during a 30-day resting period after roasting. Reference standards were analysed with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) (400–4000 cm⁻¹) and calibrated pH meters. The highly negative correlation of dielectric permittivity with acidity (r = -0.979, ρ = -0.963, p < 0.001) yielding −0.963 and −0.979 Pearson and Spearman correlations is strong evidence that, of all the sensory qualities attributed to the specialty coffee, the most salient, the acidity, can be intravenously measured with great speed and accuracy. The correlations of moisture (r = 0.612, p = 0.012) and oxidation (r = 0.541, p = 0.028) suggest some degree of added dielectric sensitivity. However, the sensitivity to increased complexity of the coffee matrix from roasting is more relevant. The implications of this work are significant to food science and underscore the need to bridge siloed disciplines of physics and chemistry, demonstrating that microwave non-destructive testing (MNDT) is useful and non-invasive as a generalised substitute to the multitude of destructive methods in quality assessment. Its compliments the existing cupping method of application to the coffee industry, coupled with its improvement upon existing multivariate methods, indicates well for sustainable quality assessment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Microwave non-destructive testing
  topic: keywords
subject: Dielectric permittivity
  topic: keywords
subject: FTIR spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Coffee quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Correlation analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohd Khairil Adzhar Mahmood
creator: Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali
creator: Zuhani Ismail Khan
creator: Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin
creator: Irmazatussyehdany Buniyamin
creator: Kwan Yeow Tan
creator: Bazilah Baharom
creator: Wanbo Luo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Khairil Adzhar Mahmood, Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali, Zuhani Ismail Khan , Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin , Irmazatussyehdany Buniyamin, Kwan Yeow Tan, Bazilah Baharom, Wanbo Luo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 35
ending page: 45
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.4.2026

Synthesis and Evaluation of Alkoxy-Substituted Thiourea Derivatives as Antifouling Agents in Marine Ecosystem Interests
type: item
description: The incorporation of alkoxy-substituted chain into thiourea moiety has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its promising antimicrobial and antibacterial activities, making them potential candidates for antifouling applications. In this study, two new alkoxy-substituted thiourea derivatives, namely; N-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-N’-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)thiourea (3a) and N-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-N’-(4-cyanobenzoyl)thiourea (3b) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antifouling properties. The compounds were structurally and physiochemically characterized using ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In turn, antifouling activities were assessed against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli through preventive and detachment assays. Notably, compound 3b exhibited strong antifouling performance, achieving up to 94.56% biofilm reduction in the preventive assay, due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing cyano (–CN) substituent. These findings highlight the potential of alkoxy-substituted thiourea derivatives as effective antifouling agents, warranting further exploration for use in fouling-release applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: alkoxy-thiourea
  topic: keywords
subject: anti-fouling
  topic: keywords
subject: spectroscopic
  topic: keywords
subject: thermal analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin
creator: Adibah Izzati Daud
creator: Sze Ee Sylvia Voon
creator: Chiong Hwee Hii
creator: Noraznawati Ismail
creator: Mauricio F. Erben
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin, Adibah Izzati Daud, Sze Ee Sylvia Voon, Chiong Hwee Hii, Noraznawati Ismail, Mauricio F. Erben http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-14
publication date: 2025-10-14
starting page: 107
ending page: 119
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.8.2025

