Challenges and Future Prospects of Agricultural Waste Reinforced Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review
Keywords:
Agricultural waste, metal matrix composites, sustainability, processing techniques, interfacial bonding, dispersionAbstract
The use of agricultural waste as reinforcement in metal matrix nanocomposites presents a promising avenue for sustainable materials development. The incorporation of agricultural waste materials in metal matrixes can enhance the mechanical properties and potentially reduce the environmental impact of composites. However, this approach also faces significant challenges, such as compatibility issues, interfacial bonding, dispersion, and processing techniques. This paper critically reviews the current state of research on agricultural waste-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites, identifies key challenges, and proposes future perspectives to overcome these obstacles and unlock the full potential of these materials.
Downloads
References
S. P. Dwivedi, S. Sharma, and K. R. Mishra, “A356 Aluminum Alloy and applications- A Review,” International Journal of Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Characterization, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 81–86, Jun. 2014, doi:10.11127/ijammc.2014.08.01.
L. Singh, B. Singh, and K. K. Saxena, “Manufacturing techniques for metal matrix composites (MMC): an overview,” Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 441–457, Feb. 2020, doi:10.1080/2374068x.2020.1729603.
B. Parveez, M. A. Maleque, and N. A. Jamal, “Influence of agro-based reinforcements on the properties of aluminum matrix composites: a systematic review,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 56, no. 29, pp. 16195–16222, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10853-021-06305-2.
G. Arora and S. Sharma, “A review on monolithic and hybrid metal–matrix composites reinforced with industrial-agro wastes,” Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 4819–4835, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s40430-017-0910-x.
S. Tiwari and M. K. Pradhan, “Effect of rice husk ash on properties of aluminium alloys: A review,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 486–495, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.049.
P. P. Kulkarni, B. Siddeswarappa, and K. S. H. Kumar, “A Survey on Effect of Agro Waste Ash as Reinforcement on Aluminium Base Metal Matrix Composites,” Open Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 09, no. 03, pp. 312–326, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.4236/ojcm.2019.93019.
V. S. Aigbodion, “Al-Si/SiC Nanoparticles Composites Synthesized by Double Stir Casting,” Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 234–238, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.2174/1872210511105030234.
N. S. Kumar, “Fabrication and characterization of Al7075 / RHA /Mica composite by squeeze casting,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 37, pp. 750–753, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.769.
N. Verma and S. C. Vettivel, “Characterization and experimental analysis of boron carbide and rice husk ash reinforced AA7075 aluminium alloy hybrid composite,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 741, pp. 981–998, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.185.
N. F. M. Joharudin, N. A. Latif, M. S. Mustapa, N. A. Badarulzaman, and M. F. Mahmod, “Effect of Burning Temperature on Rice Husk Silica as Reinforcement of Recycled Aluminium Chip AA7075,” Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 125–132, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.37934/arfmts.68.1.125132.
R. Yevich and J. A. Logan, “An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world,” Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol. 17, no. 4, Oct. 2003, doi: 10.1029/2002gb001952.
J. K. Sarkar and Q. Wang, “Different Pyrolysis Process Conditions of South Asian Waste Coconut Shell and Characterization of Gas, Bio-Char, and Bio-Oil,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 8, p. 1970, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.3390/en13081970.
L. Purushothaman and P. Balakrishnan, “Wear and corrosion behavior of coconut shell ash (CSA) reinforced Al6061 metal matrix composites,” Materials Testing, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 77–84, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.3139/120.111456.
A. R. R. Kaladgi, K. F. Rehman, A. Afzal, M. A. Baig, M. Elahi. M. Soudagar, and S. Bhattacharyya, “Fabrication characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy reinforced with Al2O3 and coconut shell particles synthesized by stir casting,” IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1057, p. 012017, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1057/1/012017.
S. A. Bello, I. A. Raheem, and N. K. Raji, “Study of tensile properties, fractography and morphology of aluminium (1xxx)/coconut shell micro particle composites,” Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 269–277, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2015.10.001.
X. Zhuang, Q. Yu, Z. Yuan, X. Kong, and W. Qi, “Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse on enzymatic digestibility,” Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, vol. 90, no. 8, pp. 1515–1520, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1002/jctb.4467.
J. M. Hernández-Salas et al., “Comparative hydrolysis and fermentation of sugarcane and agave bagasse,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, no. 3, pp. 1238–1245, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.062.
