Critical Success Factor (CSF) of Electric Bus Friendly Terminal Design
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/kupasseni.vol14.sp.4.2026Keywords:
Electric Bus Infrastructure, Critical Success Factor, Terminal Design Framework, Low-Carbon Transportation, Success Factors in Terminal, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy, SDG 13: Climate ActionAbstract
Sustainable urban mobility is a core pillar of modern city planning, aiming to reduce environmental impact while improving accessibility, efficiency, and quality of life. It promotes integrated, low-carbon transportation systems that encourage a shift from private to shared and eco-friendly modes of travel. This study investigates the critical success factors (CSFs) in integrating electric buses (EBs) into the design of Malaysian bus terminals, to support a national transition toward “sustainable urban mobility”. Recognising the challenges of shifting from fossil fuel-based transportation to electric alternatives, the research identifies critical design, operational, and policy-related factors that influence successful implementation. Using document and content analysis, 50 global best-practice articles were examined and adapted to the Malaysian context to bridge existing local knowledge gaps. Insights drawn from international case studies inform the identification of seven key factors: infrastructure readiness, environmental sustainability, technological integration, policy and financial mechanisms, operational efficiency, passenger experience, and stakeholder collaboration. Based on these findings, the study proposes a comprehensive design framework for future electric bus terminals, emphasising 3 themes consisting of modular spatial planning, renewable energy systems, and user-centric facilities. The proposed framework offers valuable guidance for urban planners, policymakers, and transportation stakeholders, contributing to the development of low-carbon, efficient public transit infrastructure aligned with Malaysia’s Smart Mobility Strategy and Low-Carbon City Framework.
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