Pembinaan Konseptual Kajian bagi Faktor-faktor mempengaruhi Pemindahan Latihan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/mrj.vol14.1.7.2025Keywords:
Pemindahan Latihan, Ciri-ciri Pelatih, Reka Bentuk Latihan, Persekitaran Tempat KerjaAbstract
Pemindahan latihan merupakan kemahiran, pengetahuan dan sikap yang diperoleh oleh peserta selepas menjalani atau program latihan yang dianjurkan sama ada oleh pihak organisasi itu sendiri atau di luar organisasi. Turut dinyatakan definisi bagi setiap pemboleh ubah iaitu tindak balas, personaliti, keberkesanan diri, kandungan latihan, sokongan rakan sekerja, sokongan penyelia, sokongan organisasi dan peluang untuk digunakan turut dijelaskan. Permasalahan setiap pemboleh ubah yang digunakan dalam konseptual kajian ini terhadap pemindahan latihan turut juga di bincangkan. Terdapat beberapa faktor input latihan yang mempengaruhi terhadap pemindahan latihan iaitu ciri-ciri pelatih, reka bentuk latihan dan persekitaran tempat kerja. Bagi faktor ciri-ciri pelatih yang mempengaruhi pemindahan latihan tindak balas pelatih, personaliti dan keberkensanan diri. Sementara itu, dari aspek reka bentuk latihan pula faktor yang mempengaruhi terhadap pemindahan latihan adalah kandungan latihan tersebut. Dari aspek persekitaran tempat kerja pula bagi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemindahan latihan iaitu sokongan rakan sekerja, sokongan penyelia, sokongan organisasi dan peluang untuk di gunakan. Hasil sorotan literatur yang telah dibincangkan, satu kerangka konseptual kajian telah di bangunkan. Selain itu juga, konseptual kajian ini boleh digunakan sebagai panduan oleh bahagian pengurusan sumber manusia terutama staf-staf yang telah mengikuti program latihan untuk mengaplikasikan kemahiran, pengetahuan dan sikap yang baharu di tempat kerja.
Downloads
References
A. Bates, R., Holton Iii, E. F., Seyler, D. L., & Carvalho, M. A. (2000). The role of interpersonal factors in the application of computer-based training in an industrial setting. Human Resource Development International, 3(1), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/136788600361920
Abdulmajeed, B. M., Javed, U., & Abdulmajeed, B. M. (2021). Investigating Extent To Which Companies ’ Environment. 18(14), 483–491
Alam, A., Ahmed, R., & Sarkar, S. H. (2023). Managerial knowledge and skills transfer practices in Bangladesh. International Journal of Professional Business Review: Int. J. Prof. Bus. Rev., 8(5), 108. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i5.2068
Ali, S., Tufail, M., Tanveer, S., & Shah, H. (2022). The Mediating and Moderating Role of Learningand Self -Efficacy in the Relationship between Reaction and Behavior: Evidence from Social Social Enterprises of Pakistan: International Journal of Special Education. 37(3), 1008-1024
Alliger, G. M., Tannenbaum, S. I., Bennett Jr, W., Traver, H., & Shotland, A. (1997). A meta‐analysis of the relations among training criteria. Personnel psychology, 50(2), 341-358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1997.tb00911.x
Alsalamah, A., & Callinan, C. (2021). Adaptation of Kirkpatrick’s four-level model of training criteria to evaluate training programmes for head teachers. Education Sciences, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030116
Andoh, R. P. K., Mensah, D. Y., & Owusu, E. A. (2022). Trainers’ pedagogical competencies and trainees’ assimilation of training content. Journal of Workplace Learning, 34(2), 133–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2021-0024
Awais Bhatti, M., & Kaur, S. (2010). The role of individual and training design factors on training transfer. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(7), 656-672. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591011070770
Azlina, A. B. (2009). Psikologi Personaliti Individu. Karisma Publication Sdn Bhd.
Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of Training: a Review and Directions for Future Research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman.
Banyard, P., Hayes, N., Banyard, P., & Hayes, N. (1994). Personality and coping. Psychology: Theory and application, 58-122.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1–2), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.0016
Bhatti, M. A., Battour, M. M., Sundram, V. P. K., & Othman, A. A. (2013). Transfer of training: Does it truly happen? An examination of support, instrumentality, retention and learner readiness on the transfer motivation and transfer of training. European Journal of Training and Development, 37(3), 273–297. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591311312741
Blau, P (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley
Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., & Huang, J. L. (2010). Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1065–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352880
Brinkerhoff, R. O., & Montesino, M. U. (1995). Partnerships for training transfer: Lessons from a corporate study. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 6(3), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.392006030
Brinkmann, S. (2012). Videnskabelige metoder og patientperspektivet. Patientperspektivet, May, 49–66.