A. K. Virkunwar, S. Ghosh, and R. Basak, “Study of Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash,” SSRN Electronic Journal, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3313510.
N. K. Chandla, N. Yashpal, S. Kant, M. Goud, and C. Jawalkar, “Experimental analysis and mechanical characterization of Al 6061/alumina/bagasse ash hybrid reinforced metal matrix composite using vacuum-assisted stir casting method,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 54, no. 27, pp. 4283–4297, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1177/0021998320929417.
P. Samal, P. R. Vundavilli, A. Meher, and M. M. Mahapatra, “Recent progress in aluminum metal matrix composites: A review on processing, mechanical and wear properties,” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 59, pp. 131–152, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.09.010.
J. E. Oghenevweta, V. S. Aigbodion, G. B. Nyior, and F. Asuke, “Mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of Al–Si–Mg/carbonized maize stalk waste particulate composites,” Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 222–229, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2014.03.009.
C. U. Atuanya, A. O. A. Ibhadode, and I. M. Dagwa, “Effects of breadfruit seed hull ash on the microstructures and properties of Al–Si–Fe alloy/breadfruit seed hull ash particulate composites,” Results in Physics, vol. 2, pp. 142–149, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2012.09.003.
S. D. Saravanan and M. S. Kumar, “Effect of Mechanical Properties on Rice Husk Ash Reinforced Aluminum Alloy (AlSi10Mg) Matrix Composites,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 64, pp. 1505–1513, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.09.232.
J. A. K. Gladston, N. M. Sherrif, I. Dinaharan, and J. D. Raja Selvam, "Production and characterization of rich husk ash particulate reinforced AA6061 aluminum alloy composites by compocasting," Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 683–691, Mar. 2015. doi: 10.1016/s1003-632663653-6.
J. Jose et al., “Manufacture and characterization of a novel agro-waste based low cost metal matrix composite (MMC) by compocasting,” Materials Research Express, vol. 5, no. 6, p. 066530, May 2018, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aac803.
B. P. Kumar and A. K. Birru, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium metal matrix composites with addition of bamboo leaf ash by stir casting method," Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 2555–2572, Dec. 2017. doi: 10.1016/s1003-632660284-x
L. Venkatesh, T. V. Arjunan, and K. Ravikumar, “Microstructural characteristics and mechanical behaviour of aluminium hybrid composites reinforced with groundnut shell ash and B4C,” Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 41, no. 7, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s40430-019-1800-1.
G. S. Hanumanth and G. A. Irons, “Particle incorporation by melt stirring for the production of metal-matrix composites,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 2459–2465, Jan. 1993, doi: 10.1007/bf01151680.
G. N. Lokesh, M. Ramachandra, K. V. Mahendra, and T. Sreenith, “Characterization of Al-Cu alloy reinforced fly ash metal matrix composites by squeeze casting method,” International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 71–79, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.4314/ijest.v5i4.7.
V. S. Aigbodion, “Al-Si/SiC Nanoparticles Composites Synthesized by Double Stir Casting,” Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 234–238, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.2174/1872210511105030234.
A. A. Ahamed, R. Ahmed, M. B. Hossain, and M. Billah, “Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminium-Rice Husk Ash Composite Prepared by Stir Casting Method,” Rajshahi University Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 44, pp. 9–18, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.3329/rujse.v44i0.30361.
K. Varalakshmi, K. Ch. K. Kumar, and A. J. Babu, “Analysis of Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Al 6061-Coconut Shell Ash Metal Matrix Composites Using Stir Casting,” Applied Engineering Letters Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 55–65, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.18485/aeletters.2019.4.2.3.
D. S. Prasad, C. Shoba, and N. Ramanaiah, “Investigations on mechanical properties of aluminum hybrid composites,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 79–85, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.11.002.
Ch. H. Gireesh, K. G. D. Prasad, K. Ramji, and P. V. Vinay, “Mechanical Characterization of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Aloe vera powder,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 3289–3297, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.571.
R. Devanathan, J. Ravikumar, S. Boopathi, D. C. Selvam, and S. A. Anicia, “Influence in Mechanical Properties of Stir Cast Aluminium (AA6061) Hybrid Metal matrix Composite (HMMC) with Silicon Carbide, Fly Ash and Coconut coir Ash Reinforcement,” Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 22, pp. 3136–3144, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.450.
