Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters
The Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters (J. Sci. Math. Lett.) [ISSN 2462-2052 / eISSN 2600-8718] is a peer-reviewed journal published by the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. The journal aims to publish significant contributions in the fields of Applied Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics, as well as Science Education. It is published twice a year, in January and June. Formerly, it was known as the Journal of Science and Mathematics Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (ISSN 1985-7918).
Biochemical Characterisation of Major Allergens in Tropical Fruits and Their Clinical Significance
The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical properties and clinical significance of immunoreactive proteins from tropical fruits in the Republic of Poland. The methodology included protein extraction from mango, pineapple, papaya, and kiwi, followed by electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE, 2D electrophoresis), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and immunological tests (ELISA and western blotting) using sera from 56 patients with confirmed fruit allergies. The results showed clear differences in protein composition, with kiwi and mango exhibiting the highest number and intensity of protein fractions (36 and 31 spots, respectively) in the mass range of 10–80 kDa and pI 4.5–6.8. A total of 14 unique proteins with high homology (68–95%) to known allergens, including profilins, thaumatin-like proteins, actinidin, papain, and bromelain, were identified. In kiwi and mango, more than 80% of patients demonstrated high IgE reactivity, resistance to heat and enzymatic treatment, and a significant correlation (p = 0.84, p < 0.001) between protein stability and immunoreactivity. Papaya and pineapple showed lower reactivity (less than 50%) and greater sensitivity to processing. Kiwi proteins (especially actinidin and profilin) showed the strongest immunoreactivity, which persisted after treatment. Cross-sensitisation to several fruits was detected in 21.4% of patients, mainly involving structurally stable proteins. Overall, the findings establish the high clinical significance of kiwi and mango allergens and highlight the need for molecular diagnostics and personalised recommendations for sensitised patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Zofia Lisiecka http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Bioactivities of the Secondary Metabolites of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved.
Endophytic fungi, which inhabit plant tissues, are renowned for their capacity to produce diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, six endophytic fungal isolates were derived from the medicinal plant Ziziphora pedicellata Pazij et Vved., native to Uzbekistan, and their secondary metabolites were evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Three fungal isolates exhibiting antibacterial activity were identified through ITS gene sequencing. Ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria doliconidium, Preussia africana, and Alternaria alternata exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an inhibition zone of between 15.43 ± 0.20 mm and 24.4 ± 0.36 mm. Furthermore, P. africana and A. alternata extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HEp-2, HBL-100, and CCRF-CEM. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of A. doliconidium, P. africana, and A. alternata extracts revealed 30, 23, and 44 compounds, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants as sustainable sources of novel bioactive compounds with promising therapeutic applications. The sustainability of bioactive compound production by endophytes offers a promising path toward eco-friendly and economically viable solutions for pharmaceuticals and agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamila Mardieva, Farkhod Eshboev, Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov, Akhror Abdurashidov, Asadali Baymirzaev, Mukaddas Umarova, Umida Khamidova, Elvira Yusupova, Zilola Kabirova, Sherali Kuziev, Feruzbek Khasanov, Octavio Calvo-Gomez, Dilfuza Egamberdieva, Shamansur Sagdullaev, Shakhnoz Azimova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis of Novel 6-Acylamino-Benzimidazole Derivatives Derived from Carbendazim
Benzimidazole derivatives possess potential biological activity, and modern methods are required for the synthesis of new derivatives in high yields. The aim of this study was to obtain new benzimidazole derivatives through acylation of carbendazim (1) with aliphatic carboxylic acids, then carry out the reactions of nitration, reduction and acylation of acyl-derivatives, and studying chemical structure and cytotoxic activity of the obtained compounds. The resulting acyl compounds (2 and 3) were nitrated to synthesize 6-nitro derivatives (4 and 5) in high yields. Their reduction gave 6-aminobenzimidazole derivatives (6 and 7), respectively. The yield of the synthesized compound (6) was 72.1%, and that of compound (7) was 93%. Compounds (6) and (7) were acylated with aliphatic carboxylic acids to obtain bis-acyl products. It is worth noting that selective acylation of the amino group at position 6 of the benzimidazole molecule led to the formation of amides (8-14) in 79-92% yields. Only the reaction of compound (6) with glacial acetic acid led to the formation of triacetamide (8) in 92% yield. The synthesized all compounds were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, IR spectral data. Additionally, synthesized benzimidazole derivatives were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines (BT-20, MDA-MB-231, HCC1395) and the noncancerous HEK293 line using the MTT assay. Most compounds showed low cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ > 50 μM), while derivatives (9) and (10) exhibited moderate activity suggesting that the presence of ethyl (9) or propyl (10) groups at position 2 of the imidazole ring influences the anticancer potential.