Isolation of Phytochemicals from Calophyllum nodosum and In Silico Evaluation of Their Drug-Likeness and DNA Gyrase Inhibition Potential
type: item
description: The Calophyllum species have gained a lot of attention for their structurally diverse secondary metabolites with potential biological activities, including antibacterial scaffolds. A detailed study done on the phytochemical profile of the Calophyllum nodosum stem bark has led to the isolation of three xanthones, trapezifolixanthone (1), caloxanthone C (2), 1-hydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone (3), and a cyclic ester, canumolactone (4). Their structures were characterised using spectroscopic techniques like NMR, MS, and IR, and the spectra were confirmed with the previous literature. The pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and cross-validated using pkCSM, while molecular docking simulation against bacterial DNA gyrase was performed using Autodock Vina. All isolated compounds met the drug-likeness requirements under Lipinski’s rule, according to the ADMET predictions, showing favourable oral and gastrointestinal bioavailability and absorption. Canumolactone (4), in particular, showed the best combination of solubility, clearance, and the least amount of CYP liabilities. The molecular docking simulation revealed that trapezifolixanthone (1) gave the strongest binding affinity to DNA gyrase among all isolated compounds, surpassing the binding affinity of the standard inhibitor, BDBM50198240. The current study presents the first combined ADMET predictions and molecular docking analysis for compounds isolated from C. nodosum. The findings provide preliminary evidence of their potential as drug-like scaffolds for future pharmacological development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ADME
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial
  topic: keywords
subject: Calophyllum nodosum
  topic: keywords
subject: DNA gyrase
  topic: keywords
subject: Molecular docking
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytoconstituents
  topic: keywords
creator: Yiizamy Suffian
creator: Vivien Yi Mian Jong
creator: Ainaa Nadiah Abd Halim
creator: Jiumn-Yih Wu
creator: Wafa M. Al Madhagi
creator: Nor Hisam Zamakshshari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yiizamy Suffian, Vivien Yi Mian Jong , Ainaa Nadiah Abd Halim, Jiumn-Yih Wu, Wafa M. Al Madhagi, Nor Hisam Zamakshshari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.1.2026

Development and Evaluation of a Miniature Scintillation Gamma Spectrometer for Environmental Radiation Monitoring
type: item
description: Developing a compact gamma spectrometer for radiation monitoring in critical zones, such as nuclear power plants and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, is vital for ensuring high sensitivity and accurate measurements amid geopolitical instability and military aggression. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a miniature scintillation spectrometer using a lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal (LYSO) and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) or multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC), and to compare it with an existing compact photomultiplier tube (PMT) R7400U assembly with a thallium-doped caesium iodide crystal (CsI(Tl)). The first stage involved preparing a prototype board for the R7400U PMT and analyzing its spectrometric characteristics. Next, an experimental setup using the LYSO crystal, SiPM photodiode, preamplifier electronics, and a spectrum analyzer was assembled, while gamma radiation interaction was modeled with GEANT4. Experimental measurements with a Cesium-137 (137Cs) source (661.7 keV) showed that the spectrometer could register and analyse gamma spectra with moderate resolution. The SiPM signal remained stable with optimal electronics and a 400 V DC-DC converter, providing low noise. Experimental data matched Monte Carlo simulations, and the SiPM's large pixel count ensured better response linearity at high light intensity. As a result, the design proved stable and effective for long-term measurements. The proposed approach demonstrated the possibility of such miniaturisation of spectrometric systems without significant degradation of performance. The study demonstrated the feasibility of a miniature scintillation spectrometer with LYSO and SiPM/MPPC, performing similarly to the PMT-based system. This compact design offers a viable solution for portable radiation monitoring in critical environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: scintillation detector
  topic: keywords
subject: photomultiplier tube
  topic: keywords
subject: multi-pixel photon counter
  topic: keywords
subject: energy resolution
  topic: keywords
subject: voltage divider
  topic: keywords
subject: digital signal processing
  topic: keywords
subject: nuclear safety
  topic: keywords
subject: detector calibration
  topic: keywords
creator: Danylo Kovalenko
creator: Ruslan Yermolenko
creator: Olga Gogota
creator: Luka Gavrysh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Danylo Kovalenko, Ruslan Yermolenko, Olga Gogota, Luka Gavrysh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-09-21
publication date: 2025-09-21
starting page: 87
ending page: 106
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.7.2025

