The effects of using complex training method on muscular strength among male weightlifters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj/vol7.1.1.2018Keywords:
complex training, strength, weightliftingAbstract
Weightlifting is a sport that requires both dynamic strength and power. Until today, weightlifting coaches are still exploring different training modes in an attempt to enhance both muscular strength and power of the competitive weightlifters. Research has shown that the use of the “right” training method could further provide knowledge on such effect for competitive weightlifters (Storey & Smith, 2012). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using the complex training method (applicable to weightlifting) compared to traditional resistance training on muscular strength among male competitive (state level) weightlifters. Seventeen male competitive weightlifters were randomly assigned into 2 groups: experimental group (Complex Training; n = 9), and control group (Traditional Resistance Training; n = 8). All participants trained for 6 weeks (2 sessions per week) with the total training volume equated between both groups. Participants underwent pre-test and posttest including the anthropometric measurements (height, body weight, and body fat) and lower body strength (isokinetic strength test) parameters. The results showed that there was a significant increase from pre- to post-test in knee extension peak torque t(8) = -4.22; p = .003 and t(7) = -5.37; p = .001, and knee flexion peak torque t(8) = -5.98; p = .001 and t(7) = -4.20; p = .004 in experimental and control groups respectively. No significant difference (p > .05) was observed in knee extension peak torque (22.9 ± 16.3 versus 13.9 ± 7.3) and knee flexion peak torque (11.4 ± 5.7 versus 10.1 ± 6.8) improvements between the complex training group and control group respectively at post-test. In conclusion, the use of complex training method showed similar effects in enhancing muscular strength with traditional resistance training after 6 weeks of intervention.
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References
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Gennuso, K. P., Zalewski, K., Cashin, S. E., & Strath, S. J. (2013). Resistance Training Congruent With Minimal Guidelines Improves Function in Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10 (6), 769-776.
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Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J., Izquierdo, M., & Gorostiaga, E. M. (2006). Moderate volume of high relative training intensity produces greater strength gains compared with low and high volumes in competitive weightlifter. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20 (1), 73-81.
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Hodgson, M., Dochery, D., & Robbins, D. (2005). Post-activation potentiation: Underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Medicine, 35 (7), 585-595.
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Ignjatovic, A. M., Markovic, Z. M., & Radovanovic, D. S. (2012). Effects of 12 weeks medicine ball training on muscle strength and power in young female handball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (8), 2166-2173.
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Retrieved October 15, 2014, from International Weightlifting Federation:
www.iwf.net/weightlifitng_/the-two-lifts/
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Arabatzi, F., & Kellis, E. (2012). Olympic weightlifting training causes different knee muscle coactivation adaptations compared with traditional weight training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (8), 2192-2201.
Baker, D. (2003). Acute effect of alternating heavy and light resistance on power output during upper body complex power training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 17, 493-497.
Baker, D., & Newton, R. U. (2005). Acute effect on power output of alternating an agonist and antagonist muscle exercise during complex training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19, 202-205.
Bompa, T. O. (1999). Theory and methodology of training. United States: Human Kinetics.
Brown, S. R., Brughelli, M., Griffiths, P. C., & Cronin, J. B. (2014). Lower Extremity Isokinetic Strength Profiling in Professional Rugby League and Rugby Union. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 9, 358-361.
Burger, T., Boyer-Kendrick, T., & Dolny, D. (2000). Complex training compared to a combined weight training and plyometric training program. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14 (3), 360.
Carter, J., & Greenwood, M. (2014). Complex Training Reexamined: Review and Recommendations to Improve Strength and Power. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 36 (2), 11-19.
Cavaco, B., Sousa, N., Reis, V. M., Garrido, N., Saavedra, F., Mendes, R., et al. (2014). Short-term effects of complex training on agility with the ball, speed, efficiency of crossing and shooting in youth soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 43 (1), 105-112.
Chaouachi, A., Hammami, R., Kaabi, S., Chamari, K., Drinkwater, E. J., & Behm, D. G. (2014). Olympic weightlifting and plyometric training with children provider similar or greater performance improvements than traditional resistance training. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 28 (6), 1483-1496.
Chiu, L. Z., Fry, A. C., Weiss, L. W., Schilling, B. K., Brown, L. E., & Smith, S. L. (2003). Post activation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17, 671-677.
Chu, D. A. (1996). Explosive Power and Strength: Complex Training for Maximum Results. California: Human Kinetics.
Coffey, V., Reeder, D., & Lancaster, G. (2007). Effect of high frequency resistance exercise on adaptive responses in skeletal muscle. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 39 (12), 2135-2144.