benzimidazole derivatives; carbendazim; acylation; aliphatic carboxylic acids; nitration; reduction; acyl products
Copyright (c) 2025 Shohrux Kubayev, Askar Abdurazakov, Sarvar Saidov, Elyor Rakhmatov, Aleksey Koval, Vladimir Katanaev, Khayrulla Bobakulov, Nilufar Mamadalieva, Burkhon Elmuradov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unveiling the Phytochemical Richness of Guatemalan Spondias: Comparative Analysis of Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Potential
Jocote fruits, derived from Spondias purpurea and Spondias mombin, are widely consumed in Guatemala and are traditionally valued for their nutritional and medicinal properties. Previous studies conducted in other regions highlight their richness in vitamins and phenolic constituents with potential health benefits. This study evaluated the flavonoid composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of nine varieties of the two Spondias species collected from distinct regions of Guatemala to assess their potential as nutraceutical resources. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, while total phenolics were quantified by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Flavonoids and related phenolic compounds were profiled using HPLC-DAD, with compound identification based on retention time comparison with analytical standards. Extracts from the Corona, Tronador, and Rax Ux varieties of S. purpurea and the Jobo and Quinin varieties of S. mombin exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.19 to 7.96 mg/L. Across the samples, p-coumaric acid and rutin were the most frequently detected phytochemicals (present in 14 samples), followed by quercetin (detected in 13 of the 15 samples). These findings demonstrate that Guatemalan jocote fruits possess a variety of bioactive flavonoids and phenolic compounds, supporting their classification as nutraceutical candidates due to their strong antioxidant potential. Further pharmacological and cytotoxicity studies are recommended to elucidate additional health-related benefits and broaden their potential applications in nutraceutical development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pedro Pablo Molina-Jauregui, Max Samuel Mérida-Reyes, Antonio Jorge Ribeiro da Silva, Juan Francisco Perez Sabino http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Mathematical Assessment of Dengue Control Interventions in Cebu City, Philippines
Dengue remains a significant public health challenge in the Philippines, with Cebu City experiencing recurrent outbreaks. In this study, we utilized a modified SIR-SI dengue model to understand the transmission dynamics in Cebu City and to assess the impact of dengue control interventions. Parameters in the model were estimated using weekly reported dengue data obtained from the Philippines’ electronic Freedom of Information (eFOI) portal for the 20th to 52nd weeks of 2022. Our results indicate a substantial reduction in the reproduction number from 3.58, observed without any control measures, to 1.16 with the control interventions. Despite this reduction, the reproduction number remains above the critical threshold of 1, indicating a continued risk of outbreaks. Sensitivity analysis identified the mosquito biting rate and transmission rate as key parameters influencing dengue transmission. This suggests the need to enhance control interventions by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population. We simulated dengue reduction scenarios with respect to two control measures: self-protective measures and vector control. The results reveal that implementing self-protective measures alone reduced hospitalized cases by 15.42%, while vector control measures led to a 49.38% reduction. Combining both strategies resulted in a substantial 98.6% reduction in hospitalized cases. These findings imply that the control interventions implemented in Cebu City during the 2022 dengue outbreak effectively reduced hospitalized cases (health-seeking individuals) by approximately 98.6%. To further reduce the number of infected individuals, the City government and regional health officials must enhance existing control measures by focusing on reducing human-mosquito contact and lowering the mosquito population through enhanced awareness programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonecis Dayap, Gemma Amazona, Audrey Verano, Carla Jean Ybañez http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis and Evaluation of Alkoxy-Substituted Thiourea Derivatives as Antifouling Agents in Marine Ecosystem Interests
The incorporation of alkoxy-substituted chain into thiourea moiety has attracted considerable interest in recent years due to its promising antimicrobial and antibacterial activities, making them potential candidates for antifouling applications. In this study, two new alkoxy-substituted thiourea derivatives, namely; N-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-N’-(4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)thiourea (3a) and N-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-N’-(4-cyanobenzoyl)thiourea (3b) were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antifouling properties. The compounds were structurally and physiochemically characterized using ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In turn, antifouling activities were assessed against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli through preventive and detachment assays. Notably, compound 3b exhibited strong antifouling performance, achieving up to 94.56% biofilm reduction in the preventive assay, due to the presence of the electron-withdrawing cyano (–CN) substituent. These findings highlight the potential of alkoxy-substituted thiourea derivatives as effective antifouling agents, warranting further exploration for use in fouling-release applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wan Mohd Khairul Wan Mohamed Zin, Adibah Izzati Daud, Sze Ee Sylvia Voon, Chiong Hwee Hii, Noraznawati Ismail, Mauricio F. Erben http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Development and Evaluation of a Miniature Scintillation Gamma Spectrometer for Environmental Radiation Monitoring
Developing a compact gamma spectrometer for radiation monitoring in critical zones, such as nuclear power plants and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, is vital for ensuring high sensitivity and accurate measurements amid geopolitical instability and military aggression. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a miniature scintillation spectrometer using a lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal (LYSO) and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) or multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC), and to compare it with an existing compact photomultiplier tube (PMT) R7400U assembly with a thallium-doped caesium iodide crystal (CsI(Tl)). The first stage involved preparing a prototype board for the R7400U PMT and analyzing its spectrometric characteristics. Next, an experimental setup using the LYSO crystal, SiPM photodiode, preamplifier electronics, and a spectrum analyzer was assembled, while gamma radiation interaction was modeled with GEANT4. Experimental measurements with a Cesium-137 (137Cs) source (661.7 keV) showed that the spectrometer could register and analyse gamma spectra with moderate resolution. The SiPM signal remained stable with optimal electronics and a 400 V DC-DC converter, providing low noise. Experimental data matched Monte Carlo simulations, and the SiPM's large pixel count ensured better response linearity at high light intensity. As a result, the design proved stable and effective for long-term measurements. The proposed approach demonstrated the possibility of such miniaturisation of spectrometric systems without significant degradation of performance. The study demonstrated the feasibility of a miniature scintillation spectrometer with LYSO and SiPM/MPPC, performing similarly to the PMT-based system. This compact design offers a viable solution for portable radiation monitoring in critical environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danylo Kovalenko, Ruslan Yermolenko, Olga Gogota, Luka Gavrysh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Influence of Scutellaria iscanderi L. on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Biosynthesis
