Moderating effect of differences in coaches’ cultural backgrounds in the relationship between coaches’ leadership style and athletes’ satisfactions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol7.2.9.2018Keywords:
Leadership style, athletes’ satisfaction, foreign, local coachesAbstract
This study examined the moderating effect of local and foreign coaches in the relationship between coaches leadership styles and athletes satisfaction in a case of high performance athletes in Malaysia (N = 350) under the organization of Majlis Sukan Negara. Five domains of leadership style showed positive correlation with athletes’ satisfaction (p < .05); Training and instruction, r = 0.623, Democratic, r = 0.500, Autocratic, r = 0.126, Social support, r = 0.540 and Positive feedback, r = 0.490.There is a significant different of autocratic leadership style and gender (p < .05) Female perceived coaches’ autocratic leadership style greater than male. However, in athletes satisfaction, there is no significant different between gender (p > .05). In comparing age groups, there is a significant different in training and instruction leadership style and athletes; satisfaction (p < .05). Age group of 24 – 26 years old perceived training and instruction and athletes’ satisfaction greater among all age groups. The lowest athletes’ satisfaction was group 18-20 years old. On coaches’ nationality, training and instruction and athletes’ satisfaction also show significant different (p < .05).Foreign coaches exhibit greater training and instruction style than the locals. On the other hand, the athletes satisfied greater to the local coaches’ compare to the foreign coaches. Significant correlations were observed between all leadership styles domains and athletes’ satisfaction (p < .05) except for autocratic in both local and foreign coaches. This study is expected to extend the body of knowledge of leadership in sport where the cultural differences has never been investigated as the moderating effect in the relationship between coaches’ leadership styles and athletes’ satisfaction and to improve the quality of coaching by suggesting appropriate strategies to be designed in order to control the effects of cultural differences.
Keywords: Leadership style, athletes’ satisfaction, foreign and local coaches
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References
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performance (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
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Chelladurai, P. & Reimer, H. A. (1998). A classification of facets athlete satisfaction. Journal of Sport Management, 11, 13 – 159.
Chelladurai, P. & Arnot, M. (1985). Decision styles in coaching: preferences of basketball player. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 15 -24.
Chelladurai, P. (1990). Leadership in sports: a review. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 21, 328-354
Chelladurai. P. (2008). Management of Human Resources in Sport and Health Entertainments. Publication Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Chih, C. C., Hui, T. H., Hsuan, L. K. (2007). A study of Leadership Styles and Team Cohesion in Elite Collegiate Rugby Student- Athlete. Chin-Men Institute of Technology Journal, 2(3), 121-129.
Gastel, V.C. (2008). Leadership scale for sports (LSS). Sportspsyc Unpublished.
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Evans, L. (1999). Teacher morale, job satisfaction and motivation. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
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Competitive State Anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25 (1).
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Hirokawa, R.Y. (1981) Group problem and problem-solving effectiveness: A critical review of inconsistent findings. Communication Quarterly, 30, 134-141
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House, R. J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321 – 338.
Jung, D. I., & Avolio, B. J. (1999). Effects of leadership style and followers’ cultural orientation on performance in group and individual task conditions. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 208– 218.
Khalaj, G., Mohammad Khabiri, & Nasrollah, S. (2011). The relationship between coaches’leadership styles and player satisfaction in women skate championship. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 15, 3596 – 3601.
Kidane, W. W., Reddy, C. & Babu, S. M. (2013). The effect of coaching behaviour on players’ satisfaction in the case of Ethiopian soccer players: review of literature. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary
Research, 2 (1), 106 – 117.
Kenow, L. & Williams, J. M. (1999). Coach-athlete compatibility and athlete's perception of coaching behaviors.
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Krejcie, R.V. & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational And Psychological Measurement, 30, 607 - 610
Lim, K. C. (1995). Coach leadership behaviours and their relationship to athletes’ achievement orientation and
satisfaction. Unpublished Master Thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Lim, K. C., Nor Idayu, M., Khor, P. H. & Radzliyana, R. (2013). Student-athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ competency at the Malaysian Public Institution of Higher Learning. World Journal of Education, 3 (1), 13 –22.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In MD. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and
Organization Psychology, Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1297 – 1349. Majlis Sukan Negara. (2015).
McKee, J.G. (1991). Leadership styles of community college presidents and faculty job satisfaction. Community/ Junior College Quarterly of Research and Practice, 15 (1), 33-46.
Mills, D. Q. (2005).Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live. Waltham, Mass.: MindEdge
Mohammad Nizam, Mohd Sofian, O. F., Jamalis, M., Soh, K. G. & Anuar, D. (2009). Coaching leadership styles and athlete satisfactions among Malaysian University basketball team. Research Journal of International Studies, 9, 4 – 11.
Nazarudin, M. N. B. (2009). Coaching Leadership Styles and Athlete Satisfaction among Malaysian University
Basketball Team. Research Journal of International Studies, 9, 4-11.
Patterson, M. M., Carron, A. V. & Loughead, T. M. (2005). The influence of team norms on the cohesion–self-reported performance relationship: a multi-level analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 479 – 493.
