Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters
type: channel
description: The Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters (J. Sci. Math. Lett.) [ISSN 2462-2052 / eISSN 2600-8718] is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, UPSI. Formerly, it was known as the Journal of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (ISSN 1985-7918). The journal aims to publish significant contributions in the fields of Applied Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics, as well as Science Education. Beginning in 2026, the journal will publish four issues annually in January, April, July, and October.
publisher: PKM UPSI
language: en
publication name: Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters
issn: 2462-2052
items: Study of the Granulability of Brown Coal Using Inorganic Binders
items: A Compartmental Model of Traffic Congestion with Adaptive Driver Behavior: Role of Awareness-Driven Interventions in Congestion Control
items: Performance and Environmental Assessment of Waste-Derived Construction Composites from Agricultural and Industrial Residues
items: Electrophoretic Polymorphism of Globulin Proteins and its Association with Nutritional and Physicochemical Traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
items: Food Waste in Schools: A Science Learning Activity for Fostering Sustainable Development Goals in a School Setting
items: Assessment of Blood Quality During Cold Storage: Correlating Electrical Impedance, Viscosity, and Cell Counts Using Impedance Spectroscopy
items: Developing an Integrated Framework for Creativity-Enhanced STEM Out-of-School Activities: A Case Study of Lanna Lantern Making
items: Dynamical Modeling of Climate-Related Financial Risk and the Interplay of Natural Disasters, Migration, and Loan Defaults
items: Design, Simulation, and Fabrication of a Fractal Square Microstrip Antenna Based on Spiral Slots with Dual-band Feature
items: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Homoveratrylamine-Based Derivatives Derived from Carboxylic Acids
items: The Impact of Coastal Forest Ecosystems on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Svēte River and its Tributaries under Anthropogenic Load: A Year-Long Assessment
items: Transient Wave Propagation and Reflection in Long Penstocks with Delay Effects and Boundary Layer Damping
items: Fostering Elementary Students’ Problem-Solving Skills and Scientific Mindset through Engineering Design: Evidence from a Rural STEM Camp in Thailand
items: Box-Wilson Optimization of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanamide Synthesis and Its Agrochemical Activity
items: Structural Framework of the Nyi Sindurejo Geothermal System Revealed by Gravity Data Analysis, East Java, Indonesia
items: Assessment Convergence: Teachers’ Praxis and Professional Needs in Mathematics
items: Coupled Effects of Viscoelasticity and Nanoparticle Dynamics on Mixed Convection of Brinkman Nanofluids
items: Biochemical Characterisation of Major Allergens in Tropical Fruits and Their Clinical Significance
items: Bioactivities of the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved.
items: Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Malaysian Clerodendrum Species: A Comparative Approach
items: Heat Transfer Analysis on Thin Film Flow in MHD Ternary Nanofluid Over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet with Radiation Effect
items: Synthesis of Novel 6-Acylamino-Benzimidazole Derivatives Derived from Carbendazim
items: Flipped Classroom in University-Level Mathematics: A Decade of Research Trends and Impact
items: Analysis of Academic Performance using Learning Management System (LMS) Data and Bayesian Network
items: Outlining Probable Fundamental Doctrine and Relations to Disasters in the Continental Crust
items: Unveiling the Phytochemical Richness of Guatemalan Spondias: Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential
items: Mathematical Assessment of Dengue Control Interventions in Cebu City, Philippines
items: Influence of Maturity Stage and Sampling Time on the Metabolite Profiles of Piper sarmentosum Using Optimized NMR Parameters
items: A Class of Vertex Decomposable Flag Simplicial Complexes
items: Dielectric and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Specialty Coffee Acidity, Moisture, and Oxidation

Study of the Granulability of Brown Coal Using Inorganic Binders
type: item
description: The aim of this research is to develop and evaluate a granulation technology for Kyrgyzstan's brown coal using inorganic binders, with the goal of improving its physical and mechanical properties. Experiments were conducted using a laboratory drum granulator with inorganic binders, preceded by analysis of physical and chemical properties, including elemental composition, ash content, calorific value, and particle size, of samples from the Kozho-Kelen and Kyzyl-Bulak deposits. Kyrgyzstan holds 24 billion tonnes of brown coal reserves (2.3 billion explored), with 2023 production reaching 4 million tonnes. Raw coal is characterised by moisture content of 40-50%, ash content of 12-15%, calorific value of 8-12 MJ/kg, and fine fractions (<5 mm) comprising 65-70%, with dust losses of up to 30%. Granulation with 10% inorganic binders raised the granulation coefficient to 85-95%, producing 4-8 mm granules with compressive strength up to 2.5 MPa (a 212% increase with Portland cement), reduced abrasiveness by 73% (to 12.3%), increased calorific value to 11.2 MJ/kg, and decreased porosity from 35% to 15%. The technology outperforms analogues from China (2.2 MPa, 18% ash) and Australia (2.0 MPa, 15% abrasiveness). Economic assessment for a 10,000 tonne/year operation shows savings of 2,500 tonnes of coal, an economic effect of USD 125,000, and a payback period of 1.5 years. At 50,000 tonnes/year, projected profit reaches USD 500,000. The technology raises brown coal value by 30-40%, supports environmental objectives, and aligns with Kyrgyzstan's national sustainable development priorities. The developed granulation technology offers significant economic and environmental benefits, supporting the sustainable development of the country's coal industry and reducing material losses and environmental pollution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mineral additives
  topic: keywords
subject: Dust formation
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic effect
  topic: keywords
subject: Regression model
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical and mechanical properties
  topic: keywords
creator: Tolgonai Dzholdosheva
creator: Shakarkan Djaparova
creator: Zulaika Ermekova
creator: Adulbek Kadyrkulov
creator: Salamat Abdramanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tolgonai Dzholdosheva, Shakarkan Djaparova, Zulaika Ermekova, Adulbek Kadyrkulov, Salamat Abdramanova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
starting page: 308
ending page: 319
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.11.2026

A Compartmental Model of Traffic Congestion with Adaptive Driver Behavior: Role of Awareness-Driven Interventions in Congestion Control
type: item
description: Urban traffic congestion imposes substantial societal costs through time delays, fuel waste, and environmental degradation. Traditional mathematical models often overlook the influence of driver awareness and adaptive behavior, despite their increasing relevance in the era of real-time traffic information systems. This study presents a novel SIR-based compartmental model that integrates behavioral adaptation by introducing an “Aware” class of drivers who modify their travel decisions to avoid congestion. Qualitative analysis confirms the model’s positivity and boundedness, while a stability analysis identifies a threshold condition governed by a basic congestion reproduction number, . Results indicate that when < 1, congestion dissipates over time, while > 1 leads to sustained congestion. Numerical simulations reveal that increasing the rate of awareness acquisition significantly lowers , reducing both the peak and duration of congestion. These findings highlight the potential of awareness-driven such as real-time traffic advisories and navigation systems, as effective and low-cost strategies for congestion mitigation.The results provide theoretical insights that can inform the design of integrated traffic management policies combining behavioral and infrastructure-based approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SIR model
  topic: keywords
subject: Adaptive behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Traffic congestion
  topic: keywords
subject: Basic reproduction number
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Numerical simulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonecis Dayap
creator: Fahad Al Basir
creator: Vincent L. Banot
creator: Jeanievic Idjao
creator: Mark Vincent Cortez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jonecis Dayap, Fahad Al Basir, Vincent L. Banot, Jeanievic Idjao, Mark Vincent Cortez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-06
publication date: 2026-05-06
starting page: 320
ending page: 329
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.12.2026