V. Gupta and R. Kumar, “Investigating the mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium metal matrix composite reinforced with rice husk ash and aluminium oxide,” International Journal of Precision Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1504/ijptech.2020.10031819.
M. B. N. Shaikh, S. Raja, M. Ahmed, M. Zubair, A. Khan, and M. Ali, “Rice husk ash reinforced aluminium matrix composites: fabrication, characterization, statistical analysis and artificial neural network modelling,” Materials Research Express, vol. 6, no. 5, p. 056518, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/aafbe2.
K. K. Alaneme, T. M. Adewale, and P. A. Olubambi, “Corrosion and wear behaviour of Al–Mg–Si alloy matrix hybrid composites reinforced with rice husk ash and silicon carbide,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9–16, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.10.008.
O. P. Oladijo, M. O. Bodunrin, K. Sobiyi, N. B. Maledi, and Kk. Alaneme, “Investigating the self-healing behaviour of under-aged and 60Sn-40Pb alloy reinforced aluminium hybrid composites,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 620, pp. 201–205, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.08.071.
D. S. Prasad and C. Shoba, “Hybrid composites – a better choice for high wear resistant materials,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 172–178, Apr. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2014.03.004.
P. Deshmukh and S. Pathak, “Influence of Varying SiO2 % on the Mechanical Properties of Al Based MMC,” Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 741–745, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1007/s12666-012-0196-8.
P. K. Bannaravuri and A. K. Birru, “Strengthening of mechanical and tribological properties of Al-4.5%Cu matrix alloy with the addition of bamboo leaf ash,” Results in Physics, vol. 10, pp. 360–373, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rinp.2018.06.004.
K. K. Alaneme, S. A. Babalola, L. H. Chown, and M. O. Bodunrin, “Hot deformation behaviour of bamboo leaf ash–silicon carbide hybrid reinforced aluminium based composite,” Manufacturing Review, vol. 7, p. 17, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1051/mfreview/2020014.
B. Vinod, S. Ramanathan, and M. Anandajothi, “Effect of Organic and Inorganic Reinforcement on Tribological Behaviour of Aluminium A356 Matrix Hybrid Composite,” Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, vol. 4, no. 3, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s40735-018-0157-9.
M. Li et al., “Recent advancements of plant-based natural fiber–reinforced composites and their applications,” Composites Part B Engineering, vol. 200, p. 108254, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108254.
S. Shankar, A. Balaji, and N. Kawin, "Investigations on mechanical and tribological properties of Al-Si10-Mg alloy/sugarcane bagasse ash particulate composites," Particul. Sci. Technol., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 762-770, Apr. 2017.
M. Arulraj and P. K. Palani, “Parametric optimization for improving impact strength of squeeze cast of hybrid metal matrix (LM24–SiCp–coconut shell ash) composite,” Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 40, no. 1, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s40430-017-0925-3.
A. O. Ogah and J. N. Afiukwa, “Characterization and comparison of mechanical behavior of agro fiber-filled high-density polyethylene bio-composites,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 37–46, Nov. 2013, doi: 10.1177/0731684413509425.
A. Kareem, J. A. Qudeiri, A. Abdudeen, T. Ahammed, and A. Ziout, “A Review on AA 6061 Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Casting,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 175, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14010175.
N. K. Bhoi, H. Singh, and S. Pratap, “Developments in the aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced by micro/nano particles – A review,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 813–833, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1177/0021998319865307..
S. Debnath, L. Lancaster, and M. H. Lung, "Utilization of agro-industrial waste in metal matrix composites: towards sustainability," World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol., pp. 1136-1144, 2013.
P. Jagadeesh, M. Puttegowda, S. M. Rangappa, and S. Siengchin, “A review on extraction, chemical treatment, characterization of natural fibers and its composites for potential applications,” Polymer Composites, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 6239–6264, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1002/pc.26312.
R. Khalil, A. G. Chryss, M. Jollands, and S. Bhattacharya, “Effect of coupling agents on the crystallinity and viscoelastic properties of composites of rice hull ash-filled polypropylene,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, no. 24, pp. 10219–10227, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1007/s10853-007-1732-5.
S. Ragunathan, H. Ismail, and K. Hussin, "Comparison of processing and mechanical properties of polypropylene/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/rice husk powder composites modified with silane and acetic anhydride compound," Feb. 24, 2013.