The rapid development of nanotechnology requires environmentally friendly and biocompatible approaches for the synthesis of nanomaterials with stable physicochemical properties. Green synthesis using plant extracts provides a sustainable alternative due to their natural biomolecules that initiate and regulate nanoparticle formation. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using the extract of Scutellaria iscanderi L. and to investigate the role of its phytochemical components in nanoparticle formation and stabilization. ZnO-NPs were synthesized via a biogenic route employing the aqueous extract of S. iscanderi. The influence of amino acids, carbohydrates, and flavonoids in reduction and stabilization was evaluated, and the obtained nanoparticles were characterized using modern analytical techniques. Amino acids and carbohydrates facilitated nanoparticle reduction and controlled growth, while flavonoids acted as natural stabilizers, preventing aggregation and providing antioxidant protection. Characterization confirmed the formation of stable ZnO-NPs with desirable physicochemical properties. The extract of S. iscanderi effectively mediated the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs through the synergistic action of its biomolecules. These findings highlight the potential of S. iscanderi-derived nanoparticles for applications in pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shamansur Sagdullayev, Iroda Shermatova, Azizaxon Xusniddinova, Tayirova Dilobar, Zakirova Rukhsona http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Functional Relations as a Tool for Analysing Differential Equations
This paper examines the use of functional relations as a comprehensive analytical instrument for resolving and streamlining differential equations across many categories, including linear, nonlinear, stochastic, delayed, and hybrid systems. The objective is to augment model interpretability, diminish dimensionality, and optimise computational efficiency in intricate systems. The methodology incorporates symmetric Lie analysis, stochastic calculus, operator theory, and symbolic computation. Functional relationships were established using infinitesimal symmetries, Lyapunov functionals, and moment-based analysis. Numerical and symbolic experiments were conducted utilising Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB. Functional relations lowered model dimensionality by as much as 40% and enhanced prediction accuracy. For the Korteweg de Vries (KdV) equation, scale-invariant relationships accurately represented soliton dynamics with an error margin of less than 1.8%. In stochastic systems, functional connections among moments reduced prediction errors by 12%. In hybrid systems, piecewise invariants reduced oscillation amplitudes by 25%. Inverse problems demonstrated a 13% improvement in parameter reconstruction accuracy and an 18% reduction in calculation time. Functional relations provide a strong foundation for analysing differential equations, especially in systems marked by nonlinearity, uncertainty, or structural complexity. The results endorse the incorporation of functional relationships into control systems, digital twins, and hybrid models. Their formalisation and adaptive implementation create new opportunities for interpretable, resource-efficient modelling in applied sciences and engineering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elaman Kenenbaev, Gulay Kenenbaeva, Gulzat Abakirova, Farkhat Nazarbaev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Adaptive Regularisation Method for Solving Nonlinear Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind
This paper presented a comprehensive approach to the construction of a robust regularisation technique for solving the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the first kind, a class of problems frequently encountered in such areas of signal processing, inverse imaging, and control theory. The purpose of the study was to develop an efficient and reasonable procedure to regularise this type of equation, which improves the accuracy of solutions in conditions where standard methods are ineffective due to noise or nonlinear distortion. The study proposed a modification of Tikhonov’s method that uses nonlinear functionals that reflect the specific structure of the original problem. Furthermore, an algorithmic strategy for selecting the normative parameter was implemented, factoring in the a priori knowledge of the expected smoothness of the solution. This enabled the development of an efficient technique that adapts to diverse types of problems and provides stable performance even under challenging conditions. Numerous experiments were conducted on both synthetic and real datasets to verify the effectiveness of the method. The findings showed that the proposed approach considerably improves the decision accuracy and convergence rate compared to standard regulatory methods, even in the presence of strong noise in the data. The comparative analysis confirmed that the new method has advantages in terms of computational efficiency and ability to adapt to diverse types of kernels and functional settings. Furthermore, experimental results demonstrated a marked reduction of errors in the recovered functions as well as a stable convergence rate, even for high dimensional problems. The proposed scheme can automatically adapt to the different nature of noise and nonlinear distortion, which makes it a versatile tool for use in many applications that require high accuracy and efficiency in solving nonlinear integral equations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gulmira Saparova, Zirapa Abduvasieva, Nurayim Momunova, Tursunay Matkerimova, Vilyura Tashmatova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Monoammonium Salt of Glycyrrhizinic Acid and Acetylsalicylic Acid on Cardiac and Hematological Processes in Rats with Experimental Myocarditis