Comyns, T. M., Harrison, A. J., Hennessy, L. K., & Jensen, R. L. (2006). The optimal complex training rest interval for athletes from anaerobic sports. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20, 471-476.
Comyns, T. M., Harrison, A. J., Hennessy, L., & Jensen, R. L. (2007). Indentifying the optimal resistive load for complex training in male rugby players. Sports Biomechanics, 6 (1), 59-70.
Crewther , B., & Christian, C. (2010). Relationships between salivary testosterone and cortisol concentration and training performance in Olympic weightlifters. Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness, 50 (3), 371-375.
Daneshjoo, A., Mokhtar, A., Rahnama, N., & Yusof, A. (2013). The Effects of Injury Prevention Warm Up Programmes on Knee Strength in Male Soccer Players. Biology of Sport, 30 (4), 281-288.
Deutsch, M., & Lloyd, R. (2008). Effect of order of exercise on performance during a complex training session in rugby players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26 (8), 803-809.
Docherty, D., Robbins, D., & Hodgson, M. (2004). Complex Training revisited: a review of its current status as a viable training approach. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 26, 52-57.
Dodd, D. J., & Alvar, B. A. (2007). Analysis of acute explosive training modalities to improve lower body power in baseball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21, 1177-1182.
Duthie, G. M., Young, W. B., & Aitken, D. A. (2002). The acute effects of heavy loads on jump squat performance: An evaluation of the complex and contrast methods of power development. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 16, 530-538.
Ebben, W. P., & Blackard, D. O. (1997). Developing a strength power program for amatuer boxing. Strength and Conditioning Research, 19 (1), 42-51.
Ebben, W. P., & Watts, P. B. (1998). A Review of Combined Weight Training and Plyometric Training Modes: Complex Training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 20, 18-27.
Ebben, William P. (2002). Complex Training: A Brief Review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 42-46.
Fleck, & Kraemer. (1997). Designing Resistance Training Programs. Chicago: Human Kinetics.
Gabbett, T., Kelly, J., & Pezet, T. (2008). A comparison of fitness and skill among playing positions in sub-elite rugby league players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 11 (6), 585-592.
Garhammer, J. (1980). Power production by Olympic weightlifters. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 12 (1), 54-60.
Gennuso, K. P., Zalewski, K., Cashin, S. E., & Strath, S. J. (2013). Resistance Training Congruent With Minimal Guidelines Improves Function in Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10 (6), 769-776.
Gomez, J. P., Olmedillas, H., Guerra, S. D., Royo, I. A., Rodriquez, G. V., Ortiz, R. A., et al. (2008). Effects of weight lifting training combined with plyometric exercises on physical fitness, body composition and knee extension velocity during kicking football. Journal of Applied Physiology Nutrition Metabolism, 33 (3), 501-510.
Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J., Gorostiaga, E. M., Arellano, R., & Izquierdo, M. (2005). Moderate resistance training volume produces more favorable strength gains than high or low volumes during a short term training cycle. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 19 (3), 689-697.
Gonzalez-Badillo, J. J., Izquierdo, M., & Gorostiaga, E. M. (2006). Moderate volume of high relative training intensity produces greater strength gains compared with low and high volumes in competitive weightlifter. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20 (1), 73-81.
Gould , D., Eklund , R. C., & Jackson, S. A. (1992b). 1988 U.S Olympic wrestling excellence: II. Thoughts and affect occurring during competition. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 383-402.
Gould, D. E. (1992a). 1988 U.S Olympic wrestling excellence: I. Mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 368-382.
Hadzic, V., Sattler, T., Markovic, G., Veselko, M., & Dervisevic, E. (2010). The isokinetic strength profile of quadriceps and hamstrings in elite volleyball players. Journal of Exercise Science, 18 (1), 31-37.
Hakkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., & Alen, M. (1988). Neuromuscular and hormonal adaptations in athletes to strength training in two years. Journal Applied Physiology, 65 (6), 2406-2412.
Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999). The acquisition and development of cognitive skills and strategies: Making the butterflies fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 1-21.
Hedrick, A. (1994). Strength and power training for the national speed skating team. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16 (5), 33-39.
Hedrick, A., & Anderson, J. C. (1996). A review of the literature and a team case study. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 4, 7-12.
Hodgson, M., Dochery, D., & Robbins, D. (2005). Post-activation potentiation: Underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Medicine, 35 (7), 585-595.
Hori, N., Newton, R. U., Nosaka, K., & Stone, M. H. (2005). Weightlifting exercises enhance athletic performance that requires high-load speed strength. National Strength and Conditioning Research, 27 (4), 50-55.