Maximum Temperature Forecasting with an Automatic Forecasting Method Based on Deep Dendritic Artificial Neural Network (AutoDeepdenT)
type: item
description: Due to the global ecological crisis, accurate temperature prediction has become increasingly important, especially for environmental sustainability worldwide. The main motivation for this research is the increasing importance of temperature prediction due to the global ecological crisis. Considering the impacts of climate change and environmental sustainability, making accurate temperature predictions has become a critical necessity for the conservation of natural resources and the fight against climate change. In addition to traditional statistical techniques, the success of deep learning methods in solving complex relationships has become the focal point of research in this field. A large number of statistical techniques are used to predict air temperatures, but deep learning methods have recently become popular for complex relationships. More layers distinguish Deep Artificial Neural Networks (DANNs) from traditional Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Since they have multi-layered designs, they perform high-level inference in data analysis. This research has predicted temperature values using the Dendritic Neuron Model-Based Explainable Feedback Deep Artificial Neural Network (DeepDenT) architecture. The study consists of 412 monthly maximum temperature data covering 1991 to 2022 from the Giresun province. According to the results, the AutoDeepDenT method obtains more accurate predictions than all other tested models. This highlights the effectiveness of advanced deep learning techniques in temperature prediction and their importance for environmental sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Forecasting
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Artificial Neural Network
  topic: keywords
subject: Dendritic Neuron Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Temperature Prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: Explainable AI
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehmet Akif Kara
creator: Abdülkadir Keskin
creator: Erol Egrioglu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mehmet Akif Kara, Abdülkadir Keskin, Erol Egrioglu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 114
ending page: 123
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.10.2026

Phytochemical Influence of Scutellaria iscanderi L. on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Biosynthesis
type: item
description: The rapid development of nanotechnology requires environmentally friendly and biocompatible approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials with stable physicochemical properties. Green synthesis using plant extracts provides a sustainable alternative due to their natural biomolecules that initiate and regulate nanoparticle formation. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the extract of Scutellaria iscanderi L. and to investigate the role of its phytochemical components in nanoparticle formation and stabilization. ZnO-NPs were synthesized via a biogenic route employing the aqueous extract of S. iscanderi. The influence of amino acids, carbohydrates, and flavonoids in reduction and stabilization was evaluated, and the obtained nanoparticles were characterized using modern analytical techniques. Amino acids and carbohydrates facilitated nanoparticle reduction and controlled growth, while flavonoids acted as natural stabilizers, preventing aggregation and providing antioxidant protection. Characterization confirmed the formation of stable ZnO-NPs with desirable physicochemical properties. The extract of S. iscanderi effectively mediated the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs through the synergistic action of its biomolecules. These findings highlight the potential of S. iscanderi-derived nanoparticles for applications in pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental fields.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: green synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Scutellaria iscanderi
  topic: keywords
subject: amino acids
  topic: keywords
subject: carbohydrates
  topic: keywords
subject: flavonoids
  topic: keywords
creator: Shamansur Sagdullayev
creator: Iroda Shermatova
creator: Azizaxon Xusniddinova
creator: Dilobar Tayirova
creator: Rukhsona Zakirova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shamansur Sagdullayev, Iroda Shermatova, Azizaxon Xusniddinova, Tayirova Dilobar, Zakirova Rukhsona http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-25
publication date: 2025-08-25
starting page: 57
ending page: 71
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.5.2025

Functional Relations as a Tool for Analysing Differential Equations
type: item
description: This paper examines the use of functional relations as a comprehensive analytical instrument for resolving and streamlining differential equations across many categories, including linear, nonlinear, stochastic, delayed, and hybrid systems. The objective is to augment model interpretability, diminish dimensionality, and optimise computational efficiency in intricate systems. The methodology incorporates symmetric Lie analysis, stochastic calculus, operator theory, and symbolic computation. Functional relationships were established using infinitesimal symmetries, Lyapunov functionals, and moment-based analysis. Numerical and symbolic experiments were conducted utilising Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB. Functional relations lowered model dimensionality by as much as 40% and enhanced prediction accuracy. For the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation, scale-invariant relationships accurately represented soliton dynamics with an error margin of less than 1.8%. In stochastic systems, functional connections among moments reduced prediction errors by 12%. In hybrid systems, piecewise invariants reduced oscillation amplitudes by 25%. Inverse problems demonstrated a 13% improvement in parameter reconstruction accuracy and an 18% reduction in calculation time. Functional relations provide a strong foundation for analysing differential equations, especially in systems marked by nonlinearity, uncertainty, or structural complexity. The results endorse the incorporation of functional relationships into control systems, digital twins, and hybrid models. Their formalisation and adaptive implementation create new opportunities for interpretable, resource-efficient modelling in applied sciences and engineering.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: symmetric Lie analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: transformations
  topic: keywords
subject: stochastic systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Monte Carlo methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Fokker-Planck equations
  topic: keywords
creator: Elaman Kenenbaev
creator: Gulay Kenenbaeva
creator: Gulzat Abakirova
creator: Farkhat Nazarbaev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Elaman Kenenbaev, Gulay Kenenbaeva, Gulzat Abakirova, Farkhat Nazarbaev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 72
ending page: 86
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.6.2025

Psychometric Evaluation of a Digital Literacy Instrument Using the Rasch Rating Scale Model in the Context of Prospective Science Teachers
type: item
description: This research aims to develop a digital literacy instrument and test it on prospective science teachers using the Rasch Rating Scale Model. The study involved 81 second-semester students from the Science Education Study Program at Semarang State University (UNNES) and 59 students from UIN Salatiga. The instrument consists of 30 items, 10 essay questions, and 20 questionnaire statements measured using a four-point scale. Data were analyzed using the WINSTEPS Version 5.7.3.0 application. Content validity results show that all essay questions are valid, while 4 out of 20 questionnaire items are inconsistent and require revision. Construct validity analysis indicates that the essay questions account for 29% of the total variance, and the questionnaire explains 46%. The internal consistency (KR-20) is acceptable for essay questions (0.65) and very high for the questionnaire (0.83). Item reliability is excellent, with 0.92 for essay questions and 0.98 for the questionnaire. Item characteristics show a standard deviation of 0.35 for essay questions and 1.01 for the questionnaire. Reliability was evaluated using KR-20 for essay-based items and Cronbach’s Alpha for the questionnaire. This ensures consistency in reporting reliability across both test and non-test components. Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis reveals bias in several essay questions between groups, with low probability values and high DIF contrast. In contrast, the questionnaire items function similarly across both groups. Biased items were reviewed and revised. Overall, the instrument demonstrates strong reliability and is suitable for measuring digital literacy in prospective science teachers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: digital literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Rasch model
  topic: keywords
subject: prospective science teachers
  topic: keywords
creator: Erna Noor Savitri
creator: Sudarmin
creator: Murbangun Nuswowati
creator: Ani Rusilowati
creator: Endang Susilaningsih
creator: Sigit Saptono
creator: Roswanna Safkolam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Erna Noor Savitri, Sudarmin, Murbangun Nuswowati, Ani Rusilowati, Endang Susilaningsih, Sigit Saptono, Roswanna Safkolam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 79
ending page: 91
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.8.2026

Adaptive Regularisation Method for Solving Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind
type: item
description: This paper presented a comprehensive approach to the construction of a robust regularisation technique for solving the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the first kind, a class of problems frequently encountered in such areas of signal processing, inverse imaging, and control theory. The purpose of the study was to develop an efficient and reasonable procedure to regularise this type of equation, which improves the accuracy of solutions in conditions where standard methods are ineffective due to noise or nonlinear distortion. The study proposed a modification of Tikhonov’s method that uses nonlinear functionals that reflect the specific structure of the original problem. Furthermore, an algorithmic strategy for selecting the normative parameter was implemented, factoring in the a priori knowledge of the expected smoothness of the solution. This enabled the development of an efficient technique that adapts to diverse types of problems and provides stable performance even under challenging conditions. Numerous experiments were conducted on both synthetic and real datasets to verify the effectiveness of the method. The findings showed that the proposed approach considerably improves the decision accuracy and convergence rate compared to standard regulatory methods, even in the presence of strong noise in the data. The comparative analysis confirmed that the new method has advantages in terms of computational efficiency and ability to adapt to diverse types of kernels and functional settings. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrated a marked reduction of errors in the recovered functions as well as a stable convergence rate, even for high dimensional problems. The proposed scheme can automatically adapt to the different nature of noise and nonlinear distortion, which makes it a versatile tool for use in many applications that require high accuracy and efficiency in solving nonlinear integral equations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tikhonov approach
  topic: keywords
subject: inverse visualisation
  topic: keywords
subject: control theory
  topic: keywords
subject: signal processing
  topic: keywords
subject: noise distortion
  topic: keywords
creator: Gulmira Saparova
creator: Zirapa Abduvasieva
creator: Nurayim Momunova
creator: Tursunay Matkerimova
creator: Vilyura Tashmatova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Gulmira Saparova, Zirapa Abduvasieva, Nurayim Momunova, Tursunay Matkerimova, Vilyura Tashmatova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-07
publication date: 2025-08-07
starting page: 17
ending page: 32
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.2.2025

