Effect of exercise on body weight and insulin sensitivity following glucose loading in chronic leptin treated rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol8.1.1.2019Keywords:
leptin, glucose challenge, insulin sensitivityAbstract
Leptin affects insulin secretion and action through either a central or peripheral mechanism. It increases glucose metabolism and energy expenditure. Though overweight and obese individuals have been reported to have high circulating leptin levels, these effects of leptin are not evident. Exercise, on the other hand, has been found to increase glucose uptake in these individuals. This study examined the effect of chronic leptin treatment and exercise on body weight, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight-week old rats were treated with either intraperitoneal injection of normal saline (Control; n=8), or leptin (60 μg/kg body weight/day; Leptin; n=8), or leptin and exercise (60 μg/kg body weight/day plus running on a treadmill every other day for 30 minutes at a speed of 30 m/min with 10° inclinations; Leptin-exercise; n=8) or exercise only (running every other day for 30 minutes at a speed of 30 m/min with 10° inclinations on a treadmill; Exercise; n=8) for six weeks. Following six weeks of treatment, glucose challenge was performed by intravenous infusion of 100 mg/ml of glucose for 5 minutes. During the protocol, blood was drawn at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30-min for blood glucose, serum glucose, and serum insulin levels determination. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA with post-hoc analysis and expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Despite no different in body weight between the groups, leptin group had a slightly higher trend of mean body weight compared to other groups. Glucose clearance was delayed in the leptin group. This delay in glucose clearance might be associated with lower insulin level and action in leptin group. More importantly, exercise reversed the leptin effects by promoting glucose clearance despite a significantly lower insulin peak, indicating increase in insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, six weeks of daily leptin administration resulted in delayed glucose clearance, but concurrent exercise however prevented these effects of leptin by promoting glucose clearance and increasing insulin sensitivity.
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References
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Bouassida, A., Zalleg, D., Zaouali, M., Gharbi, N., Fekih, Y., Richalet, J. P., & Tabka, Z. (2004). Effects of supra-maximal exercise on plasma concentrations of leptin. Science & Sports, 19, 136-138.
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De Almeira, R. B., Pauli, L. S., de Souza, C. T., da Silva, A. S., Cintra, D. E., Marinho, R., De moura, L. P., Ropelle, E. C., & Pauli, J. R. (2014). Acute exercise decreases TRB3 protein levels in the hypothalamus of obese rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
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Donato Jr., J, Frazão, R. & Elias, C. F. (2010). The PI3K signaling pathway mediates the biological effects of leptin. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 54(7), 591-602.
Douen, A. G., Ramlal, T., Rastogi, S., Bilan, P. J., Cartee, G. D., Vranic, M., Holloszy, J. O., & Klip, A. (1990). Exercise induces recruitment of the "insulin-responsive glucose transporter”. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265(23), 13427–13430.
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Farmawati, A., Kitajima, Y., Nedachi, T., Sato, M., Kanzaki, M., & Nagatomi, R. (2013). Characterization of contraction-induced IL-6 up-regulation using contractile C2C12 myotubes. Endocrine Journal, 60(2), 137–147.
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Figueira, T. R., Ribeiro, R. A., Ignacio-Sauza, L. M., Vercesi, A. E., Carneiro, E. M., & Oliveira, H. C. F. (2012). Enhanced insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in rats exhibiting low plasma free fatty acid levels and hypertriglyceridaemia due to congenital albumin deficiency. Exp Physiol, 97(4), 525-533
Friedrichsen, M., Mortensen, B., Pehmøller, C., Birk, J. B., & Wojtaszewski, J. F. P. (2012). Exercise-induced AMPK activity in skeletal muscle: Role in glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 1–11.
Glidden, A. R. (2010). The blunted insulin release after exercise and the relationship with gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1. Iowa State University.
Haron, M. N., D'Souza, U. J. A., Jaafar, H., Zakaria, R., & Singh, H. J. (2010). Exogenous leptin administration decreases sperm count and increases the fraction of abnormal sperm in adult rats. Fertility and Sterility, 93(1), 322-324.
Harris, R. B. S. (1998). Acute and chronic effects of leptin on glucose utilization in lean mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 245(2), 502–509.
Heath, G. W., Gavin, J. R., Hinderliter, J. M., Hagberg, J. M., Bloomfield, S. A., & Holloszy, J. O. (1983). Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 55(2), 512–517.