Performance and Environmental Assessment of Waste-Derived Construction Composites from Agricultural and Industrial Residues
type: item
description: This study addresses the growing need for sustainable construction materials by investigating the use of secondary raw materials to reduce environmental impact. The aim of the study is to evaluate and justify the use of industrial and agricultural waste in the production of construction composites with tailored physical and mechanical properties. A combination of experimental and computational methods was applied, including mechanical testing, thermophysical measurements, porometric analysis, and hydration monitoring. The results show that ash-based materials exhibit lower density and higher porosity, whereas slag-based composites demonstrate higher strength and improved frost resistance. Both material types showed improved environmental performance, including reduced CO₂ emissions, lower landfill burden, and increased waste utilisation. Additionally, waste-based materials achieved design strength in a shorter time compared to conventional construction materials. These findings confirm the potential of waste-derived materials for sustainable and efficient construction, contributing to resource conservation and reduced environmental impact in the building sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Composite
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary raw materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Pores
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal conductivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon footprint
  topic: keywords
creator: Alfred Lako
creator: Mikael Lako
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alfred Lako, Mikael Lako http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-11
publication date: 2026-04-11
starting page: 282
ending page: 293
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.9.2026

Electrophoretic Polymorphism of Globulin Proteins and its Association with Nutritional and Physicochemical Traits in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
type: item
description: The aim of the study was to assess the variability and structural features of chickpea globulin proteins across the electrophoretic zones ω, γ, β, and α. The research employed field observations, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, densitometric and spectrophotometric analyses, alongside statistical clustering methods. These techniques successfully distinguished four characteristic zones reflecting proteins of varying molecular masses, enabling a comprehensive assessment of intraspecific polymorphism. Our findings revealed that the high-molecular-weight ω-zone exhibits the greatest structural stability, whereas the γ-zone displays the highest variability, indicating the emergence of diverse globulin isoforms. The β-zone, representing the majority of the total protein complex, contained unique marker fractions, while the low-molecular-weight α-zone showed notable intensity variations across specific genotypes. A substantial proportion of the analyzed genotypes demonstrated unique protein fractions, reflecting a high level of genetic heterogeneity while confirming the fundamental structural role of specific, highly recurrent protein spectra. Ultimately, the identification of these distinct protein polymorphism patterns provides a novel, reliable biochemical marker system to accelerate the selection of genetically diverse, structurally resilient, and nutritionally enhanced chickpea cultivars in modern breeding programs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: electrophoretic analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: genetic diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: genotypes
  topic: keywords
subject: spectrum
  topic: keywords
subject: pattern
  topic: keywords
creator: Mahbuba Salmanova
creator: Gatiba Hasanova
creator: Akbar Karimov
creator: Saida Hasanova
creator: Sevinj Nuriyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mahbuba Salmanova, Gatiba Hasanova, Akbar Karimov, Saida Hasanova, Sevinj Nuriyeva http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-11
publication date: 2026-04-11
starting page: 294
ending page: 307
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.10.2026

Food Waste in Schools: A Science Learning Activity for Fostering Sustainable Development Goals in a School Setting
type: item
description: Food waste in school canteens represents a persistent environmental challenge with strong relevance to Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), yet it remains underutilised as a contextual driver for science learning. In many educational settings, including Thailand, science instruction continues to prioritise content acquisition over sustainability-oriented and transformative thinking. This study addresses this gap by designing and developing a context-based science learning activity on food waste for Grade 10 students, aimed at examining contextual needs, applying the Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Transformative Learning and Sustainable Development (PCK for TLSD) framework integrated with transformative learning theory, and refining the activity through expert validation. A qualitative developmental research approach was adopted, comprising four phases: needs analysis through literature review, activity design, expert evaluation via a Professional Learning Community, and iterative revision. The findings indicate a clear misalignment between sustainability policy aspirations and existing classroom practices. The resulting learning activity is structured within a seven-stage context-based STEM inquiry model, integrating the core components of PCK for TLSD with Mezirow’s transformative learning phases, where food waste functions as a disorienting dilemma to stimulate critical reflection and perspective transformation. Expert feedback affirmed the activity’s conceptual robustness, curricular relevance, and practical feasibility for classroom implementation. This study contributes a theoretically grounded and contextually relevant instructional design that advances the integration of sustainable development into science education. It demonstrates the potential of context-based and transformative approaches to move beyond rote learning towards meaningful engagement with real-world environmental issues. Further empirical investigation…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Food Waste
  topic: keywords
subject: Science Learning Activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Science Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: Transformative Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogical content knowledge
  topic: keywords
creator: Witsanu Suttiwan
creator: Pratuengsook Maneelam
creator: Chokchai Yuenyong
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Witsanu Suttiwan, Pratuengsook Maneelam, Chokchai Yuenyong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 265
ending page: 281
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.8.2026

Assessment of Blood Quality During Cold Storage: Correlating Electrical Impedance, Viscosity, and Cell Counts Using Impedance Spectroscopy
type: item
description: Cold storage of whole blood is essential to maintain the availability and safety of transfusion products; however, prolonged storage induces progressive biochemical and biophysical changes that compromise cellular integrity and functionality. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged as a promising non-invasive technique for detecting early microstructural changes in biological systems, yet its relationship with viscosity and hematological parameters during extended blood storage remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigates time-dependent variations in electrical impedance, blood viscosity, and hematological indices in whole blood preserved with acidic citrate dextrose (ACD) for up to 35 days, to evaluate EIS as an early indicator of storage-related degradation. Twenty-five units of whole blood were stored at 1–6°C and analyzed on Days 0, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Electrical impedance over a frequency range of 100 Hz–100 kHz, hematological parameters, and blood viscosity were determined using a digital impedance analyzer, an automated hematology analyzer, and a digital rotational viscometer, respectively. The results revealed a gradual decline in total electrical impedance, with the most pronounced changes occurring within the first seven days, suggesting early membrane injury and ionic redistribution. Significant decreases were observed in leukocyte, platelet, and hemoglobin levels, while red blood cell count and hematocrit remained relatively stable throughout the storage period. Blood viscosity exhibited minimal variation during the first 30 days but showed a slight increase by Day 35, indicating delayed rheological alteration. Importantly, EIS demonstrated greater sensitivity for detecting early degradation than viscosity measurements and conventional hematological parameters. These findings point to the advantages of EIS as a rapid, sensitive monitoring tool for evaluating the quality and stability of stored blood in transfusion pract…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electrical impedance spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: whole blood storage
  topic: keywords
subject: blood viscosity
  topic: keywords
subject: cell count
  topic: keywords
subject: impedance analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Viranita Qurotul Aini
creator: Chomsin Sulistya Widodo
creator: Ekowati Retnaningtyas
creator: Joel Rey U. Acob
creator: Unggul Pundjung Juswono
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Viranita Qurotul Aini, Chomsin Sulistya Widodo, Ekowati Retnaningtyas, Joel Rey U. Acob, Unggul Pundjung Juswono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 213
ending page: 221
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.4.2026