Burke, L. A., & Hutchins, H. M. (2007). Training transfer: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 6(3), 263–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484307303035
Chauhan, R., Ghosh, P., Rai, A., & Shukla, D. (2016). The impact of support at the workplace on transfer of training: a study of an Indian manufacturing unit. International Journal of Training and Development, 20(3), 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12083
Chiaburu, D. S. (2010). The social context of training: Coworker, supervisor, or organizational support? Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(1), 53–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851011013724
Chiaburu, D. S., Van Dam, K., & Hutchins, H. M. (2010). Social support in the workplace and training transfer: A longitudinal analysis. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 18(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2010.00500.x
Cowman, M. C., & McCarthy, A. M. (2016). The impact of demographic and situational factors on training transfer in a health care setting. The Irish Journal of Management, 35(2), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijm-2016-0009
Cromwell, S. E., & Kolb, J. A. (2004). An examination of work-environment support factors affecting transfer of supervisory skills training to the workplace. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(4), 449–471. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1115
Diamantidis, A. D., & Chatzoglou, P. D. (2014). Employee post-training behaviour and performance: Evaluating the results of the training process. International Journal of Training and Development, 18(3), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12034
Edwards, J. S. (2013). Factors affecting training transfer in supervisors.
Eisenberger, R., Stephen Amlei, Rexwinkel, B., Lynach, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.1.42
El-Said, O. A., Al Hajri, B., & Smith, M. (2020). An empirical examination of the antecedents of training transfer in hotels: the moderating role of supervisor support. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(11), 3391–3417. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0262
EL Hajjar, S. T., & Alkhanaizi, M. S. (2018). Exploring the Factors That Affect Employee Training Effectiveness: A Case Study in Bahrain. SAGE Open, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018783033
Facteau, J. D., Dobbins, G. H., Russell, J. E. a., Ladd, R. T., & Kudisch, J. D. (1995). The influence of General Perceptions of the Training Environment on Pretraining Motivation and Perceived Training Transfer. Journal of Management, 21(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100101
Festner, D., & Gruber, H. (2008). Conditions of Work Environments in Fostering Transfer of Training. In Emerging Perspectives of Workplace Learning (pp. 215–231). Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087906450_015
Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., & Prasad, J. (2018). Transfer of training: The known and the unknown. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 201–225. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104443
Ford, J. K., Quiñones, M. A., Sego, D. J., & Sorra, J. S. (1992). Factors Affecting the Opportunity To Perform Trained Tasks on the Job. Personnel Psychology, 45(3), 511–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00858.x
Garcia, P. R. J. M., Amarnani, R. K., Bordia, P., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2021). When support is unwanted: The role of psychological contract type and perceived organizational support in predicting bridge employment intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 125(November 2019), 103525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103525
Gaudine, A. P., & Saks, A. M. (2004). A longitudinal quasi-experiment on the effects of posttraining transfer interventions. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1087
Gauld, D., & Miller, P. (2004). The qualifications and competencies held by effective workplace trainers. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590410513866
Giangreco, A., Carugati, A., & Sebastiano, A. (2010). The International Journal of Human Trainees’ reactions to training : shaping groups and courses for happier trainees. October 2014, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.516598
Gil, A. J., Mataveli, M., & Garcia-Alcaraz, J. L. (2022). Towards an analysis of the transfer of training: empirical evidence from schools in Spain. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(5–6), 652–666. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-01-2021-0008
Greenan, P. (2023). The impact of implementation intentions on the transfer of training from a management development program. Human Resource Development International, 26(5), 577–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2023.2174976
Grossman, R., & Salas, E. (2011). The transfer of training: What really matters. International Journal of Training and Development, 15(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2011.00373.x
Ha, H., & Vanaphuti, V. (2022). Training transfer to the workplace: a study of corporate English language training in hospitals. Journal of Workplace Learning, 34(1), 110–131. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-08-2020-0132
Hilal, O. A. (2021). The moderating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace envy and social undermining. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 40(6), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/joe.22091
Holton, E. F., Bates, R. A., & Ruona, W. E. A. (2000). Development of a generalized learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11(4), 333–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/1532-1096(200024)
Holton, E. F., Bates, R. A., Seyler, D. L., & Carvalho, M. B. (1997). Toward construct validation of a transfer climate instrument. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 8(2), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920080203
Homklin, T., Takahashi, Y., & Techakanont, K. (2014). The influence of social and organizational support on transfer of training: Evidence from Thailand. International Journal of Training and Development, 18(2), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12031
Huang, J. L., & Bramble, R. J. (2016). Trait, state, and task-contingent conscientiousness: Influence on learning and transfer. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.043
Iqbal, K., & Dastgeer, G. (2017). Impact of self-efficacy and retention on transfer of training. Journal of Management Development, 36(10), 1270–1282. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-06-2015-0087
Islam, T., & Ahmed, I. (2018). Mechanism between perceived organizational support and transfer of training: Explanatory role of self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Management Research Review, 41(3), 296–313. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2017-0052
Ismail, A., Foboy, N. A., Nor, A. M., Abdullah, A. A., Ismail, Y., Pendidikan, F., Malaya, U., & Sciences, M. (2019). Studies (JONUS). 4(1), 136–158
Kauffeld, S., & Lehmann-Willenbrock, N. (2010). Sales training: Effects of spaced practice on training transfer. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591011010299
Kim, E. J., Park, S., & Kang, H. S. (Theresa). (2019). Support, training readiness and learning motivation in determining intention to transfer. European Journal of Training and Development, 43(3–4), 306–321. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-08-2018-0075
Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1959). Techniques for Evaluation Training Programs. Journal of the American Society of Training Directors, 13, 21–26.