Hennigar, S. R., McClung, J. P., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2017). Nutritional interventions and the IL-6 response to exercise. The FASEB Journal, 31, 3719-3728.
Houseknecht, K. L., & Portocarrero, C. P. (1998). Leptin and its receptors : regulators of whole-body energy homeostasis. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 15(6), 457–475.
Ibrahim, K. S., Omar, E., Ruth, G., Froemming, A., & Singh, H. J. (2013). Leptin increases blood pressure and markers of endothelial activation during pregnancy in rats. BioMed Research International, 2013.
Ishii, T., Yamakita, T., Yamagami, K., Yamamoto, T., Miyamoto, M., Kawasaki, K., Hosoi, M., Yoshioka, K., Sato, T., Tanaka, S., & Fujii, S. (2001). Effect of exercise training on serum leptin levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism, 50(10), 1136–1140.
Jensen, T. E., & Richter, E. A. (2012). Regulation of glucose and glycogen metabolism during and after exercise. J Physiol, 590.5(March), 1069–1076.
Jensen, T. E., Sylow, L., Rose, A. J., Madsen, A. B., Angin, Y., Maarbjerg, S. J., & Richter, E. A. (2014). Contraction-stimulated glucose transport in muscle is controlled by AMPK and mechanical stress but not sarcoplasmatic reticulum Ca2+ release. Molecular Metabolism, 3(7), 742–753.
Jimenez-Pavon, D., Ortega, F. B., Artero, E. G., Labayen, I., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Huybrechts, I., Moreno, L. A., Sjostrom, M., Castillo, M. J., Gonzalez-Gross, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2012). Physical activity, fitness, and serum leptin concentrations in adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 160(4), 598-603.
Joseph, J. W., Koshkin, V., Saleh, M. C., Sivitz, W. I., Zhang, C.-Y., Lowell, B. B., … Wheeler, M. B. (2004). Free Fatty Acid-induced β-Cell Defects Are Dependent on Uncoupling Protein 2 Expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279(49), 51049–51056.
Kang, S., Kim, K. B., & Shin, K. O. (2013). Exercise training improve leptin sensitivity in peripheral tissueof obese rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 435(3), 454-459.
Katherine, A. T., Alexandra, J. M. & Jessica, H. B. (2019). Chapter 12 - Influence of hormone on the development of eating disorder. Eating disorders and obesity in children and adolescents. Elsevier. 73-77. ISBN 9780323548526.
Kumar, M. V., Shimokawa, T., Nagy, T. R., & Lane, M. D. (2002). Differential effects of a centrally acting fatty acid synthase inhibitor in lean and obese mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(4), 1921–1925.
Lalanza, J. F., Sanchez-Roige, S., Cigarroa, I., Gagliano, H., Fuentes, S., Armario, A., Capdevila, L., & Escorihuela, R. M. (2015). Long-term moderate treadmill exercise promotes stress-coping strategies in male and female rats. Scientific Reports, 5:16166.
Lee, C., Lee, C., Tsai, S., Huang, C., Wu, M., Tai, S.-Y., Lin, F.-F., Chao, N.-C., & Chang, C.-J. (2009). Association between serum leptin and adiponectin levels with risk of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in non-diabetic women. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(3), 116–125.
Leto, D., & Saltiel, A. R. (2012). Regulation of glucose transport by insulin: traffic control of GLUT4. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 13(6), 383-396.
Liu, J., Wu, X., Franklin, J. L., Messina, J. L., Hill, H. S., Moellering, D. R., Walton, R. G., Martin, M., & Garvey, W. T. (2010). Mammalian Tribbles homolog 3 impairs insulin action in skeletal muscle: role in glucose-induced insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 298, E565–E576.
Lund, S., Holmant, G. D., Schmitz, O., & Pedersen, O. (1995). Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92(13), 5817–5821.
Marinho, R., Mekary, R. A., Muñoz, V. R., Gomes, R. J., Pauli, J. R., & de Moura, L. P. (2015). Regulation of hepatic TRB3/Akt interaction induced by physical exercise and its effect on the hepatic glucose production in an insulin resistance state. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 7, 67.
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2019-05-28
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Mohd Sanif, S. N. A., Gnanou, J. V., Caszo, B. A., & Singh, H. (2019). Effect of exercise on body weight and insulin sensitivity following glucose loading in chronic leptin treated rats. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol8.1.1.2019
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