Female adolescent’s understanding and perception of relational bullying behaviour among peers

Authors

  • Sophia Assom Faculty of Human Development, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
  • Amelia Mohd Noor Faculty of Human Development, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37134/bitara.vol17.sp3.9.2024

Keywords:

bullying, relational bullying, adolescents, case study, secondary school

Abstract

Relational bullying is a type of bullying that harm others by purposeful manipulation and damaging of their peer relationship. Although it is a type of bullying that is prevalent among adolescents, it has not been particularly studied in the context of Malaysian adolescents, despite growing number of empirical studies on bullying behaviour among adolescents in Malaysia. This qualitative study aims to understand the way female adolescents perceive and experience relational bullying among their peers. Five female students age between 13 to 15 years old was selected to participate in semi-structured interview individually. Five distinct themes were identified: a) defining relational bullying, b) normalisation of relational bullying, c) negative impacts of relational bullying, d) predisposed influenced to relational bullying behaviour and e) coping with relational bullying. Based on these themes, The Adolescent’s Relational Bullying Model was developed to further explained its interconnectivity. This study contributes to understanding of relational bullying and offers deeper insights into bullying behaviour among school-going adolescents in Malaysia.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S. (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: Much ado about nothing? Psychological Medicine, 40(5). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709991383

Baldry, A. C., & Winkel, F. (2004). