Integrating Equality into Language Classrooms in Indonesia and Vietnam

Authors

  • Hendi Pratama Faculty of Languages and Arts Universitas Negeri Semarang, INDONESIA
  • Nguyen Huy Cuong Vietnam National University, VIETNAM
  • Zulfa Sakhiyya Universitas Negeri Semarang, INDONESIA
  • Imas Istiani Universitas Negeri Semarang, INDONESIA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37134/ajelp.vol10.1.2.2022

Keywords:

equality, equity, anti-discrimination, debate, language learning

Abstract

Recently, social problems and conflicts have risen in Indonesia due to the lack of people's understanding of equality values. Rare studies on equality and minority rights demand immediate awareness and implementation in society. Therefore, this study demonstrates the integration of equality awareness into debate activities in Indonesia and Vietnam. The participants were 104 students from an Indonesian state university and 19 students from a Vietnamese national university. Tolerance indexes toward the minority groups were measured at the pre-treatment phase in Indonesia (2.58 of 5.00) and Vietnam (3.09 of 5.00). Treatments were implemented to improve the tolerance index by integrating an equality module with class debate activity. The finding showed that the tolerance index increased; Indonesian was 3.08 while Vietnamese was 3.40 in the post-treatment phase. However, some sub-items did not undergo significant changes. In Indonesia, tolerance toward minority religious groups was 2.92 on pretest and 2.96 on post-test, disability group from 3.34 to 3.33, and gender from 2.75 to 2.76. Meanwhile, Vietnamese participants' tolerance towards the poverty group persisted with 2.47 on the pretest and 2.50 on the post-test. The efficacy of the model integration deserves proliferation on a larger scale.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

American Psychological Association. (2009). Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/e548572011-001

APSSR Editorial Team. (2019). ASEAN’s sex differences in education versus labor. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 19(1), 245.

Artharini, I. (2016). Penolakan terhadap warga Ahmadiyah di Bangka. BBC Indonesia. Retrieved from //www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2016/01/160126_indonesia_ahmadiyah_bangka

Bank, T. W. (2011). Vietnam country gender assessment. Retrieved from Vietnam Development Information Center website: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/26745/655010WP0P12270sessment-0Eng-0Final.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Blanck, P., Adya, M., Myhill, W. N., Samant, D., & Chen, P.-C. (2007). Law & Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice Employment of People with Disabilities: Twenty- Five Years Back and Ahead Employment of People with Disabilities: Twenty-Five Years Back and Ahead. 25(2). Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq%0Ahttp://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol25/iss2/2%0Ahttp://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq%0Ahttp://scholarship.law.umn.edu/lawineq/vol25/iss2/2

Blandford, E., Brill, C., Neave, S., & Roberts, A. (2011). Equality in Higher Education: Statistical Report. In London: Equality Challenge Unit.

Chairiyani, R. P. (2013). Pembelajaran bahasa Inggris untuk bisnis melalui e-learning. Humaniora, 4(2), 1074–1082.

Coyle, D., Hood, P., & Marsh, D. (2010). CLIL: Content and language integrated learning. United Kingdom: Cambridge Press University.

Diem, H. X., & Hoang, T. V. (2018). Multidimensional poverty in Vietnam: Evidence from a rural household survey.

Edyvane, D. (2014). The Right to Justification: Elements of a Constructivist Theory of Justice. The European Legacy, 19(4), 500–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2014.927218

Emerhub. (2016). Doing business comparison between Indonesia and Vietnam. Emerhub. Retrieved from https://emerhub.com/indonesia/doing-business-comparison-between-indonesia-and-vietnam/.

Espinoza, O. (2007). Solving the equity-equality conceptual dilemma: A new model for analysis of the educational process. Educational Research, 49(4), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131880701717198

Finnis, J. (2011). Natural Law & Natural Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fogarty, A. A., & Zheng, L. (2018). Gender Ambiguity in the Workplace: Transgender and Gender-Diverse Discrimination. Retrieved from http://publisher.abc-clio.com/9781440863233

Forst, R. (2012). The right to justification: Elements of a constructivist theory of justice. New York: Columbia University Press.

Gani, J. (2015). Gender equality Indonesia: Fewer women participation at high positions.

Gunewardena, N. (2009). Pathologizing Poverty Structural Forces versus Personal Deficit Theories in the Feminization of Poverty. Journal of Educational Controversy, 4(1).

Ha, Y. H. (2013). Public perceptions on LGBT issues in modern Vietnam. Retrieved from http://commons.emich.edu/theses/625

Harahap, R. D. (2016). LGBT DI INDONESIA : Perspektif Hukum Islam, HAM, Psikologi dan Pendekatan Maṣlaḥah. Al-Ahkam, 26(2), 223. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2016.26.2.991

ISDS. (2015). Social determinants of gender inequality in Vietnam: Findings of a research study between 2012-2015. Institute for Social Development Studies.

Iswinarno, C., & Tanjung, E. (2020). Foto Mahasiswi Diblur, Indikasi Merebaknya Paham Konservatisme di Kampus_. Retrieved from https://www.suara.com/news/2020/02/14/205247/foto-mahasiswi-diblur-indikasi-merebaknya-paham-konservatisme-di-kampus?page=all

Jones, N., & Anh, T. T. V. (2012). The politics of gender and social protection in Viet Nam: opportunities and challenges for a transformative approach. Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/7761.pdf

Jordan, G. (2004). The Causes of Poverty Cultural vs Structural: Can There Be a Synthesis? Spring, 18–34. Retrieved from http://www.asu.edu/mpa/Jordan.pdf

Kennedy, R. (2007). In-Class Debates : Fertile Ground for Active Learning and the Cultivation of Critical Thinking and Oral Communication Skills. International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 19(2), 183–190. Retrieved from http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe

Kong, S. (2015). A pedagogical framework for content language integrated teaching at middle school level. Journal of Asia TEFL, 12(4), 93–127. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2015.12.4.4.93

Lamont, M., & Small, M. L. (2006). How Culture Matters for Poverty: Thickening Our Understanding. National Poverty Center Working Paper, 1–22. Retrieved from http://npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper10/working_paper06-10.pdf

Lang, K. (2007). Poverty and discrimination. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press.

Lattin, D. (2017). ‘The Vietnam Years’: How the conflict ripped the nation’s religious fabric. Religion News Service. Retrieved from https://religionnews.com/2017/09/08/the-vietnam-years-how-the-conflict-ripped-the-nations-religious-fabric/.

Lestari, E. Y., Slamet, S., & Noorochmat, I. (2017). Pemenuhan Hak Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Di Kabupaten Semarang Melalui Implementasi Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabillities (Cprd) Dalam Bidang Pendidikan. Integralistik, 1, 1–9.

Lilienfield, S. O. (2007). Psychological treatments that cause harm. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x

Mackey, W., & Dolven, B. (2020). Religious intolerance in Indonesia*. Religious Freedom: Violations, Laws and U.S. Policy, 131–137.

Maharrini, L. H. R. (2013). Razia miras wewenang polisi, bukan ormas. Retrieved from http://www.tribunnews.com/ramadan/2013/07/08/razia-miras-wewenang-polisi-bukan-ormas

Martin-Anatias, N. (2020). Code-Switching or Bahasa Gado-Gado in Discussion of Homosexuality in Indonesian Films. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(11), 1542–1564. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1601436

Mehisto, P., Marsh, D., & Frigols, M. (2008). Uncovering CLIL: Content and language integrated learning in bilingual and multilingual education. Macmillan: Oxford University Press.

Mont, D., & Cuong, N. V. (2011). Disability and Poverty in Vietnam. The World Bank Economic Review, 25(2), 323-359.

Munir. (2008). Kurikulum berbasis teknologi dan komunikasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Najafi, M., Motaghi, Z., Nasrabadi, H. B., & Heshi, K. N. (2016). Debate learning method and its implications for the formal education system. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(6), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2015.2316

Narrain, A., & Chandran, V. (2016). Nothing to fix: Medicalisation of sexual orientation and gender identity. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India Ltd.