Klein, H. J., Noe, R. A., & Wang, C. (2006). Motivation to learn and course outcomes: The impact of delivery mode, learning goal orientation, and perceived barriers and enablers. Personnel Psychology, 59(3), 665–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00050.x
Kraai, N., & Mashau, P. (2020). The influence of training content, learning and training transfer on training effectiveness: A case study of board members of non-profit organizations in gauteng. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(2), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.2(57)
Kumar, A., Mohapatra, M., & Dhir, S. (2021). Linking Personality with Contextual Performance through Subjective Well-being Using PLS SEM Modelling. Global Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509211030360
Laker, D. R., & Powell, J. (2011). The differences between hard and soft skills and the relative impact on training transfer. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(1), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20063
Liebermann, S., & Hoffmann, S. (2008). The impact of practical relevance on training transfer: Evidence from a service quality training program for German bank clerks. International Journal of Training and Development, 12(2), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2008.00296.x
Lim, Doo H., & Johnson, S. D. (2002). Trainee perceptions of factors that influence learning transfer. International Journal of Training and Development, 6(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2419.00148
Lim, Doo Hun, & Morris, M. L. (2006). Influence of trainee characteristics, instructional satisfaction, and organizational climate on perceived learning and training transfer. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 17(1), 85–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1162
Manju, S. (2011). Work Environment Factors and Implications for Transfer of Training. Work Environment Factors and Implications for Transfer of Training, 2(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.15533/sdm/2011/v2i1/28798
Mathieu, J. E., Tannenbaum, S. I., & Salas, E. (1992). Influences of Individual and Situational Characteristics on Measures of Training Effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 35(4), 828–847. https://doi.org/10.5465/256317
Milhem, W., Abushamsieh, K., & Pérez Aróstegui, M. N. (2014). Training Strategies, Theories and Types. J. Accounting, Bus. Manag., 21(1), 12–26.
Mishra, S., & Sahoo, M. (2022). Motivation to transfer soft skills training: a systematic literature review. Management Research Review, 45(10), 1296–1322. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2021-0225
Mohamad, N. I., Ismail, A., Aini, Z., Selamat, M. N., & Ibrahim, N. (2023). Sokongan Pengurusan Dan Pemindahan Latihan: Peranan Kesedaran Pembelajaran Sebagai Pengantara. International Journal of Management Studies, 30(1), 147–178. https://doi.org/10.32890/ijms2023.30.1.6
Morgan, R. B., & Casper, W. J. (2000). Examining the factor structure of participant reactions to training: A multidimensional approach. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11(3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/1532-1096(200023)11:3<301::AID-HRDQ7>3.0.CO;2-P
Muduli, A., & Raval, D. (2018). Examining the role of work context, transfer design and transfer motivation on training transfer: Perspective from an Indian insurance industry. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(3–4), 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-09-2017-0078
Muna Mohamad, N., Izzaty Mohamad, N., Ismail, A., Nisak Ahmad, N., & Shahira Ibrahim, N. (2020). Role of Online Training Content in Enhancing Job Motivation. International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 11(3), 1027–1032.
Na-nan, K., Chaiprasit, K., & Pukkeeree, P. (2017). Influences of workplace environment factors on employees’ training transfer. Industrial and Commercial Training, 49(6), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-02-2017-0010
Nadler, L. (1983). Designing training programme: The critical events model. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Ng, K. H. (2013). the Influence of Supervisory and Peer Support on the Transfer of Training. Studies in Business and Economics, 8(3), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25423.12962
Nijman, D. J. J. M., Nijhof, W. J., Wognum, A. A. M., & Veldkamp, B. P. (2006). Exploring differential effects of supervisor support on transfer of training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(7), 529–549. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590610704394
Nikandrou, I., Brinia, V., & Bereri, E. (2009). Trainee perceptions of training transfer: An empirical analysis. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(3), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910950604
Noe, A. R. (2020). Employee Training & Development Eighth Edition. Mc Graw Hill.