Developing an Integrated Framework for Creativity-Enhanced STEM Out-of-School Activities: A Case Study of Lanna Lantern Making
type: item
description: This study addresses the lack of a coherent framework that integrates STEM instruction, creativity development, and culturally responsive pedagogy within out-of-school learning contexts. A three-phase Design and Development Research approach was adopted. Phase one involved documentary analysis and expert consultation to identify STEM elements embedded in traditional Lanna lantern making. Phase two focused on systematic framework construction by aligning a seven-stage STEM inquiry model with an A-to-E creativity framework. Phase three consisted of expert validation through a structured focus group involving five purposively selected specialists, applying a consensus-based evaluation with an 80% agreement threshold. The findings demonstrated substantial STEM integration across science, technology, engineering, and mathematics domains, particularly in light transmission, material properties and selection, structural design, and geometric measurement. The resulting framework was translated into a six-hour instructional module comprising 20 structured sub-activities for upper primary learners, with explicit alignment between STEM inquiry processes and creativity indicators. Expert evaluation confirmed the framework’s conceptual coherence, cultural relevance, and practical feasibility for implementation. This study provides a validated pedagogical framework that systematically integrates creativity and inquiry-based STEM learning within a culturally meaningful out-of-school setting. The framework offers educators a practical tool for designing contextualised STEM experiences that promote creative thinking alongside structured investigation. Future research should focus on empirical implementation with students to evaluate learning outcomes and creativity enhancement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: STEM education
  topic: keywords
subject: creative thinking
  topic: keywords
subject: out-of-school activities
  topic: keywords
subject: culturally responsive teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: integrated framework
  topic: keywords
subject: Lanna lantern
  topic: keywords
creator: Pathompong Chummongkol
creator: Chockchai Yuenyong
creator: Jiraporn Tupsai
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pathompong Chummongkol, Jiraporn Tupsai, Chockchai Yuenyong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 153
ending page: 162
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.13.2026

Dynamical Modeling of Climate-Related Financial Risk and the Interplay of Natural Disasters, Migration, and Loan Defaults
type: item
description: The global financial system is at risk of experiencing systemic crises due to climate change and the combined impacts of higher natural disaster-related losses, migration pressures, and deterioration in loan default rates. A deterministic dynamical systems model is developed in this study to analyze the factors of climate change-related loss, people migration dynamics, credit default behavior, and financial sector strength. The model, based on a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations aligned with the principles of economic and ecological dynamics, made it possible to see how the financial system might be influenced by environmental interventions in the long run. The qualitative study confirmed that the model possesses certain very critical qualities, such as positivity, boundedness, and local stability of equilibria. Consequently, a semi-analytical decomposition solution for the same was obtained using the Adomian Decomposition Method. Numerical simulations are presented as a means to demonstrate how the system dynamics respond to variations in the critical parameters and are also employed in situations that are significant for policymaking. The results show the nonlinearity and interconnectedness of climate-induced financial risk, thereby indicating the necessity for maintaining financial flexibility through adaptive policy frameworks that cater to the changing climate conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate-related financial risks
  topic: keywords
subject: Dynamic modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural disasters
  topic: keywords
subject: Differential model
  topic: keywords
creator: Sunday Onos Edeki
creator: Ozioma Ogoegbulem
creator: Ini Adinya
creator: Imekela Donaldson Ezekiel
creator: Chaudry Masood Khalique
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Onos Edeki, Ozioma Ogoegbulem, Ini Adinya, Imekela Donaldson Ezekiel, Chaudry Masood Khalique http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 250
ending page: 264
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.7.2026

Design, Simulation, and Fabrication of a Fractal Square Microstrip Antenna Based on Spiral Slots with Dual-band Feature
type: item
description: Microstrip antennas offer versatile operational capabilities, including wideband, dual-band, multiband, and compact configurations, depending on the geometry of the radiating patch. Fractal concepts have emerged as an effective approach for reconfiguring antenna patches to enhance bandwidth and multiband performance. In this study, a novel fractal-patch microstrip antenna is proposed to achieve wideband characteristics suitable for multifunctional wireless communication applications. The antenna employs a square fractal patch incorporating etched spiral slots and semicircular cuts at each corner, with overall dimensions of 79 × 50 × 1.59 mm³. The design was simulated using Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) based on the finite element method (FEM). Key performance parameters, including input impedance, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, surface current distribution, and radiation patterns, were analysed. The proposed antenna demonstrates dual-band characteristics, resonating at 4.23 GHz and 7.13 GHz within the C-band region. Simulated results show VSWR values of 1.17 and 1.06 at 4.01 GHz and 7.10 GHz, respectively, indicating good impedance matching and stable radiation performance. Fabricated antenna measurements were conducted and compared with simulation results, showing satisfactory agreement. The proposed fractal-patch microstrip antenna exhibits reliable dual-band operation and favourable radiation characteristics, making it suitable for C-band applications such as satellite communication, internet telecommunication, and mobile feeder systems. Its stable performance under varying weather conditions further supports its potential for practical wireless communication services.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Microstrip Antennas
  topic: keywords
subject: Square Patch
  topic: keywords
subject: Fractal Antennas
  topic: keywords
subject: HFSS Software
  topic: keywords
subject: C-bands
  topic: keywords
subject: Dual band
  topic: keywords
creator: Akeel Sami Tahir
creator: Doha Al-Feadh
creator: Wa’il A. Godaymi Al-Tumah
creator: Alistair P. Duffy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Akeel Sami Tahir, Wa’il A. Godaymi Al-Tumah, Alistair P. Duffy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-22
publication date: 2026-02-22
starting page: 163
ending page: 173
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.14.2026

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Homoveratrylamine-Based Derivatives Derived from Carboxylic Acids
type: item
description: Condensation reactions between homoveratrilamine and various carboxylic acids provide an efficient route to structurally diverse amide and isoquinoline derivatives with potential biological activity. In this study, a series of amides and 1-substituted dihydro- and tetrahydroisoquinolines were synthesized from homoveratrilamine and itaconic acid, mandelic acid, cinnamic acid, m-iodobenzoic acid, 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid. Amides (4, 5, and 12) and 1-substituted dihydro- (6, 13-16) and tetrahydroisoquinolines (17) were successfully obtained. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro using the MTT assay against four human cancer cell lines cervical carcinoma (HeLa), mammary adenocarcinoma (HBL-100), laryngeal adenocarcinoma (HEp-2), and T-lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-CEM) as well as three non-malignant cell lines, including African green monkey kidney (Vero B) cells, rat embryonic fibroblasts, and rat hepatocytes. The antitumor drug cisplatin was used as a positive control. Proliferative activity was identified for dihydroisoquinolines differing in substituents in the aromatic moiety. This effect emerged and increased in the following order: iodophenyl < dichloro < dinitro < dimethoxy. The transition from dihydroisoquinoline 15 to tetrahydroisoquinoline 17, while retaining the iodophenyl fragment in the structure, also led to the appearance of proliferative properties in cervical carcinoma cells, resulting in an 18% increase in proliferation. Among all tested derivatives, the itaconic acid-based dihydroisoquinolines 6 exhibited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity against HeLa, HBL-100, and HEp-2 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 24.9, 13.1, and 27.1 μM, respectively. Notably, it exhibited considerably lower cytotoxicity toward Vero B cells and hepatocytes, with IC₅₀ values of 95.9 and 100 μM, respectively; however, it proved to be highly toxic to skin fibroblasts (IC₅₀ = 12.6 μM). These results indicate that the …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Isoquinoline derivatives
  topic: keywords
subject: Homoveratrylamine
  topic: keywords
subject: Carboxylic acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Cytotoxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: Сancer cell
  topic: keywords
creator: Mukaddas Umarova Umarova
creator: Ekaterina Terenteva
creator: Ziroat Urunbaeva
creator: Umida Khamidova
creator: Elvira Yusupova
creator: Valentina Vinogradova
creator: Abdusalom Saidov
creator: Shakhnoz Azimova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mukaddas Umarova Umarova , Ekaterina Terenteva, Ziroat Urunbaeva, Umida Khamidova, Elvira Yusupova, Valentina Vinogradova, Abdusalom Saidov, Shakhnoz Azimova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 203
ending page: 212
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.3.2026