The Influence of Monoammonium Salt of Glycyrrhizinic Acid and Acetylsalicylic Acid on Cardiac and Hematological Processes in Rats with Experimental Myocarditis
type: item
description: This study investigated the effects of GLAS, a supramolecular complex composed of the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid and aspirin, on vascular-platelet hemostasis, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial function, respiratory chain enzyme activity, and the NO-ergic system in an experimental model of adrenaline-induced myocarditis. In vitro, GLAS and aspirin at concentrations of 10⁻² and 10⁻³ mg/mL significantly reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 2-3 times for aspirin and 2-5 times for GLAS. In vivo, GLAS transiently reduced platelet count and decreased adhesion by 42% and aggregation by 46%. Myocarditis led to a 98% increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), a key marker of LPO, while GLAS reduced MDA levels by 68% in myocardial cell homogenates and by 62.2% in cardiac mitochondria. Additionally, myocarditis impaired oxidative phosphorylation, reduced mitochondrial respiration, and inhibited succinate dehydrogenase and NAD dehydrogenase by 47.6% and 40.7%, respectively. GLAS and aspirin improved mitochondrial function, with GLAS showing greater efficacy in enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and stimulating enzyme activity. Moreover, myocarditis increased nitric oxide metabolite levels due to elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and GLAS more effectively reduced iNOS expression than aspirin, although it did not fully normalize the parameters. These findings suggest that GLAS, through its pronounced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, offers protective benefits to cardiac muscle cells in myocarditis and may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for cardiovascular complications associated with this condition.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Experimental myocarditis,
  topic: keywords
subject: Monoammonium glycyrrhizinate (MASGA),
  topic: keywords
subject: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA),
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidative stress,
  topic: keywords
subject: Myocardial injury,
  topic: keywords
subject: Heart inflammation
  topic: keywords
creator: Muslima Yunusova
creator: Surayyo Dalimova
creator: Sherali Kuziev
creator: Gulbahor Umarova
creator: Nigora Hamdamova
creator: Guzal Mukhammadjonova
creator: Mukhlisa Dadakhonova
creator: Sobir Khamroev
creator: Zaynieva Makhbuba
creator: Gafurov Maxmudjon
creator: Farkhod Eshboev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muslima Yunusova, Surayyo Dalimova, Sherali Kuziev, Gulbahor Umarova, Nigora Hamdamova, Guzal Mukhammadjonova, Mukhlisa Dadakhonova, Sobir Khamroev, Zaynieva Makhbuba, Gafurov Maxmudjon, Farkhod Eshboev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-20
publication date: 2025-06-20
starting page: 155
ending page: 167
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.1.14.2025