Ignjatovic, A. M., Markovic, Z. M., & Radovanovic, D. S. (2012). Effects of 12 weeks medicine ball training on muscle strength and power in young female handball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (8), 2166-2173.
Jackson, R. C., & Baker, J. S. (2001). Routines, rituals, and rugby: Case study of a world class goal kicker. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 48-65.
Janz, J., Dietz, C., & Malone, M. (2008). Training Explosiveness: Weightlifting and Beyond. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30 (6), 14-22.
Jastrzebski, Z., Mikolajewski, R., Radziminski, L., Wnorowski, K., & Jaskulska, E. (2014). The effect of a 6 week plyometric training on explosive power in volleyball players. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 6 (2), 79-89.
Jeffreys, I. (2008, December). A review of post activation potentiation and its application in strength and conditioning. UK Strength and Conditioning Association, 12, 17-25.
Komi, P., & Bosco, C. (1978). Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women. Journal of Medicine Science Sports, 10 (4), 261-265.
Lategan, L. (2012). Comparison of isokinetic knee flexion and extension between men and women. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 18 (4), 841-851.
MacDonald, C. J., Lamont, H. S., & Garner, J. C. (2012). A comparison of the effects of 6 weeks of traditional resistance training, plyometric training and complex training on measures of strength and anthropometrics. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (2), 422-431.
MacDonald, C. J., Lamont, H. S., Garner, J. C., & Jackson, K. (2013). A comparison of the effects of six weeks of traditional resistance training, plyometric training and complex training in measured of power. Journal of Trainology, 2, 13-18.
Matthews, M., & Comfort, P. (2008). Applying complex training principles to boxing: A practical approach. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 30 (5), 12-15.
McBride, J. M., Triplett-McBride, T., Davie, A., & Newton, R. U. (1999). A comparison of strength and power characteristics between power lifters, olympic lifters, and sprinters. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 7, 58-66.
Mohamed, G. A. (2011). Effects of complex training on certain physical variables and performance level of landing in floor exercise. Journal of Science, Movement and Health, 11 (2), 171-175.
Naso, J. D., Pritschet, B. L., Emmett, J. D., Owen, J. D., Willardson, J. M., Beck, T. W., et al. (2012). Comparing thigh muscle cross-sectional area and squat strength among national class olympic weightlifter, powerlifters and bodybuilders. International Sports Medicine Journal, 13 (2), 48-57.
Otto, W. H., Coburn, J. W., Brown, L. E., & Spiering, B. A. (2012). Effects of weightlifting vs. kettlebell training on vertical jump, strength and body composition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26 (5), 1199-1202.
Ozen, S. V. (2012). Reproductive Hormones and Cortisol Responses to Plyometric Training in Males. Biology of Sports, 29, 193-197.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed). CA: Sage Publications. Pearson, S. J., Young, A., & Macaluso, A. (2002). Muscle function in elite master weightlifters. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 34 (7), 1199-1206.
Poletaev, P., Cervera, V., & Coach, W. (1995). The Russian approach to planning a weightlifting program. Strength and Conditioning Research, 24 (3), 20-26.
Retrieved October 15, 2014, from International Weightlifting Federation:
www.iwf.net/weightlifitng_/the-two-lifts/
Robbins, D. W., Young, W. B., Behm, D. G., & Payne, W. R. (2009). Effects of agonist-antagonist complex resistance training on upper body strength and power development. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27 (14), 1617-1627.
Rooney, K. J., Herbert, R. D., & Balnave, R. J. (1994). Fatigue contirbutes to the strength training stimulus. Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26 (9), 1160-1164.
Saeed, K. K. (2013). Effect of Complex Training with low-intensity loading interval on certain physical variables among volleyball infants (10-12 ages). Science, Movement and Health, 13 (1), 16-21.
Santos, E., & Janeir, M. (2008). Effects of complex training on explosive strength in adolescent male basketball players. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 22, 903-909.
Sheehan, K. (2010, October 10). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from LIVESTRONG.COM: www.livestrong.com/article/275029-the-history-of-weightlifting/#page=3.
Stone, M. H., Pierce, K. C., Sands, W. A., & Stone, M. E. (2006). Weightlifting: Program Design. National Strength and Conditioning Journal, 28 (2), 10-17.
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Published
2018-06-24
How to Cite
Firdaus, W., Kuan, G., & Krasilshchikov, O. (2018). The effects of using complex training method on muscular strength among male weightlifters. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj/vol7.1.1.2018
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