The Impact of Coastal Forest Ecosystems on the Hydrochemical Characteristics of Svēte River and its Tributaries under Anthropogenic Load: A Year-Long Assessment
type: item
description: The aim of the research was to assess the impact of coastal forest ecosystems on the hydrochemical characteristics of the Svēte River and its tributaries. The methodology involved year-long monitoring at 16 sites with monthly water sampling and laboratory analysis of physicochemical parameters. The results revealed a pronounced seasonal pattern of nitrogen concentrations, with maximum values during the winter-spring period (up to 14.0 mg/L) and minimum values in summer (around 1.0 mg/L). Phosphorus concentrations showed high spatial variability, with extreme peaks of up to 43.0 mg/L in the estuarine zone and background levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 mg/L. Riparian buffer zones wider than 15 m with continuous forest cover reduced nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations by 61% and 76%, respectively, compared with sites lacking buffer vegetation. Stability of the acid-base balance (pH 7.0-8.2) and dissolved oxygen content (8-12 mg/L) was observed, along with the absence of excessive heavy metal concentrations. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of coastal forest ecosystems in mitigating agricultural nutrient inputs and support their application in river basin water quality management and buffer zone restoration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nitrogen
  topic: keywords
subject: Phosphorus
  topic: keywords
subject: Eutrophication
  topic: keywords
subject: Buffer zones
  topic: keywords
subject: Seasonal dynamics
  topic: keywords
creator: Anda Bakute
creator: Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva
creator: Paula Miezaka
creator: Kristaps Siltumens
creator: Inga Grinfelde
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Anda Bakute, Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Paula Miezaka, Kristaps Siltumens, Inga Grinfelde http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 140
ending page: 152
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.12.2026

Transient Wave Propagation and Reflection in Long Penstocks with Delay Effects and Boundary Layer Damping
type: item
description: This study examined wave propagation and reflection in long, pressurised penstocks, ranging from 3 to 4 km, within high-head hydropower systems in Albania to address challenges in transient flow dynamics for enhanced design and operational safety. A modified one-dimensional model based on the Method of Characteristics (MOC) was developed, incorporating wall elasticity, unsteady friction, and wave travel delays, with analytical and numerical simulations conducted to assess their impacts. The results indicated a wave travel delay of 11.7% (3.44 s versus 3.08 s predicted by the classical model), accompanied by a phase shift of 0.33 rad at 0.13 Hz. Peak surge pressures were also reduced by 17.8% (176 m instead of 214 m), with cumulative attenuation reaching up to 26% over an 85 s interval. This damping effect was attributed to the progressive growth of the viscous boundary layer, reaching a thickness of ~0.057 m within 12 s, as well as the influence of unsteady friction. In pumped-storage operating scenarios, the model further showed that negative pressures were alleviated by 20% (-43 m compared with -54 m), highlighting the combined role of delay and damping mechanisms in surge wave mitigation. The study concludes that integrating these factors is essential for optimising surge protection, improving turbine regulation, and ensuring structural integrity in Albania’s high-head hydropower systems. Hydropower engineers and system designers in Albania can use the research results to optimise surge protection, enhance turbine regulation, and improve the structural safety of long penstock systems in high-head hydropower plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transient flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Water hammer
  topic: keywords
subject: Viscous damping
  topic: keywords
subject: Wavefront dispersion
  topic: keywords
subject: Surge protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Fahri Maho
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fahri Maho http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-18
publication date: 2026-02-18
starting page: 124
ending page: 139
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.11.2026

Fostering Elementary Students’ Problem-Solving Skills and Scientific Mindset through Engineering Design: Evidence from a Rural STEM Camp in Thailand
type: item
description: Despite growing emphasis on STEM education globally, rural regions in developing countries continue to face persistent equity gaps in science learning opportunities. Science camps offer promising yet underexplored approaches to enhance STEM competencies in resource-constrained settings. This pilot study examined effects of a short-term, intensive STEM-based science camp on enhancing problem-solving skills and scientific mindset among elementary students in resource-constrained context. Using a one-group pretest - post-test design, 30 sixth-grade students from a border school in Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand, participated in a two-day intervention structured around the Engineering Design Process (EDP). The science camp featured three integrated hands-on stations: Wind-Powered Vehicle Design, Solar System Modelling, and Boat Buoyancy Challenge. Problem-solving skills were measured pre- and post-intervention using a 12-item validated test. Scientific mindset was assessed post-intervention using a 14-item scale. Analyses included dependent t-test with effect sizes and thematic analysis of observations. Result from the Problem-solving Ability Test indicated statistically significant improvement from pretest (M=5.50, SD=1.68) to post-test (M=8.07, SD=2.15), t(29)=7.048, p<.01, d=1.33, representing a large effect. Improvements occurred across all dimensions: problem identification, analysis, solution generation, and evaluation. Students demonstrated high scientific mindset levels (M=51.83/70, 74%), with consistent gains observed across problem identification, analysis, solution generation, and evaluation dimensions. Qualitative thematic analysis further revealed that the EDP framework provided a critical scaffold for “productive struggle,” enabling students to engage in collaborative iteration and view failure as a learning opportunity. These findings suggest that well-designed, STEM camps can serve as effective, scalable models for mitigating educational peripheralizat…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: STEM education
  topic: keywords
subject: problem-solving skills
  topic: keywords
subject: scientific mindset
  topic: keywords
subject: engineering design process (EDP)
  topic: keywords
subject: rural education
  topic: keywords
subject: science camps
  topic: keywords
creator: Thidaporn Souysaart
creator: Pairoh Sohsomboon
creator: Surapong Rattana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Thidaporn Souysaart, Pairoh Sohsomboon, Surapong Rattana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 222
ending page: 235
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.5.2026

Box-Wilson Optimization of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)propanamide Synthesis and Its Agrochemical Activity
type: item
description: Benzimidazole derivatives are considered to be compounds with potential biological activity. It is important to synthesize their derivatives with high yields, select biologically active compounds from the synthesized compounds, and optimize the synthesis process of the selected compounds. The aim of this study was to obtain a new benzimidazole derivative, N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide, as a promising biologically active compound, by nitration of N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide and to optimize the synthesis conditions. To increase the yield of the target product, the reaction conditions were optimized using a mathematical design of experiments approach (Box-Wilson method). The main technological parameters such as optimal temperature (0°C), reaction time (5 hours), molar ratio of reagents (1:6:9), and yield (85.3%) were determined; a regression model was constructed and optimal synthesis conditions were created. The structure of the synthesized compound was characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. In addition, N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) propionamide showed significant activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum (33.3%) and Aspergillus niger (26.6%). It showed 100% inhibition of herbicidal activity in wheat and cucumber seedlings. In this study, for the first time, optimized conditions were identified for the synthesis of N-(5-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)propionamide in high yield. The obtained data demonstrate significant biological activity of the compound and highlight its potential as a promising lead for the development of new agrochemicals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nitration
  topic: keywords
subject: Box-Wilson method
  topic: keywords
subject: Design of experiments (DoE)
  topic: keywords
subject: Agrochemical benzimidazoles
  topic: keywords
subject: Fungicidal activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Herbicidal activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Sarvar Saidov
creator: Elyor Raxmatov
creator: Rikhsibay Karimov
creator: Elvira Kurbanova
creator: Askar Abdurazakov
creator: Nemat Olimov
creator: Khurshidakhon Nabieva
creator: Davron Arabov
creator: Chori Elmuradov
creator: Shamansur Sagdullaev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Raxmatov, Rikhsibay Karimov, Elvira Kurbanova, Askar Abdurazakov, Nemat Olimov, Khurshidakhon Nabieva, Davron Arabov, Chori Elmuradov, Shamansur Sagdullaev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 174
ending page: 180
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.15.2026