O. O. Joseph and K. O. Babaremu, “Agricultural Waste as a Reinforcement Particulate for Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite (AMMCs): A Review,” Fibers, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 33, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.3390/fib7040033.
O. S. Olusesi and N. E. Udoye, “Development and characterization of AA6061 aluminium alloy /clay and rice husk ash composite,” Manufacturing Letters, vol. 29, pp. 34–41, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.05.006.
D. A. Ashebir, G. A. Mengesha, and D. K. Sinha, "The Role of Tetra Hybrid Reinforcements on the Behavior of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites," J. Nanomater., vol. 2022, pp. 1–18.
V. Vandeginste, “Food waste eggshell valorization through development of new composites: A review,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 29, p. e00317, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2021.e00317.
M. Arulra, P. K. Palani, and L. Venkatesh, “Optimization of Process Parameters in Stir Casting of Hybrid Metal Matrix (LM25/SiC/B4C) Composite Using Taguchi Method,” JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 6038–6042, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.24297/jac.v13i11.5774.
A. Ramanathan, P. K. Krishnan, and R. Muraliraja, “A review on the production of metal matrix composites through stir casting – Furnace design, properties, challenges, and research opportunities,” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 42, pp. 213–245, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.04.017.
E. Omanović-Mikličanin, A. Badnjević, A. Kazlagić, and M. Hajlovac, “Nanocomposites: a brief review,” Health and Technology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 51–59, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s12553-019-00380-x.
M. O. Bodunrin, K. K. Alaneme, and L. H. Chown, “Aluminium matrix hybrid composites: a review of reinforcement philosophies; mechanical, corrosion and tribological characteristics,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 434–445, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.05.003.
K. Gürcan, B. Deri̇N, and E. Ayas, “Effect of SiC Particle Size on the Microstructural, Mechanical and Oxidation Properties of In-situ Synthesized HfB2-SiC Composites,” Journal of Polytechnic, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 503–510, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.682256.
S. S. Das et al., “A Review on Aluminum Matrix Composites Synthesized by FSP,” Macromolecular Symposia, vol. 407, no. 1, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1002/masy.202200119.
S.-Y. Fu, X.-Q. Feng, B. Lauke, and Y.-W. Mai, “Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites,” Composites Part B Engineering, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 933–961, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.01.002.
C. Sun, M. Song, Z. Wang, and Y. He, “Effect of Particle Size on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of SiC-Reinforced Pure Aluminum Composites,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1606–1612, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1007/s11665-010-9801-3.
Mohammed, M., Rahman, R., Mohammed, A. M., Adam, T., Betar, B. O., Osman, A. F., & Dahham, O. S. (2022, November). Surface treatment to improve water repellence and compatibility of natural fiber with polymer matrix: Recent advancement. Polymer Testing, 115, 107707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107707
M. Ardanuy, M. Antunes, and J. I. Velasco, “Vegetable fibres from agricultural residues as thermo-mechanical reinforcement in recycled polypropylene-based green foams,” Waste Management, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 256–263, Oct. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.022.
Z. Huang, N. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Hu, and Y. Luo, “Effect of mechanical activation pretreatment on the properties of sugarcane bagasse/poly(vinyl chloride) composites,” Composites Part a Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 114–120, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.09.025.
F. F. Haq, H. Mahmood, T. Iqbal, M. M. Ali, M. J. Khan, and M. Moniruzzaman, “Development of sustainable biocomposite panels assisted with deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of agro-industrial residue,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 367, p. 120417, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120417.
M. B. N. Shaikh, S. Arif, T. Aziz, A. Waseem, M. A. N. Shaikh, and M. Ali, “Microstructural, mechanical and tribological behaviour of powder metallurgy processed SiC and RHA reinforced Al-based composites,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 15, pp. 166–179, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.surfin.2019.03.002.
N. K. Bhoi, H. Singh, and S. Pratap, “Developments in the aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced by micro/nano particles – A review,” Journal of Composite Materials, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 813–833, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1177/0021998319865307.
D. A. Ashebir, G. A. Mengesha, and D. K. Sinha, "The Role of Tetra Hybrid Reinforcements on the Behavior of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites," Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2022, pp. 1–18, Sep. 2022.
“Study of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites – Review,” International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 82–93, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.23883/ijrter.2017.3113.xqsxf.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rebecca Samaila Hamalai
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