Unlocking the Potential of Calophyllum Xanthones: A Review on Antileukemic Activity and Molecular Docking Insights
type: item
description: The genus Calophyllum, a member of the Calophyllaceae family, has garnered increasing scientific attention due to its pharmacologically active constituents, particularly xanthones. This review consolidates current findings on xanthones isolated from Malaysian Calophyllum species, emphasizing their antileukemic potential. A total of 72 xanthones have been reported across various species, with the majority derived from stem bark and roots. Several xanthones such as caloxanthone B, ananixanthone, and brasixanthone B exhibit remarkable cytotoxic activity against leukemia cell lines, notably K562. The review also evaluates molecular docking interactions of 41 structurally characterized xanthones with two critical leukemia-related protein targets: cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2). Docking simulations revealed that calozeyloxanthone, xanthochymone B, and caloxanthone J demonstrated strong binding affinities toward these targets, by surpassing standard inhibitors abemaciclib and batimastat in silico. These findings corroborate existing in vitro data and highlight the therapeutic potential of Calophyllum-derived xanthones as dual-target inhibitors. The review outlines key pharmacophores contributing to bioactivity and underscores the promise of Malaysian Calophyllum species as reservoirs for novel antileukemic agents. Further preclinical and clinical evaluations are warranted to validate their efficacy and develop structure-optimized derivatives for cancer therapy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Calophyllum
  topic: keywords
subject: xanthone
  topic: keywords
subject: leukemia
  topic: keywords
subject: cyclin-dependent kinase 4
  topic: keywords
subject: matrix metalloproteinase-2
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular docking
  topic: keywords
creator: Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini
creator: Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh
creator: Abubakar Siddiq Salihu
creator: Bunleu Sungthong
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, Bunleu Sungthong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-06-28
publication date: 2025-06-28
starting page: 168
ending page: 186
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.1.15.2025

Immunoregulatory Impact of miR-124 and miR-223 on Some Immunological Parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis
type: item
description: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-lasting autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the synovium and the destruction of joints. This study evaluated the expression of miR-124 and miR-223 in RA patients and their association with key inflammatory markers: sCD28, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-40, MCP-1, and VEGF. One hundred eighty participants were enrolled, including 120 RA patients (newly diagnosed and biologically treated) and 60 healthy controls. Serum cytokine levels were measured using sandwich ELISA, and miRNA expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Results revealed significant, distinct yet overlapping dysregulation of miR-124 and miR-223 in RA patients in comparison to controls, influenced by inflammatory status, therapeutic intervention, and patient-specific factors. These alterations correlated positively with raised serum levels of IL-6, IL-17A, and VEGF, indicating active inflammation, immune activation, and angiogenesis. Biological therapy significantly reduced miRNA dysregulation and inflammatory marker levels, reflecting effective disease control. The expression profiles of miR-124 and miR-223 closely reflected both inflammatory activity and therapeutic response. The correlation between expression of miR-223 and pro-inflammatory mediators reinforce its role in supporting T-cell activation and immunogenic signaling, while the contrary pattern of miR-124 indicates a regulatory role in modulating inflammatory cascades and angiogenesis. The immunological indicators sCD28, MCP-1, IL-40, and VEGF illuminate the reciprocal influence of immune activation, chemotaxis, and vascular remodeling in the pathogenesis of RA. The study's outcomes substantiate miR-124 and miR-223 as consistent diagnostic biomarkers of RA. Moreover, the essential roles of related immunological markers in disease activity and therapeutic response. This study contributes to enhancing the importance of using miRNA in modifying the immune reaction by influencing the concentration and function of i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Immunoregulation
  topic: keywords
subject: MicroRNAs
  topic: keywords
subject: Pro-inflammatory cytokines
  topic: keywords
subject: sCD28
  topic: keywords
creator: Aya Sabah Hameed
creator: Rawaa AlChalabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Aya Sabah Hameed, Rawaa AlChalabi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-05
publication date: 2025-08-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 16
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.1.2025

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Alchemilla erzincanensis
type: item
description: This study aimed to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using Alchemilla erzincanensis extract and to evaluate their antimicrobial potential against selected bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using an environmentally friendly green synthesis approach based on the extract of A. erzincanensis, an endemic plant species in Turkiye. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. SEM analysis revealed that the AgNPs were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 34.24 to 48.43 nm. XRD results confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of the particles. EDX spectra indicated a high silver content. Antibacterial activity tests showed that the AgNPs exhibited notable inhibitory effects particularly against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and also demonstrated activity against resistant Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study is the first to report the use of A. erzincanensis for AgNP synthesis and highlights its potential contribution to the development of novel antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Silver nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Alchemilla erzincanensis
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Hüseyin Akşit
creator: Ömer Gergin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hüseyin Akşit, Ömer Gergin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-08-10
publication date: 2025-08-10
starting page: 48
ending page: 56
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.4.2025