Structural Framework of the Nyi Sindurejo Geothermal System Revealed by Gravity Data Analysis, East Java, Indonesia
type: item
description: The “Nyi Sindurejo” geothermal manifestation in Batu City, East Java, is an atypical geothermal feature. It is located in the central part of Batu City, relatively distant from the active volcanic center. Although it is close to the Kasinan and Songgoriti geothermal systems, no previous specific geoscientific study has evaluated its structural framework and geothermal potential. This study aims to analyze the structural controls of Nyi Sindurejo and assess its possible relationship with adjacent geothermal systems. We utilized Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to extract geomorphological lineaments and GGMplus data to examine anomaly contrasts. Lineaments were identified and mapped based on topographic features. The gravity data were analyzed to delineate subsurface density differences. Geomorphological lineament analysis reveals a dominant N-S trend with a secondary NNW-SSE orientation. No structural trends appear to connect Nyi Sindurejo with the Kasinan-Songgoriti geothermal systems. The residual Bouguer anomaly indicates local variations in subsurface density without significant continuity toward adjacent geothermal areas It represents a local system rather than being connected to the nearby Songgoriti-Kasinan geothermal areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nyi Sindurejo
  topic: keywords
subject: Lineament analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Kasinan-Songgoriti
  topic: keywords
subject: GGMplus Gravity Data
  topic: keywords
subject: Batu geothermal area
  topic: keywords
creator: Laily Nur Hofi
creator: Sukir Maryanto
creator: Adi Susilo
creator: Agus Naba
creator: Didik Rahadi Santoso
creator: Herman Tolle
creator: Justinus Satrio
creator: Emad M. H. Takla
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Laily Nur Hofi, Sukir Maryanto, Adi Susilo, Agus Naba, Didik Rahadi Santoso, Herman Tolle, Justinus Satrio, Emad M. H. Takla http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 69
ending page: 78
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.7.2026

Assessment Convergence: Teachers’ Praxis and Professional Needs in Mathematics
type: item
description: This study investigated the preparedness, instructional practices, and professional development needs of elementary mathematics teachers to inform the design of a capacity-building program aimed at enhancing instructional quality and assessment alignment with the National Achievement Test (NAT). Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered from 35 mathematics teachers across 18 public elementary schools in one city division in the Philippines. A validated researcher-made questionnaire measured preparedness across four domains: content knowledge, pedagogical strategies, assessment practices, and NAT alignment. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests, while qualitative responses were subjected to thematic analysis. Findings revealed that teachers demonstrated high preparedness in content, pedagogy, and assessment but expressed very high training needs, particularly in assessment literacy and NAT alignment. Years of teaching experience showed a significant relationship with content knowledge, while sex was associated with differences in content and pedagogical preparedness. Other demographic factors such as age, position, and educational attainment showed no significant influence. Qualitative results highlighted major instructional challenges, including pupils’ poor problem-solving skills, lack of mastery in basic operations, and limited learning resources. Teachers also emphasized misalignment between classroom assessments and NAT competencies. The study concludes that teacher preparedness in mathematics is multidimensional and shaped by continuous professional learning rather than demographic attributes. It recommends a comprehensive professional development program focused on assessment design, test alignment, and pedagogical innovation to strengthen instructional quality and improve mathematics achievement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teaching Mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics in the Elementary
  topic: keywords
subject: National Achievement Test
  topic: keywords
subject: Assessment in Mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: Elementary Mathematics
  topic: keywords
creator: Vincent Banot
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vincent Banot http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-07
publication date: 2025-12-07
starting page: 184
ending page: 197
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.14.2025

Coupled Effects of Viscoelasticity and Nanoparticle Dynamics on Mixed Convection of Brinkman Nanofluids
type: item
description: Low thermal conductivity limits the effectiveness of conventional heat transfer fluids in industrial settings. Researchers have investigated modified fluid-based strategies to get around this. The mixed convection of a viscoelastic Brinkman nanofluid passing over a horizontal circular cylinder is examined in this work. The equations were simplified by using the Buongiorno nanofluid model and the necessary non-dimensional and similarity transformations. The Keller-Box Method (KBM), which is implemented in Matlab package, was then used to solve the equations numerically. In addition to the profiles of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction, numerical solutions are provided and analysed for the coefficient of skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, and the viscoelasticity, Lewis number, Brownian number, buoyancy ratio parameter, and thermophoresis parameter for each of the governing parameters. Numerical solutions are presented and analysed for the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and Sherwood number alongside the profiles of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fraction for different governing parameters, specifically the viscoelasticity, Brownian number, buoyancy ratio parameter, and thermophoresis parameter. The numerical findings unequivocally indicate that an increase in the viscoelastic parameter results in a significant decrease in the skin friction coefficient, attributed to the inhibition of momentum diffusion near the cylinder surface caused by the elastic characteristic in the fluid.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Convective
  topic: keywords
subject: Brinkman
  topic: keywords
subject: Buongiorno
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanofluids
  topic: keywords
subject: Viscoelasticity
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdul Rahman Mohd Kasim
creator: Siti Farah Haryatie Mohd Kanafiah
creator: Nurizzatul Atikha Rahmat
creator: Adeosun Adeshina Taofeeq
creator: Nurul Amira Zainal
creator: Farahanie Fauzi
creator: Livia Owen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Rahman Mohd Kasim, Siti Farah Haryatie Mohd Kanafiah, Nurizzatul Atikha Rahmat, Adeosun Adeshina Taofeeq, Nurul Amira Zainal, Farahanie Fauzi, Livia Owen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 181
ending page: 191
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.1.2026

Biochemical Characterisation of Major Allergens in Tropical Fruits and Their Clinical Significance
type: item
description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical properties and clinical significance of immunoreactive proteins from tropical fruits in the Republic of Poland. The methodology included protein extraction from mango, pineapple, papaya, and kiwi, followed by electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE, 2D electrophoresis), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and immunological tests (ELISA and western blotting) using sera from 56 patients with confirmed fruit allergies. The results showed clear differences in protein composition, with kiwi and mango exhibiting the highest number and intensity of protein fractions (36 and 31 spots, respectively) in the mass range of 10–80 kDa and pI 4.5–6.8. A total of 14 unique proteins with high homology (68–95%) to known allergens, including profilins, thaumatin-like proteins, actinidin, papain, and bromelain, were identified. In kiwi and mango, more than 80% of patients demonstrated high IgE reactivity, resistance to heat and enzymatic treatment, and a significant correlation (p = 0.84, p < 0.001) between protein stability and immunoreactivity. Papaya and pineapple showed lower reactivity (less than 50%) and greater sensitivity to processing. Kiwi proteins (especially actinidin and profilin) showed the strongest immunoreactivity, which persisted after treatment. Cross-sensitisation to several fruits was detected in 21.4% of patients, mainly involving structurally stable proteins. Overall, the findings establish the high clinical significance of kiwi and mango allergens and highlight the need for molecular diagnostics and personalised recommendations for sensitised patients.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cross-sensitisation
  topic: keywords
subject: protein diversity
  topic: keywords
subject: IgE reactivity
  topic: keywords
subject: resistance to treatment
  topic: keywords
subject: cysteine proteases
  topic: keywords
subject: component diagnostics
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Zofia Lisiecka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Zofia Lisiecka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 158
ending page: 173
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.12.2025