This study investigated the effects of GLAS, a supramolecular complex composed of the monoammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid and aspirin, on vascular-platelet hemostasis, lipid peroxidation (LPO), mitochondrial function, respiratory chain enzyme activity, and the NO-ergic system in an experimental model of adrenaline-induced myocarditis. In vitro, GLAS and aspirin at concentrations of 10⁻² and 10⁻³ mg/mL significantly reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation by 2-3 times for aspirin and 2-5 times for GLAS. In vivo, GLAS transiently reduced platelet count and decreased adhesion by 42% and aggregation by 46%. Myocarditis led to a 98% increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), a key marker of LPO, while GLAS reduced MDA levels by 68% in myocardial cell homogenates and by 62.2% in cardiac mitochondria. Additionally, myocarditis impaired oxidative phosphorylation, reduced mitochondrial respiration, and inhibited succinate dehydrogenase and NAD dehydrogenase by 47.6% and 40.7%, respectively. GLAS and aspirin improved mitochondrial function, with GLAS showing greater efficacy in enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and stimulating enzyme activity. Moreover, myocarditis increased nitric oxide metabolite levels due to elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and GLAS more effectively reduced iNOS expression than aspirin, although it did not fully normalize the parameters. These findings suggest that GLAS, through its pronounced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, offers protective benefits to cardiac muscle cells in myocarditis and may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for cardiovascular complications associated with this condition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muslima Yunusova, Surayyo Dalimova, Sherali Kuziev, Gulbahor Umarova, Nigora Hamdamova, Guzal Mukhammadjonova, Mukhlisa Dadakhonova, Sobir Khamroev, Zaynieva Makhbuba, Gafurov Maxmudjon, Farkhod Eshboev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unlocking the Potential of Calophyllum Xanthones: A Review on Antileukemic Activity and Molecular Docking Insights
The genus Calophyllum, a member of the Calophyllaceae family, has garnered increasing scientific attention due to its pharmacologically active constituents, particularly xanthones. This review consolidates current findings on xanthones isolated from Malaysian Calophyllum species, emphasizing their antileukemic potential. A total of 72 xanthones have been reported across various species, with the majority derived from stem bark and roots. Several xanthones such as caloxanthone B, ananixanthone, and brasixanthone B exhibit remarkable cytotoxic activity against leukemia cell lines, notably K562. The review also evaluates molecular docking interactions of 41 structurally characterized xanthones with two critical leukemia-related protein targets: cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2). Docking simulations revealed that calozeyloxanthone, xanthochymone B, and caloxanthone J demonstrated strong binding affinities toward these targets, by surpassing standard inhibitors abemaciclib and batimastat in silico. These findings corroborate existing in vitro data and highlight the therapeutic potential of Calophyllum-derived xanthones as dual-target inhibitors. The review outlines key pharmacophores contributing to bioactivity and underscores the promise of Malaysian Calophyllum species as reservoirs for novel antileukemic agents. Further preclinical and clinical evaluations are warranted to validate their efficacy and develop structure-optimized derivatives for cancer therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Nabilah Mohd Zaini, Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh, Abubakar Siddiq Salihu, Bunleu Sungthong http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Immunoregulatory Impact of miR-124 and miR-223 on Some Immunological Parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-lasting autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the synovium and the destruction of joints. This study evaluated the expression of miR-124 and miR-223 in RA patients and their association with key inflammatory markers: sCD28, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-40, MCP-1, and VEGF. One hundred eighty participants were enrolled, including 120 RA patients (newly diagnosed and biologically treated) and 60 healthy controls. Serum cytokine levels were measured using sandwich ELISA, and miRNA expression was quantified by qRT-PCR. Results revealed significant, distinct yet overlapping dysregulation of miR-124 and miR-223 in RA patients in comparison to controls, influenced by inflammatory status, therapeutic intervention, and patient-specific factors. These alterations correlated positively with raised serum levels of IL-6, IL-17A, and VEGF, indicating active inflammation, immune activation, and angiogenesis. Biological therapy significantly reduced miRNA dysregulation and inflammatory marker levels, reflecting effective disease control. The expression profiles of miR-124 and miR-223 closely reflected both inflammatory activity and therapeutic response. The correlation between expression of miR-223 and pro-inflammatory mediators reinforce its role in supporting T-cell activation and immunogenic signaling, while the contrary pattern of miR-124 indicates a regulatory role in modulating inflammatory cascades and angiogenesis. The immunological indicators sCD28, MCP-1, IL-40, and VEGF illuminate the reciprocal influence of immune activation, chemotaxis, and vascular remodeling in the pathogenesis of RA. The study's outcomes substantiate miR-124 and miR-223 as consistent diagnostic biomarkers of RA. Moreover, the essential roles of related immunological markers in disease activity and therapeutic response. This study contributes to enhancing the importance of using miRNA in modifying the immune reaction by influencing the concentration and function of inflammatory mediators to reduce the development and severity of RA and enhances the therapeutic response, with the feasibility of using them as diagnostic parameters and therapeutic targets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aya Sabah Hameed, Rawaa AlChalabi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Alchemilla erzincanensis
This study aimed to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using Alchemilla erzincanensis extract and to evaluate their antimicrobial potential against selected bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully synthesized using an environmentally friendly green synthesis approach based on the extract of A. erzincanensis, an endemic plant species in Turkiye. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. SEM analysis revealed that the AgNPs were spherical in shape with sizes ranging from 34.24 to 48.43 nm. XRD results confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline structure of the particles. EDX spectra indicated a high silver content. Antibacterial activity tests showed that the AgNPs exhibited notable inhibitory effects particularly against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus and also demonstrated activity against resistant Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study is the first to report the use of A. erzincanensis for AgNP synthesis and highlights its potential contribution to the development of novel antimicrobial agents against antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hüseyin Akşit, Ömer Gergin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Ephedra alata Decne.: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Potentials