Noe, R. A. (2005). Person Characteristics, Employee Training and Development. Mc Graw Hill.
Noorizan, M. M., Afzan, N. F., Norfazlina G., A. Z., & Akma, A. S. S. (2016). The Moderating Effects of Motivation on Work Environment and Training Transfer: A Preliminary Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37(16), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30107-1
Ong, S. A., Rahim, M. H. A., & Hassan, A. R. A. (2019). The Role of Training Design Factors in Influencing Training Effectiveness among Public Service Employees. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 898–913. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i5/6016
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A., Garcia, T., &, & McKeachie, W. K. (1991). A Manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). University of Michigan.
Quratulain, S., Khan, A. K., Sabharwal, M., & Javed, B. (2019). Effect of Self-Efficacy and Instrumentality Beliefs on Training Implementation Behaviors: Testing the Moderating Effect of Organizational Climate. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19876676
Rahayu, E. S., & Paerah, A. (2022). Learning Transfer Perceived from the Baldwin & Ford Theory: An Empirical Study on the Alumni of Pre-Service Training in East Java. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 12(4), 3232-3241.Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Organizational Behavior. Pearson Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v12i4.791
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
Salamon, J., Blume, B. D., Orosz, G., & Nagy, T. (2021). The interplay between the level of voluntary participation and supervisor support on trainee motivation and transfer. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 32(4), 459–481. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21428
Schoeb, G., Lafrenière-Carrier, B., Lauzier, M., & Courcy, F. (2021). Measuring transfer of training: Review and implications for future research. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 38(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1577
Scobby, F. (2001). Barriers to Transfer of Training to the Workplace.
Tafvelin, S., Hasson, H., Nielsen, K., & von Thiele Schwarz, U. (2021). Integrating a transfer perspective into evaluations of leadership training. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 42(6), 856–868. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-11-2019-0492
Testers, L., Gegenfurtner, A., van Geel, R., & Brand-Gruwel, S. (2019). From monocontextual to multicontextual transfer: Organizational determinants of the intention to transfer generic information literacy competences to multiple contexts. Frontline Learning Research, 7(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v7i1.359
U, A., & Majid AH, A. (2015). Role and Impact of Reward and Accountability on Training Transfer. Business and Economics Journal, 07(01). https://doi.org/10.4172/2151-6219.1000195
Van den Bossche, P., Segers, M., & Jansen, N. (2010). Transfer of training: The role of feedback in supportive social networks. International Journal of Training and Development, 14(2), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2010.00343.x
Velada, R., Caetano, A., Michel, J. W., Lyons, B. D., & Kavanagh, M. J. (2007). The effects of training design, individual characteristics and work environment on transfer of training. International Journal of Training and Development, 11(4), 282–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2007.00286.x
Vignoli, M., & Depolo, M. (2019). Transfer of training process. When proactive personality matters? A three-wave investigation of proactive personality as a trigger of the transfer of training process. Personality and Individual Differences, 141(June 2018), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.027
Warr, P., Allan, C., & Birdi, K. (1999). Predicting three levels of training outcome. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(3), 351–375. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166725
Wei Tian, A., Cordery, J., & Gamble, J. (2016). Returning the favor: Positive employee responses to supervisor and peer support for training transfer. International Journal of Training and Development, 20(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12066
Weisweiler, S., Nikitopoulos, A., Netzel, J., & Frey, D. (2013). Gaining insight to transfer of training through the lens of social psychology. Educational Research Review, 8, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2012.05.006
Xiao, J. (1996). The relationship between organizational factors and the transfer of training in the electronics industry in Shenzhen, China. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 7(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920070107
Yaghi, A., & Bates, R. (2020). The role of supervisor and peer support in training transfer in institutions of higher education. International Journal of Training and Development, 24(2), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijtd.12173
Yaghi, A., Goodman, D., Holton, E. F., & Bates, R. A. (2008). Validation of the Learning Transfer System Inventory: A Study of Supervisors in the Public Sector in Jordan. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 19(3), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1238
Yunus, M., Sharuddin, N., Khalid, M., & Abas, M. (2022). The Impact of Perceived Organisational Support, Supervisor Support and Self-Efficacy on Transfer of Training among Public Service Officers. 7(2), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.24191/jibe.v7i2.20996
Zumrah, A. R., Khalid, M. Y., Ali, K., & Mokhtar, A. N. (2020). The effect of religiosity on trainees’ reaction and motivation to transfer: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11(1), 12–26. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-08-2017-0109
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Romi Rampun @ Ramlan, Sharon Toh Pei Sung, Nurhamiza Mumin @ Osman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