Bioactivities of the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved.
type: item
description: Endophytic fungi, which inhabit plant tissues, are renowned for their capacity to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, six endophytic fungal isolates were derived from the medicinal plant Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved., native to Uzbekistan, and their secondary metabolites were evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Three fungal isolates exhibiting antibacterial activity were identified through ITS gene sequencing. Ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria doliconidium, Preussia africana, and Alternaria alternata exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of between 15.43 ± 0.20 mm and 24.4 ± 0.36 mm. Furthermore, P. africana and A. alternata extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HEp-2, HBL-100, and CCRF-CEM. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of A. doliconidium, P. africana, and A. alternata extracts revealed 30, 23, and 44 compounds, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as sustainable sources of novel bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications. The sustainability of bioactive compound production by endophytes offers a promising path toward eco-friendly and economically viable solutions for pharmaceuticals and agricultural practices.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved
  topic: keywords
subject: endophytic fungi
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary metabolites
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial
  topic: keywords
subject: cytotoxicity
  topic: keywords
subject: GC-MS
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamila Mardieva
creator: Farkhod Eshboev
creator: Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov
creator: Akhror Abdurashidov
creator: Asadali Baymirzaev
creator: Mukaddas Umarova
creator: Umida Khamidova
creator: Elvira Yusupova
creator: Zilola Kabirova
creator: Sherali Kuziev
creator: Feruzbek Khasanov
creator: Octavio Calvo-Gomez
creator: Dilfuza Egamberdieva
creator: Shamansur Sagdullaev
creator: Shakhnoz Azimova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kamila Mardieva, Farkhod Eshboev, Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov, Akhror Abdurashidov, Asadali Baymirzaev, Mukaddas Umarova, Umida Khamidova, Elvira Yusupova, Zilola Kabirova, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Octavio Calvo-Gomez, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Shamansur Sagdullaev, Shakhnoz Azimova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-22
publication date: 2025-11-22
starting page: 132
ending page: 144
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.10.2025

Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Malaysian Clerodendrum Species: A Comparative Approach
type: item
description: The genus Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae), widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, has traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, skin disorders, hypertension, and infections. Despite their ethnomedicinal relevance, scientific validation of their pharmacological properties remains limited for many species. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivities of extracts from four Clerodendrum species: Clerodendrum nutans, C. myrmecophilum, C. paniculatum, and C. disparifolium. The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant, antityrosinase, and anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and total phenolic content (TPC), while antityrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using mushroom tyrosinase and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition assays, respectively. Among the species tested, the leaf extract of C. paniculatum exhibited the strongest bioactivities, with a DPPH IC50 value of 79.5 μg/mL, TPC of 135.2 mg GAE/g, tyrosinase inhibition of 82.5%, and lipoxygenase inhibition of 66.8%. These findings suggest that C. paniculatum may serve as a promising natural source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for potential therapeutic or cosmetic applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Lamiaceae
  topic: keywords
subject: Clerodendrum
  topic: keywords
subject: antioxidant
  topic: keywords
subject: tyrosinase
  topic: keywords
subject: lipoxygenase
  topic: keywords
creator: Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor
creator: Fatimah Mohamed
creator: Mazatul Azrin Rahman
creator: Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim
creator: Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini
creator: Ainur Hanie Zainudin
creator: Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh
creator: Salam Ahmed Abed
creator: Sherali Kuziev
creator: Feruzbek Khasanov
creator: Alfred Ngenge Tamfu
creator: Arwa R. Althaher
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nor Nafizah Mohd Noor, Fatimah Mohamed, Mazatul Azrin Rahman, Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim, Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Ainur Hanie Zainudin, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Salam Ahmed Abed, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Alfred Ngenge Tamfu, Arwa R. Althaher http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 29
ending page: 34
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.3.2026

Heat Transfer Analysis on Thin Film Flow in MHD Ternary Nanofluid Over an Unsteady Stretching Sheet with Radiation Effect
type: item
description: This study investigates heat transfer enhancement in a thin film flow over an unsteady stretching sheet by employing ternary nanofluids comprising three different nanoparticles suspended in water. Recognizing the limitations of conventional nanofluids, this research explores the synergistic effects of these nanoparticles to optimize heat transfer efficiency. Considering the significance of radiation in high-temperature applications, the study incorporates radiation heat transfer effects for accurate temperature predictions. Using similarity transformations, the governing equations are converted into a system of ordinary differential equations, which are then numerically resolved using Matlab's bvp4c solver. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to examine the combined effects of radiation, magnetic fields, and nanoparticle composition on heat transfer properties in order to further improve heat transfer. By analyzing the impact of key parameters such as radiation, film thickness, nanoparticle volume fraction, suction/injection, magnetic field, and unsteadiness on skin friction, local Nusselt number, velocity, and temperature profiles, the study identifies optimal conditions for maximizing heat transfer efficiency. The findings suggest that thermal field of ternary nanofluid improves via radiation, stretching and Alumina nanoparticle parameters. Results also show that the optimized heat transfer involves a minimum Alumina nanoparticle parameter at the highest stretching and radiation parameters. This research provides valuable insights into the design and development of efficient thermal management systems in various applications, including aerospace, energy, and industrial sectors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Thin Film Flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Response Surface Methodology
  topic: keywords
subject: Radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ternary Nanofluid
  topic: keywords
creator: Nur Syazana Anuar
creator: Al-Nurul Amni Athirah Hasbullah
creator: Nur Adilah Liyana Aladdin
creator: Norfifah Bachok
creator: Zeeshan Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Syazana Anuar, Al-Nurul Amni Athirah Hasbullah, Nur Adilah Liyana Aladdin, Norfifah Bachok, Zeeshan Khan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 236
ending page: 249
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.6.2026

Synthesis of Novel 6-Acylamino-Benzimidazole Derivatives Derived from Carbendazim
type: item
description: Benzimidazole derivatives possess potential biological activity, and modern methods are required for the synthesis of new derivatives in high yields. The aim of this study was to obtain new benzimidazole derivatives through acylation of carbendazim (1) with aliphatic carboxylic acids, then carry out the reactions of nitration, reduction and acylation of acyl-derivatives, and studying chemical structure and cytotoxic activity of the obtained compounds. The resulting acyl compounds (2 and 3) were nitrated to synthesize 6-nitro derivatives (4 and 5) in high yields. Their reduction gave 6-aminobenzimidazole derivatives (6 and 7), respectively. The yield of the synthesized compound (6) was 72.1%, and that of compound (7) was 93%. Compounds (6) and (7) were acylated with aliphatic carboxylic acids to obtain bis-acyl products. It is worth noting that selective acylation of the amino group at position 6 of the benzimidazole molecule led to the formation of amides (8-14) in 79-92% yields. Only the reaction of compound (6) with glacial acetic acid led to the formation of triacetamide (8) in 92% yield. The synthesized all compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. Additionally, synthesized benzimidazole derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (BT-20, MDA-MB-231, HCC1395) and the noncancerous HEK293 line using the MTT assay. Most compounds showed low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ > 50 μM), while derivatives (9) and (10) exhibited moderate activity suggesting that the presence of ethyl (9) or propyl (10) groups at position 2 of the imidazole ring influences the anticancer potential.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: benzimidazole derivatives; carbendazim; acylation; aliphatic carboxylic acids; nitration; reduction; acyl products
  topic: keywords
creator: Shohrux Kubayev
creator: Askar Abdurazakov
creator: Sarvar Saidov
creator: Elyor Rakhmatov
creator: Aleksey Koval
creator: Vladimir Katanaev
creator: Khayrulla Bobakulov
creator: Nilufar Mamadalieva
creator: Burkhon Elmuradov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shohrux Kubayev, Askar Abdurazakov, Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Rakhmatov, Aleksey Koval, Vladimir Katanaev, Khayrulla Bobakulov, Nilufar Mamadalieva, Burkhon Elmuradov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-26
publication date: 2025-11-26
starting page: 145
ending page: 157
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.11.2025