Ephedra alata Decne. is a medicinal species used to treat several ailments including cancer, digestive and respiratory disorders, bacterial and fungal infections, and renal failure. Although its therapeutic uses are documented, comprehensive in vitro evaluation of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer potential using a phytochemical-based approach has remained limited. This study focused on the evaluation of anticancer (MTT assay), anti-inflammatory (HRBC membrane stabilizing, proteins denaturation and protease inhibition assays), and antioxidant activities (TAC, DPPH, reducing power, and H2O2), in addition to the phenolic characterization of E. alata extracts. The phytochemical compounds were identified by HPLC-DAD analysis. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer potential were assessed in vitro. Rutin, vanillin, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, pyrocatechol, luteolin, and quercetin were the phenolic compounds revealed in the aerial part of E. alata by HPLC-DAD. The methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited an important radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 535 ± 0.035 and 644 ± 0.048 µg/mL, respectively. Impressively, the methanolic extract was particularly effective in reducing hypotonic-induced HRBC lysis with 42.80% protection (IC50 value of 12.22 ± 0.04 µg/mL). Unfortunately, no potent anticancer effects were exerted against the carcinoma cells. However, the extracts from E. alata were found not to be toxic to normal cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phytochemicals of E. alata contributed to the biological activities and could be considered as natural sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents, although no considerable anticancer activity was observed here.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bachir Benarba, Khadidja Belhouala, Cansu Korkmaz, Meltem Taş-Küçükaydin, Selçuk Küçükaydın, Mehmet Emin Duru http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hopf Bifurcation as a Driver of Oscillatory Dynamics in Predator-Prey Systems with Holling Type II Response
This study addresses a key challenge in ecological modelling: accurately predicting population dynamics in predator-prey systems where predator saturation and nonlinear responses are present. Traditional Lotka-Volterra models fail to account for realistic predator behaviour, particularly the limiting effects of prey handling time, which can distort predictions of ecosystem stability. To resolve this, a modified predator-prey system incorporating a Holling type II functional response is analysed to investigate the conditions under which Hopf bifurcation emerges. The central goal is to determine the precise parameter thresholds that trigger transitions from stable equilibrium to sustained oscillations or chaotic dynamics. These transitions represent critical phenomena in real ecosystems. Using centre manifold and normal form theory, analytical conditions are derived for the occurrence and classification of Hopf bifurcation as supercritical or subcritical. The results demonstrate that predator mortality, saturation levels, and the predator-prey interaction coefficient play decisive roles in shaping long-term population behaviour. Unlike general models, the proposed approach proves particularly effective when system dynamics are governed by nonlinear interactions and time delays, such as in ecosystems with delayed predator responses or environmental fluctuations. Numerical simulations validate the analytical findings and reveal specific regimes where oscillatory or chaotic population cycles emerge. This nuanced understanding offers a practical tool for predicting ecological transitions and supports the development of targeted biodiversity management strategies. Thus, the study contributes a robust analytical-numerical framework for identifying and classifying bifurcations in nonlinear ecological systems subject to stochastic and temporal effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dorina Guxholli, Valentina Shehu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Essentials of Preprocessing Data in Improving Logistic Regression Performance Based on Rough Sets Theory: A Case Study of Stunting in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Various studies have considered a logistic regression model for investigating stunting and its determinants. However, some models above fall short of the researcher's expectations, such as the fact that there is no significant variable, making them very challenging to interpret. In this paper,we are interested in handling the problem above by applying data reduction strategies using rough set theory in the preprocessing phase and implementing them for stunting data sets in Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. There are three types of data reduction: removing inconsistent samples, irrelevant attributes, or both, so three kinds of modified models will be used in this paper, namely Logistic Regression Reduction Rough Set (LR3S) type I, II, and III. The classic and modified models were compared using performance model criteria, which include precision, recall, F1-score, accuracy, ROC curves, and AUC values. It was determined that the stunting data set was unsuitable for the classical logistic model, and the best model was built by removing inconsistent observations (LR3S type I). At a 5% significance level, the best model indicates the factors significantly influencing stunting incidence: exclusive breastfeeding, birth weight, smoking family, immunization, and gender. Stunting classes are not considerably differentiated by factors such as worms, clean water, comorbidities, hygienic latrines, and health assurance in Solok Regency. A priority program and policies for stunting prevention in this regency can be developed by considering the extent of these factors' major influence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izzati Rahmi, Riswan Efendi, Ferra Yanuar, Hazmira Yozza, Muhammad Wahyudi, S.M.A. Burney, Erol Eğrioğlu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Unveiling the Chemical Composition and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume (Hypericaceae) Essential Oil from Malaysia
Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour.) Blume, a member of the Hypericaceae family, is a lesser-studied tropical plant traditionally used in Southeast Asian ethnomedicine. Despite its known traditional applications, scientific evidence on the chemical and pharmacological properties of its essential oil remains scarce. This study presents the first analysis of the essential oil derived from the leaves of C. cochinchinense collected in Malaysia, focusing on its chemical composition and enzyme inhibitory activities. The essential oil was extracted via hydrodistillation and subsequently analyzed using gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. A total of 41 volatile components were identified, representing 98.8% of the total oil content. The predominant components detected in the essential oil were β-caryophyllene (28.5%), α-humulene (10.2%), germacrene D (9.8%), guaiol (5.8%), and globulol (5.2%). To explore its therapeutic potential, the essential oil was evaluated for its inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes. The AChE inhibitory activity was measured using the Ellman method, showing a moderate inhibition percentage of 72.8%, while LOX inhibition was recorded at 74.5%, indicating promising anti-inflammatory potential. These findings suggest that the essential oil of C. cochinchinense could be a useful natural source for developing anti-inflammatory and related neurodegenerative therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurunajah Ab Ghani, Faezatul Alwani Mohd Rahim, Norazrina Md Ramin, Syarifah Nadhirah Wan Idrus, Mohd Shafiq Aazmi, Noraini Kasim, Hazimin Safiq Mohd Mahsop, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Case Study of Air Kerma Standardization Comparison for Cs-137 For Radiation Protection Level