Oliva Parera, P. M., & Núñez Delgado, M. del P. (2015). An Approach to Integration: The Integration of Language and Content to promote L2 Learner Autonomy at the College Level. GiST Education and Learning Research Journal, 10(10), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.26817/16925777.269

Oosterhoft, P., Hoang, T., & Quach, T. (2014). Negotiating public and legal spaces: the emergences of an LGBT movement in Vietnam. (74), 44. Doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3463.9129.

Oxfam. (2017). Even it up: How to tackle inequality in Vietnam. Oxfam briefing paper.

Palmer, M., Groce, N., Mont, D., Nguyen, O. H., & Mitra, S. (2015). The economic lives of people with disabilities in Vietnam. PLoS ONE, 10(7), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133623

Pratama, H., Nurcahyoko, K., Hertanto, M. A., Marina, R., Rosyidah, S., & Kristianto, V. A. (2018). Panduan debat kompetitif. Yogyakarta: Erhaka.

Pratama, H., & Rustono. (2017). Second language learners’ comprehension of conversational implicature in English. 3L: Language, Linguistics, Literature; The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 23(3), 50–66.

Quinn, S. (2009). Debating in the world school style. New York: International Debate Education Association.

Quyen, N. H. (2019). Reducing rural poverty in Vietnam: issues, policies, challenges. Written for the Expert Group Meeting on Eradicating Rural Poverty to Implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Addis Ababa, 27 February – 1 March 2019.

Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. The Belknap Press: Massachussetts.

Reese, T. J. & Glendon, M. A. (2016). How Vietnam respects and protects religious freedom has implications beyond its own borders. America: The Jesuit Review. Retrieved from https://www.americamagazine.org/issue/report-vietnam.

Rycroff, R. S. (2018). The economic of inequality, discrimination, poverty, and mobility. New York: Routledge.

Santoso, M. B. (2016). Lgbt Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia. Share : Social Work Journal, 6(2), 220. https://doi.org/10.24198/share.v6i2.13206

Saputra, A. (2019). Bu Dokter Gagal Jadi PNS karena Disabilitas, Bagaimana Aturannya? Retrieved from https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4637364/bu-dokter-gagal-jadi-pns-karena-disabilitas-bagaimana-aturannya

Small, M. L., Harding, D. J., & Lamont, M. (2010). Reconsidering culture and poverty. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 629(1), 6–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716210362077

Sucahyo, N. (2016). Perusakan Masjid Ahmadiyah nodai toleransi di Jawa Tengah. VOA, Retrieved from https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/perusakan-masjid-ahmadiyah-nodai-toleransi-di-jateng-/3345410.html

Tarmy, A. (2020). Begini Kronologi Siswi SMA Sragen yang Diteror Gegara Tak Berjilbab. Detik. Retrieved from https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-tengah/d-4866820/begini-kronologi-siswi-sma-sragen-yang-diteror-gegara-tak-berjilbab

Van, N. T. K. (2020). Vietnam got high scores in leadership progress for women. Grant Thornton. Retrieved from https://www.grantthornton.com.vn/press/press-release-2020/women-in-business/

Throckmorton, W., & Welton, G. (2005). Counseling practices as they relate to ratings of helpfulness by consumers of sexual reorientation therapy. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 24, 332–342.

Thuy, P. V. (2017). Same fate, different choices: Decolonization in Vietnam and Indonesia, 1945-1960s. Lembaran Sejarah, 13(1). doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.33519

UNDP, USAID (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: Viet Nam Country Report, Bangkok.

Wolf, S. (2009). Sexuality and socialism. In Sexuality and socialism. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ID-VN (accessed on December 23, 2021)

Young, R. (2018). What is the effect of Content Language Integrated Learning on pupil motivation to learn a foreign language? Scottish Language Review, Summer (34), 29–38.

Published

2022-03-29

How to Cite

Pratama, H., Huy Cuong, N., Sakhiyya, Z., & Istiani, I. (2022). Integrating Equality into Language Classrooms in Indonesia and Vietnam. AJELP: Asian Journal of English Language and Pedagogy, 10(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.37134/ajelp.vol10.1.2.2022