Flipped Classroom in University-Level Mathematics: A Decade of Research Trends and Impact
type: item
description: This bibliometric analysis investigates the adoption and development of the flipped classroom approach in university mathematics education using 165 Scopus-indexed journal articles published between 2014 and 2024. The research, conducted using Biblioshiny in R, examines publication trends, key contributors, and thematic patterns via co-citation networks and keyword mapping. Results demonstrate a steady increase in research output, particularly subsequent to 2020, driven by the shift toward blended and online learning. Dominant themes include student engagement, digital learning tools, and curriculum design, with an emerging emphasis on artificial intelligence and adaptive learning technologies. Citation analysis identifies foundational studies but highlights critical research gaps, including the need for standardized assessment frameworks, evaluation of long-term learning outcomes, and broader implementation across diverse mathematical subfields. This study provides a structured overview of the field and identifies directions for future inquiry, supporting educators and policymakers in advancing evidence-based teaching strategies in university-level Mathematics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Flipped classroom
  topic: keywords
subject: university-level mathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: bibliometric analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: 21st Century Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Amirul Aizad Ahmad Fuad
creator: Ashraff Ruslan
creator: Anam
creator: Mujahid Abdullahi
creator: Yunusa Aliyu Hadejia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amirul Aizad Ahmad Fuad, Ashraff Ruslan, Anam, Mujahid Abdullahi, Yunusa Aliyu Hadejia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 92
ending page: 113
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.9.2026

Analysis of Academic Performance using Learning Management System (LMS) Data and Bayesian Network
type: item
description: Learning Management Systems (LMS) have become integral tools in higher education, generating vast amounts of data that can be leveraged to analyze and enhance academic performance. Despite the abundance of this data, effectively harnessing it to understand complex relationships between learning activities and student outcomes remains a challenge. This paper explores the application of Bayesian Network (BN), a powerful technique in Educational Data Mining (EDM) to model and predict student outcomes using LMS data. BN provides a probabilistic framework to explore how various learning analytics variables influence academic success. Using LMS data from an online undergraduate Mathematics course, the model investigated the impact of student engagement, resource utilization, and participation on exam grades. The results show that consistent attendance (88%), active participation in lecturing sessions (85%), and involvement in online mathematical laboratory activities (62%), despite lower engagement in other areas such as assessments and gamification, are strongly associated with favourable final exam outcomes (62% achieving ‘Good’ or ‘Excellent’ grades). Numerical simulations were conducted to explore future student outcomes by manipulating key variables, demonstrating the potential of improved learning strategies such as full participation, improved prior knowledge and complete utilization of digital resources. This study highlights the utility of BN in analyzing LMS data to inform educational practices and ultimately enhance academic performance in higher education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bayesian Network
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning Management System (LMS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning Analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematics Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Nurulhuda Ramli
creator: Mohd Tahir Ismail
creator: Huda Zaki Naji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nurulhuda Ramli, Mohd Tahir Ismail, Huda Zaki Naji http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-01
publication date: 2026-04-01
starting page: 192
ending page: 202
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.2.2.2026

Outlining Probable Fundamental Doctrine and Relations to Disasters in the Continental Crust
type: item
description: With aim to address impacts of penetration points by human structures (hard points), vegetation (multi-point) and slope or hills (continuous) towards crustal faults, doctrine equations like Archimedes, relative centrifugal force, square cube, Newtonian, Bernoulli, kinetic and Coriolis and were tested using weight, area and height. Newtonian energy was well distributed with area in 2-dimension layout. However, the square-cube law applies to nature and focus was on 3-dimentional forms. Aboveground weight was converted into mass by relative centrifugal force, a down-ward vertical spiral that functions with Coriolis to settle crustal matter within their layers. The aboveground weight causes the belowground layer to thicken. While human structures are 3-dimensional, have spaces and rely on supporting beams as well as hard points to stabilize, under the same vertical spiral downward motion, pronate and supinate zones develop beneath the structure. This repulsion causes adjacent crustal materials to become displaced and move upward (180°), similar to the expression of Archimedes. Eventually, crustal materials beneath human structures vibrate to resettle but, because their composition was already mixed, slips, cracks or voids continuously develop. Overall, the downward flow of kinetic vis-à-vis sideward repulsion becomes larger with height and the resultant voids partake a bubble-like motion in the crust. Overall, land clearing spills crustal materials between layers and the effects of mixing adds risk of contact with liquid medium. Such contact causes weathering, the formation of voids and eventually faults. Built environments need to evaluate belowground crustal matter preferably using the doctrines tested to avoid timely disasters.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: spatial
  topic: keywords
subject: development
  topic: keywords
subject: energy
  topic: keywords
subject: structure
  topic: keywords
subject: material
  topic: keywords
subject: vibration
  topic: keywords
creator: Bryan Raveen Nelson
creator: Azi Azeyanty Jamaludin
creator: Salwa Shahimi
creator: Ju Lian Chong
creator: Lusita Meilana
creator: Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran
creator: Harris C. Raj Kumar
creator: Rasha Ghaleb Ahmad Moqbel
creator: Karri Sharon
creator: Abdul Jalal Khan Chowdhury
creator: Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bryan Raveen Nelson, Azi Azeyanty Jamaludin, Salwa Shahimi, Ju Lian Chong, Lusita Meilana, Jayaraj Vijaya Kumaran, Harris C. Raj Kumar, Rasha Ghaleb Ahmad Moqbel, Karri Sharon, Abdul Jalal Khan Chowdhury, Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 15
ending page: 28
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.2.2026

Unveiling the Phytochemical Richness of Guatemalan Spondias: Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential
type: item
description: Jocote fruits, derived from Spondias purpurea and Spondias mombin, are widely consumed in Guatemala and are traditionally valued for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Previous studies conducted in other regions highlight their richness in vitamins and phenolic constituents with potential health benefits. This study evaluated the flavonoid composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of nine varieties of the two Spondias species collected from distinct regions of Guatemala to assess their potential as nutraceutical resources. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, while total phenolics were quantified by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Flavonoids and related phenolic compounds were profiled using HPLC-DAD, with compound identification based on retention time comparison with analytical standards. Extracts from the Corona, Tronador, and Rax Ux varieties of S. purpurea and the Jobo and Quinin varieties of S. mombin exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.19 to 7.96 mg/L. Across the samples, p-coumaric acid and rutin were the most frequently detected phytochemicals (present in 14 samples), followed by quercetin (detected in 13 of the 15 samples). These findings demonstrate that Guatemalan jocote fruits possess a variety of bioactive flavonoids and phenolic compounds, supporting their classification as nutraceutical candidates due to their strong antioxidant potential. Further pharmacological and cytotoxicity studies are recommended to elucidate additional health-related benefits and broaden their potential applications in nutraceutical development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: polyphenols
  topic: keywords
subject: p-coumaric acid
  topic: keywords
subject: rutin
  topic: keywords
subject: quercetin
  topic: keywords
subject: nutraceutical
  topic: keywords
subject: Spondias purpurea
  topic: keywords
subject: Spondias mombin
  topic: keywords
creator: Pedro Pablo Molina-Jauregui
creator: Max Samuel Mérida-Reyes
creator: Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva
creator: Juan Francisco Perez Sabino
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Pablo Molina-Jauregui, Max Samuel Mérida-Reyes, Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva, Juan Francisco Perez Sabino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 174
ending page: 183
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.13.2025