In this work, 137Cs radioactive source was measured at the Gamma irradiation lab, Radiation Safety & Health Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency. The experiment was developed to ensure the standard of the calibration annual processes. Different thicknesses of lead sheets were used for beam attenuation to measure the 137Cs dose range. Five sets of charges per minute were measured using an ionization chamber at a 1.0 m source-detector distance (SDDs). The temperature pressure correction factor, KTP was calculated from the average pressure and temperature of each set. The beam charge of the unattenuated and the lead attenuated beam was measured. The air kerma, K of each set, has been calculated and compared with the 2016 data set. The deviation of the measured doses was calculated and is within below 2%. The close agreement of the year 2016 and 2023 results ensures the uniformity of the measurements has been complied with.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faridah Lisa Supian, Mohd Taufik Dolah, Mohd Syahriman Mohd Azmi, Chee Fah Wong, Abdullah Faisal Al Naim http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Various Solvent Extracts from the Peels and Seeds of Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco)
Artocarpus odoratissimus, locally known as “marang,” is a tropical fruit native to Mindanao, Philippines. As an underutilized fruit, it remains understudied and holds significant unexplored potential for drug discovery and pharmaceutical applications. This study evaluates the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of A. odoratissimus peel and seed crude extracts obtained from using nonpolar and polar solvents. Results showed that the ethanol peel extract had the highest TPC of 129.26 mg GAE/g, while the aqueous peel extract had the highest TFC of 68.95 mg QE/g. Moreover, the aqueous peel extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity (EC50 = 0.05 μg/mL). Overall, a general trend was observed showing that polar extracts exhibit higher TPC, higher TFC, and stronger antioxidant activities compared to the nonpolar extracts. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate solvents to efficiently extract bioactive compounds, especially for maximizing antioxidant properties. Future research should investigate the aqueous peel extract, given its very strong antioxidant activity, which is more potent than that of ascorbic acid (EC50 = 6.84 μg/mL), and identify and characterize the specific bioactive compounds responsible for this potent activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Beatriz Danica Carating, Nesteve John Agosto http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
A Review on Recent Trends of 3D Printing Technology and Its Approaches in Current Drug Delivery
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is emerging as a groundbreaking technology in the pharmaceutical industry, promising transformative advancements in drug formulation and delivery. This innovative method enables the creation of personalized medications with precise dosages and tailored release profiles, addressing the limitations of traditional mass production. Despite its promising potential, the widespread adoption of 3DP in medicine faces several challenges. The primary issue is the lack of comprehensive regulatory guidelines, which creates uncertainty regarding standardization and quality control. Ensuring the quality and stability of 3D-printed drugs is another critical concern, with non-destructive evaluation methods like Near-Infrared and Raman spectroscopy being explored for real-time quality assessment. Additionally, current 3D printers often do not fully comply with Good Manufacturing Practice standards, which are essential for ensuring product consistency and safety. This study provides a comprehensive examination of recent trends and innovative approaches in 3DP technology applied to drug delivery systems, highlighting both the progress made and the challenges that need to be addressed. By examining current methodologies, materials, and applications, the research aims to elucidate the evolving landscape of 3D-printed pharmaceuticals. The study focuses on evaluating the feasibility, efficacy, and scalability of diverse 3DP approaches in developing personalized and precision drug formulations. These insights are intended to enhance the field of pharmaceutical sciences and support patient-centric healthcare by offering more customized and effective medication solutions. Through a comprehensive analysis of innovative 3DP techniques, the research seeks to contribute to the advancement of drug delivery systems, potentially revolutionizing the way medications are produced and administered.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heera Battu, Mandala Hari Prasad, Seranti Lokesh, Yalamarthi Reenu, Paridala Pravallika, Dhanikonda Ganesh, Madiki Manasa Angel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
MHD Stagnation Point Flow over a Stretching/Shrinking Sheet in Nanofluid with Suction Effect
The effect of suction on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) stagnation point flow of a nanofluid towards a linearly stretching/shrinking sheet at the boundary was investigated. The water-based nanofluids containing three metallic nanoparticles namely, copper (Cu), alumina (Al203) and titania (Ti02) are considered. By using a similarity transformation, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) subjected to the boundary conditions are converted into the system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Numerical results are obtained using the boundary value problem solver bvp4c in MATLAB software. The investigation focuses on the impact of suction parameters and the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter on the nanofluids with Prandtl number, Pr = 6.2. The graphical representation and analysis of the influence of the suction parameter S and the magnetic parameter M on the skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number are provided. Both velocity and temperature profiles are presented to show the duality of the solution. The numerical results of both velocity and temperature profiles including the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are presented for various values of the governing parameters. The results show that the temperature and velocity profiles are influenced by suction, magnetic field, and nanoparticle volume fraction. The finding suggests that incorporating nanoparticles into the based fluids leads to an increase in both the skin friction coefficient and the heat transfer rate at the surface.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurain Naziha Alias, Haliza Rosali, Norfifah Bachok @ Lati, Ioan Pop http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Cytotoxicity, Wound Healing and Chemical Constituents of Methanol Leaf Extract from Cassia sieberiana D.C. and Cassia singueana Del. (Fabaceae)