Profit, A.C. (1990).The relationship between locus of control and job satisfaction of Appalachian principals. Abstract from: Proquest file: Dissertation Abstract International.
Reddy, C., Babu, S. M. & Kidane, W.W. (2013). The effect of coaching behavior on player‘s satisfaction in the case
of ethiopian soccer players: review of literature. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 2, 1.
Reimer, H. A. & Chelladurai, P. (1998). Development of Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. Journal of Sport &
Exercise Psychology, 20, 127 – 156.
Reimer, H. A. & Toon, K. (2001). Leadershi and satisfaction in tennis: examination of congruence, gender and ability. Res Q Exerc Sport, 72, 3, 243 – 56.
Roberts, W. (2001). It takes more than a carrot and a stick. New York: Andres McMeel.
Shrivastava, Y. & Sharma, R. (2015). Leadership behavior as preferred by male athletes of different games and sports. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 1, 6, 96-9
Smith, F. T, Smoll, R. E. & Hunt, E. B. (1977). A system for the behaviour assessment of athletic coaches. Research
Quarterly, 48, 401 407.
Spector, P.E. (1997). Job satisfaction: application, assessment, cause and consequences. California:Sage Publishers.
Schliesman, E. S. (1987). Relationship between the congruence of preferred and actual leader behavior and
subordinate satisfaction with leadership. Journal of Sport Behavior, 10, 157-166.
Shaharudin, A. A. (2005). Perkaitan antara matlamat dan stail kepimpinan dengan pencapaian atlet SUKMA Negeri Perak di Kejohanan SUKMA 2004. eWacanaPenyelidikan UPSI, 13.
Theodorakis, N. & Bebetsos, E. (2003). Examination of athletes’ satisfaction: a first approach. Inquiries in Sport and Physical Education, 1, 197 – 203.
Tobias, C.U. (1999). The way we work. Tennessee: Broadman& Holman.
Wu, M. Y. (2006). Compare participative leadership in three cultures. China Media research, 2(3), 19-30.
Yeganeh, S., Mohammad Khosravi, G. & Mohammad Bagher, F. O. (2014). Relationship between leadership styles
of trainers with satisfaction wrestling. International Journal of Sport Studies, 4(2), 218 – 224.
Zhang, J., Jensen, B. E. & Mann, L. (1997). Modification and revision of the leadership scale for sport. Journal of
Sport Behavior, 20 (1), 105 – 122.
Education, 1 (1).
Aminuddin, Y. (2002). Practice of transformational leadership among Malaysia high school coaches and its impact on athlete satisfactions with individual performance. Journal of International Council for Health, Physical
Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance, 38 (1), 26 – 30.
Asiah, M. P. & Rosli, S. (2009). Coaching leadership styles and athlete satisfactions among hockey team. Journal of
Human Capital Development, 2(1), 77 – 86.
Ayub, H. (2009). The Predicted Factors of Cognitive and Affective Learning at the Level 1 Sports Science Course by
the Malaysian National Sports Council. Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Handbook of Leadership. ed.3. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industry, military, and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
Baumgartner, T. A., Strong, C. H., & Hensley, L. D. (2006). Conducting and reading research in health and human
performance (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Chelladurai, P. & Salleh, S. D. (1980). Dimensions of leader behaviour in sports: Development of a leadership scale. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 34 – 45.
Chelladurai, P. & Reimer, H. A. (1998). A classification of facets athlete satisfaction. Journal of Sport Management, 11, 13 – 159.
Chelladurai, P. & Arnot, M. (1985). Decision styles in coaching: preferences of basketball player. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56, 15 -24.
Chelladurai, P. (1990). Leadership in sports: a review. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 21, 328-354
Chelladurai. P. (2008). Management of Human Resources in Sport and Health Entertainments. Publication Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
Chih, C. C., Hui, T. H., Hsuan, L. K. (2007). A study of Leadership Styles and Team Cohesion in Elite Collegiate Rugby Student- Athlete. Chin-Men Institute of Technology Journal, 2(3), 121-129.
Gastel, V.C. (2008). Leadership scale for sports (LSS). Sportspsyc Unpublished.
Eichas, T. M., Krane, V. (1993). Relationship among perceived leadership style and member satisfaction, and team
chosen. Journal of sport science, 20. 219-226
Evans, L. (1999). Teacher morale, job satisfaction and motivation. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
Eys, M. A., Hardi, J., Carron, A. V., Beauchamp, M. R. (2003). The Relationship between Task Cohesion and
Competitive State Anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25 (1).
Hardman, T.M. (1996). A leader behaviour and leadership idealogy of educational administration and aircraft
commanders. Harvard Educational Review, 25, 1-32.
Hirokawa, R.Y. (1981) Group problem and problem-solving effectiveness: A critical review of inconsistent findings. Communication Quarterly, 30, 134-141
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. SAGE Publications.
Hofstede, G. (2010). The GLOBE debate: Back to relevance. Journal of International Business Studies, 41, 1339-46.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing cultures: the Hofstede model in context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2 (1).
Horn, T. S. (2002). Coaching Effectiveness in sport domain: Advances in sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics.
House, R. J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321 – 338.
Jung, D. I., & Avolio, B. J. (1999). Effects of leadership style and followers’ cultural orientation on performance in group and individual task conditions. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 208– 218.
Khalaj, G., Mohammad Khabiri, & Nasrollah, S. (2011). The relationship between coaches’leadership styles and player satisfaction in women skate championship. Procedia Social and Behavioral Science, 15, 3596 – 3601.
Kidane, W. W., Reddy, C. & Babu, S. M. (2013). The effect of coaching behaviour on players’ satisfaction in the case of Ethiopian soccer players: review of literature. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary
Research, 2 (1), 106 – 117.
Kenow, L. & Williams, J. M. (1999). Coach-athlete compatibility and athlete's perception of coaching behaviors.
Journal of Sport Behavior, 2, 251
Krejcie, R.V. & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational And Psychological Measurement, 30, 607 - 610
Lim, K. C. (1995). Coach leadership behaviours and their relationship to athletes’ achievement orientation and
satisfaction. Unpublished Master Thesis. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Lim, K. C., Nor Idayu, M., Khor, P. H. & Radzliyana, R. (2013). Student-athletes’ perceptions of coaches’ competency at the Malaysian Public Institution of Higher Learning. World Journal of Education, 3 (1), 13 –22.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In MD. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and
Organization Psychology, Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1297 – 1349. Majlis Sukan Negara. (2015).
McKee, J.G. (1991). Leadership styles of community college presidents and faculty job satisfaction. Community/ Junior College Quarterly of Research and Practice, 15 (1), 33-46.
Mills, D. Q. (2005).Leadership: How to Lead, How to Live. Waltham, Mass.: MindEdge
Mohammad Nizam, Mohd Sofian, O. F., Jamalis, M., Soh, K. G. & Anuar, D. (2009). Coaching leadership styles and athlete satisfactions among Malaysian University basketball team. Research Journal of International Studies, 9, 4 – 11.
Nazarudin, M. N. B. (2009). Coaching Leadership Styles and Athlete Satisfaction among Malaysian University
Basketball Team. Research Journal of International Studies, 9, 4-11.
Patterson, M. M., Carron, A. V. & Loughead, T. M. (2005). The influence of team norms on the cohesion–self-reported performance relationship: a multi-level analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 479 – 493.
Profit, A.C. (1990).The relationship between locus of control and job satisfaction of Appalachian principals. Abstract from: Proquest file: Dissertation Abstract International.
Reddy, C., Babu, S. M. & Kidane, W.W. (2013). The effect of coaching behavior on player‘s satisfaction in the case
of ethiopian soccer players: review of literature. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 2, 1.
Reimer, H. A. & Chelladurai, P. (1998). Development of Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire. Journal of Sport &
Exercise Psychology, 20, 127 – 156.
Reimer, H. A. & Toon, K. (2001). Leadershi and satisfaction in tennis: examination of congruence, gender and ability. Res Q Exerc Sport, 72, 3, 243 – 56.
Roberts, W. (2001). It takes more than a carrot and a stick. New York: Andres McMeel.
Shrivastava, Y. & Sharma, R. (2015). Leadership behavior as preferred by male athletes of different games and sports. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 1, 6, 96-9
Smith, F. T, Smoll, R. E. & Hunt, E. B. (1977). A system for the behaviour assessment of athletic coaches. Research
Quarterly, 48, 401 407.
Spector, P.E. (1997). Job satisfaction: application, assessment, cause and consequences. California:Sage Publishers.
Schliesman, E. S. (1987). Relationship between the congruence of preferred and actual leader behavior and
subordinate satisfaction with leadership. Journal of Sport Behavior, 10, 157-166.
Shaharudin, A. A. (2005). Perkaitan antara matlamat dan stail kepimpinan dengan pencapaian atlet SUKMA Negeri Perak di Kejohanan SUKMA 2004. eWacanaPenyelidikan UPSI, 13.
Theodorakis, N. & Bebetsos, E. (2003). Examination of athletes’ satisfaction: a first approach. Inquiries in Sport and Physical Education, 1, 197 – 203.
Tobias, C.U. (1999). The way we work. Tennessee: Broadman& Holman.
Wu, M. Y. (2006). Compare participative leadership in three cultures. China Media research, 2(3), 19-30.
Yeganeh, S., Mohammad Khosravi, G. & Mohammad Bagher, F. O. (2014). Relationship between leadership styles
of trainers with satisfaction wrestling. International Journal of Sport Studies, 4(2), 218 – 224.
Zhang, J., Jensen, B. E. & Mann, L. (1997). Modification and revision of the leadership scale for sport. Journal of
Sport Behavior, 20 (1), 105 – 122.
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Published
2018-11-25
How to Cite
Razali, M. H., Md. Radzi, W., & Husin, S. (2018). Moderating effect of differences in coaches’ cultural backgrounds in the relationship between coaches’ leadership style and athletes’ satisfactions. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 7(2), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol7.2.9.2018
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