Mathematical Assessment of Dengue Control Interventions in Cebu City, Philippines
type: item
description: Dengue remains a significant public health challenge in the Philippines, with Cebu City experiencing recurrent outbreaks. In this study, we utilized a modified SIR-SI dengue model to understand the transmission dynamics in Cebu City and to assess the impact of dengue control interventions. Parameters in the model were estimated using weekly reported dengue data obtained from the Philippines’ electronic Freedom of Information (eFOI) portal for the 20th to 52nd weeks of 2022. Our results indicate a substantial reduction in the reproduction number from 3.58, observed without any control measures, to 1.16 with the control interventions. Despite this reduction, the reproduction number remains above the critical threshold of 1, indicating a continued risk of outbreaks. Sensitivity analysis identified the mosquito biting rate and transmission rate as key parameters influencing dengue transmission. This suggests the need to enhance control interventions by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population. We simulated dengue reduction scenarios with respect to two control measures: self-protective measures and vector control. The results reveal that implementing self-protective measures alone reduced hospitalized cases by 15.42%, while vector control measures led to a 49.38% reduction. Combining both strategies resulted in a substantial 98.6% reduction in hospitalized cases. These findings imply that the control interventions implemented in Cebu City during the 2022 dengue outbreak effectively reduced hospitalized cases (health-seeking individuals) by approximately 98.6%. To further reduce the number of infected individuals, the City government and regional health officials must enhance existing control measures by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population through enhanced awareness programs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Dengue
  topic: keywords
subject: Behavioral Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Reproduction Number
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensitivity analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonecis Dayap
creator: Gemma Amazona
creator: Audrey Verano
creator: Carla Jean Ybañez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jonecis Dayap, Gemma Amazona, Audrey Verano, Carla Jean Ybañez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-30
publication date: 2025-10-30
starting page: 120
ending page: 131
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.9.2025

Influence of Maturity Stage and Sampling Time on the Metabolite Profiles of Piper sarmentosum Using Optimized NMR Parameters
type: item
description: Optimization is a critical step in metabolomics workflows to ensure reliable data, particularly when handling large sample numbers. In this study, optimization was carried out for Piper sarmentosum Roxb., a medicinal herb of regional importance, to establish standardized procedures for NMR-based metabolomic analysis and sample collection. Extraction conditions were evaluated using different sample masses, with 75 mg of freeze-dried material providing the best signal intensity, particularly in the aromatic region. Several NOESY-based NMR parameter sets were then compared, and the settings adapted from Halabalaki et al. (2014) produced the highest spectral quality and were adopted for further analyses. Following optimization, the influence of leaf maturity and harvesting time on metabolite composition was assessed using 1D NOESY NMR spectroscopy. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed clear metabolic distinctions between young and mature leaves, while samples collected in the morning and afternoon showed no notable differences, indicating that sampling time had minimal impact on metabolite composition. The optimized protocols established in this work minimize technical variability, enhance spectral reproducibility, and improve metabolite detectability. These outcomes provide a robust platform for large-scale metabolomics investigations of P. sarmentosum and other medicinal plants.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Metabolomics
  topic: keywords
subject: Optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Piper sarmentosum
  topic: keywords
subject: NMR
  topic: keywords
creator: Adiana Mohamed Adib
creator: Sui Kiong Ling
creator: Nurunajah Ab Ghani
creator: Noraini Kasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adiana Mohamed Adib, Sui Kiong Ling , Nurunajah Ab Ghani, Noraini Kasim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 59
ending page: 68
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.6.2026

A Class of Vertex Decomposable Flag Simplicial Complexes
type: item
description: In this paper, we investigate the vertex decomposability of clique complexes associated with simple graphs and establishes a structural characterization based on forbidden induced subgraphs. We prove that the clique complex CL(G) is vertex decomposable if and only if the underlying graph G contains no induced subgraphs isomorphic to 2K2, C4, or C5. The proof proceeds by demonstrating that such graphs and their complements are chordal, implying that their independence complexes are vertex decomposable. Since the independence complex of the complement graph coincides with the clique complex of G, the desired result follows. Furthermore, important algebraic consequences are derived: every vertex decomposable complex is shellable and hence partitionable, implying the validity of Stanley’s conjecture for the corresponding face ring K[CL(G)]. Thus, this work introduces a new class of vertex decomposable flag simplicial complexes arising from graphs free of 2K2, C4, and C5. The results provide a significant combinatorial framework connecting chordal graph theory, simplicial complex decomposability, and algebraic properties of Stanley-Reisner rings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vertex decomposable complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Clique complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Chordal graph
  topic: keywords
subject: Flag simplicial complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Stanley’s conjecture
  topic: keywords
subject: Partitionable complex
  topic: keywords
creator: Seyed Mohammad Ajdani
creator: Francisco Bulnes
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Seyed Mohammad Ajdani, Francisco Bulnes http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-12-14
publication date: 2025-12-14
starting page: 198
ending page: 203
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol13.2.15.2025

Dielectric and Spectroscopic Evaluation of Specialty Coffee Acidity, Moisture, and Oxidation
type: item
description: This article presents Microwave Non-Destructive Testing (MNDT) as a non-invasive method of evaluating specialty coffee quality by measuring dielectric permittivity at X-band frequencies (8-12 GHz). The moisture content, degree of oxidation, and acidity (pH) of light, medium, and dark roasted single-origin Arabica beans were examined during a 30-day resting period after roasting. Reference standards were analysed with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) (400–4000 cm⁻¹) and calibrated pH meters. The highly negative correlation of dielectric permittivity with acidity (r = -0.979, ρ = -0.963, p < 0.001) yielding −0.963 and −0.979 Pearson and Spearman correlations is strong evidence that, of all the sensory qualities attributed to the specialty coffee, the most salient, the acidity, can be intravenously measured with great speed and accuracy. The correlations of moisture (r = 0.612, p = 0.012) and oxidation (r = 0.541, p = 0.028) suggest some degree of added dielectric sensitivity. However, the sensitivity to increased complexity of the coffee matrix from roasting is more relevant. The implications of this work are significant to food science and underscore the need to bridge siloed disciplines of physics and chemistry, demonstrating that microwave non-destructive testing (MNDT) is useful and non-invasive as a generalised substitute to the multitude of destructive methods in quality assessment. Its compliments the existing cupping method of application to the coffee industry, coupled with its improvement upon existing multivariate methods, indicates well for sustainable quality assessment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Microwave non-destructive testing
  topic: keywords
subject: Dielectric permittivity
  topic: keywords
subject: FTIR spectroscopy
  topic: keywords
subject: Coffee quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Correlation analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohd Khairil Adzhar Mahmood
creator: Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali
creator: Zuhani Ismail Khan
creator: Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin
creator: Irmazatussyehdany Buniyamin
creator: Kwan Yeow Tan
creator: Bazilah Baharom
creator: Wanbo Luo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Khairil Adzhar Mahmood, Megat Syahirul Amin Megat Ali, Zuhani Ismail Khan , Ahmad Ihsan Mohd Yassin , Irmazatussyehdany Buniyamin, Kwan Yeow Tan, Bazilah Baharom, Wanbo Luo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 35
ending page: 45
doi: 10.37134/jsml.vol14.1.4.2026