Cassia sieberiana and C. singueana are tropical plant species known for their medicinal uses to treat diabetes, ulcer, and other inflammatory related diseases. The cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative activity of the methanol leaf extract of C. sieberiana and C. singueana against human embryonic liver (WRL-68), human breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) were evaluated using MTT assay. The wound healing ability of the extracts was tested by in vitro scratch assay using human skin fibroblast (HSF1184) cells. Fractionation and purification of the extracts were carried out in solvents with various polarity using column chromatography techniques. Isolated compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and MS techniques. Both plant extracts were found non-toxic at 250 µg/mL against the liver cell. The extracts does not have any anti-proliferative effect against human breast carcinoma cell lines. However, the extract from C. singueana achieved complete cells migration (100±0.00%) at 12.5 µg/ml on day 3 against fibroblast cells, while significant proliferation and migration of fibroblast cell (76.17±1.37 to 93.8±0.61%) was observed in dose dependant manner on day 3 for extract from C. sieberiana. The extract from C. sieberiana afforded the isolation of physcion (2), 7-methyl physcion (3), islandicin (4), squalene (10), while quercetin (5), luteolin (6), kaempferol (7) and dihydrokaempferol (8) were obtained from C. singueana. However, chrysophanol (1) and stigmasterol (9) were isolated from the extract of both plants. Chrysophanol (1) and kaempferol (7) demonstrated complete fibroblast cells migration (100 ± 0.00%) at 10.00 µM/mL compared to the control L-Ascorbic acid (80.83±0.52%) at same concentration. The cytotoxicity results obtained from this studies corroborate the wound healing property observed in the extracts of both plants. The proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells to enhance wound closure could be attributed to the presence of compounds (anthraquinone and flavonoid) isolated from the MeOH leaf extracts of the two Cassia species.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saidu Jibril, Hasnah Mohd Sirat, Norazah Basar, Salehhuddin Hamdan, Sayang Baba, Aminu Muhammad, Adoum Oumar Al-Moubarak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Iron Oxide Heterojunction Structure for Photodegradation of Emerging Pollutants
Recently, the rise in the number of emerging pollutants (EPs) being released in the aquatic environment has been a significant global concern. The contaminants are produced in large volumes daily and are illicitly discharged into water resources. However, conventional wastewater treatment facilities are failing in eliminating these pollutants. Hence, a substantially more sustainable and effective removal technique such as photodegradation is demanded to deal with this concern. The photodegradation of wastewater using a semiconductor photocatalyst has been demonstrated to be an effective method due to its efficiency, affordability and simplicity. Iron oxide-based heterojunction is one of the photocatalysts that is more plausible for the treatment of contaminated materials from industrial, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and dyes effluent. Due to their low band gap of 2.2 eV, iron oxide-based materials were identified to have good photocatalytic activity in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. This enables iron oxide-based to absorb much of the visible solar spectrum (absorbance edge-alternatively, 600nm). It is also a promising material for photocatalytic treatment and water division applications because of its excellent chemical stability in aquatic media, low cost, abundance and non-toxic nature. In short, iron oxide-based features are useful as a photocatalyst due to its tolerable band gap, wide harvesting of visible light, good stability and recyclability. In this review, the characteristics of iron oxide, iron oxide heterojunction with various morphologies and iron alterations to improve its photocatalytic performance in emerging pollutants will be discussed. Also, we will discuss the integrate procedure of iron oxide with supporting materials and the formation of iron heterojunction with other semiconductive materials. In a nutshell, this article informs about the research to shed some lights on the insight of the potential and basic limitations of iron oxide-based photocatalysts in the treatment of emerging pollutants.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamad Saufi Rosmi, Muhammad Shaiful Aidil Mohd Syafaruddin, Siti Munirah Sidik, Ong Suu Wan, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed, Suriani Abu Bakar, Lulu’atul Hamidatu Ulya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Chemical Profile, Physicochemical Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of Malaysian Propolis: Insights from Honeybee and Stingless Bee
This study investigated the chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and the antioxidant activities of propolis from two distinct bee species, Apis dorsata (honeybees) and Heterotrigona itama (stingless bees), collected from different regions in Malaysia. The chemical profile of propolis samples was examined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy while metabolite identification was performed using AssureNMR™ 2.0. Additionally, a range of physicochemical analyses was conducted to determine pH, moisture, lipid, resin, and wax contents. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The NMR analysis revealed distinct chemical compositions between A. dorsata and H. itama propolis. Notably, α-D-glucose was prominent in A. dorsata propolis, whereas H. itama propolis exhibited higher levels of L-lactic acid and phenolic compounds. H. itama propolis also demonstrated significantly higher levels of resin, lipid, and wax contents, coupled with lower moisture content compared to A. dorsata propolis. Additionally, H. itama propolis extract exhibited significantly higher TFC and antioxidant activities compared to A. dorsata. A significant and strong correlation between TPC, TFC, and the antioxidant properties of propolis was observed. These findings suggest that H. itama propolis exhibits promising antioxidant efficacy, warranting further research to identify its specific compounds and potential health applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rozaini Mohd Zohdi, Muhammad Amirul Adli, Ahmad Muqriz Miskan, Zolkapli Eshak, Richard Johari James, Syahrul Imran Abu Bakar, Monporn Payaban http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Development of Circle Kit for Form 2 Circle Topic
The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the validity and usability of Circle Kit for the Form 2 Circles topic. The study employs the Design and Development Research (DDR) approach, focusing on the Analysis Phase and the Design and Development Phase guided by the ADDIE model. Five experts consisting of four Mathematics lecturers from a public university and one secondary school Mathematics teacher, assessed the kit’s validity. To determine usability, 35 Mathematics trainee teachers from Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) were selected through simple random sampling and responded to a usability questionnaire. Data from expert evaluation were analysed using descriptive analysis, employing the Content Validity Index (CVI), while usability was determined using the mean score. The results of the study found that the validity of the content of daily lesson plan (RPH), kit face and kit content is satisfactory with a value of CVI 1.00. The results also show that the kit’s usability scored a mean of 3.83, indicating high usability. In conclusion, the RPH aligns with the learning standards and supports the kit’s use during Teaching and Facilating (PdPc) sessions. The implication is that the developed kit effectively addresses the Circles topic, making it suitable as a teaching aid (BBM). This study provides valuable guidelines and innovative ideas for Form 2 Mathematics teachers to enhance their teaching through the application of this educational tool.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amirah Fatihah Mohd Zulkiflee, Norazman Arbin, Norsyazana Kamarudin, Siti Noor Asyikin Mohd Razali, Riyan Hidayat, Rezi Ariawan, Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Optimization of Solar Hybrid Gravity System with Battery Energy Storage for Elevation Systems
This research studies the performance and efficiency of a solar hybrid gravity system integrated with battery energy storage. The study aims to optimize the design using a 50-Watt Solar PV, an 18Ah SLA Battery, and a Water Gravity Energy Storage Tank. Energy consumption was evaluated using the SLA Battery, Solar PV, and a 22-Watt Water Pump at various tank heights to measure efficiency improvements and battery lifespan extension. The methodology involved three procedures with five data loggers: a flow meter, a pyranometer, and three unit Watt Meter. Initially, a fully charged SLA Battery was tested at different tank heights (1.5m to 3.5m) every 15 minutes. Subsequently, the 50-Watt Solar PV was tested directly at a 3-meter height. Lastly, the Solar Hybrid Gravity System with Battery Energy Storage was monitored for seven days at a 3-meter height. Results indicated a 600% increase in battery performance at 80% Depth of Discharge (DOD), suggesting the battery's optimal use as a backup power source, thereby extending its lifespan. The SLA Battery shows a 22.1% charging and discharging loss at 5% DOD, while the 22-Watt Water Pump is achieved an 11.0 L/min rate at peak solar radiation, with a maximum motor power of 24.32 Watts. The minimum solar radiation required for efficient pump operation was 300 W/m². In conclusion, the study optimizes the solar hybrid gravity system's energy efficiency, reduces battery dependence, and enhances battery lifespan, promoting sustainable solutions for elevation applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohd Ridhuan Ismail, Zafri Azran Abdul Majid, Sany Izan Ihsan, Mohd Syahriman Mohd Azmi, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Hazim Abdul Aziz Moria http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Elastic Properties Measurement of the Multi-layered Materials using the Pulse-Echo Immersion Technique
Elastic properties measurement is a crucial aspect in understanding and estimating the quality of materials. Even though the multi-layered materials are widely used in various industries, there is still a lack of research has been conducted to measure the elastic properties of each layer within multi-layered materials to monitor the quality of each layer. Hence, this research is performed to determine the elastic properties for each layer within multi-layered materials using the pulse echo immersion technique. Five elastic properties are determined in this study: longitudinal modulus, Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and lame constant. The measurement accuracy was validated using four different thicknesses of three-layered poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) samples and a transducer of 10 MHz center frequency. The findings indicate that the measured values of the elastic properties are consistent within 9.91% compared to the reference values. In conclusion, the elastic properties of each layer within multi-layered materials can be determined using the ultrasonic pulse-echo immersion technique.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Maiyena, Anis Nazihah Mat Daud, Shahrul Kadri Ayop http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Green Fluorescence Property of Chromone-based Hydrazone Towards Zn2+ Ion
Excessive concentration of Zn in the environment may lead to bad toxicological responses that can affect human health and create numerous challenges in the environment. Therefore, it is very important to develop a sensitive method such as selective chemosensors based on fluorescence property which does not require laborious work in order to detect Zn metal ion. A formylchromone-thiosemicarbazide with two chloro derivatives namely DFCTSC was synthesized from reflux reaction of 6,8-dichloroformylchromone (DCF) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC) in ethanol. The characterisation of ligand structure was determined by using spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Meanwhile, the fluorescence property of DFCTSC in the presence of Zn ion was recorded using fluorescence spectrophotometer. The result showed DFCTSC has a good fluorescence behaviour towards Zn ion by giving turn-on green fluorescence at peak 500 nm and emit light when it observed under UV light. The behaviour displayed the ability of ligand to be used as a potential fluorescent chemosensor for detecting Zn2+. Keywords: Chromone-based hydrazone, fluorescence property; chemosensor; Zn ion
Copyright (c) 2024 Nur Aziani Hermanto, Yusnita Juahir, Suzaliza Mustafar, Aisyah Mohamad Sharif, Uwaisulqarni M. Osman, Alizar Ulianas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Vegetative Characters and Distribution of Artocarpus in Perak Province for Field Guide Development
The aim of this study is to evaluate vegetative characters for development of a workable vegetative field guide and to map Artocarpus in Perak Province. Morphological characters of Artocarpus were examined based on modified Hickey and Berg et al. methods, and then evaluated using numerical analysis. Thirty-nine morphological characters were evaluated using Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP) and Phylogeny Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) showing that these characters are of taxonomic significance at genus, tribe and species level. Bole lenticel and bark colour prove to be of taxonomic significance at subgenus level whilst leaves shapes, leaves texture, latex, and venation can lead to species identification. A total of 14 species of Artocarpus were successfully collected (n>350) from specified regions within Perak Province. The distribution shows that Batang Padang, has the highest number of A. nitidus whilst southern part of Perak Province shows the most diverse of Artocarpus members. It is concluded that the finding of this research partly supported useful morphological characters made by Berg et al. (2006). It also shows that vegetative characters are useful as field guide to determine Artocarpus genus and subgenus.
Copyright (c) 2024 Fatimah Mohamed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0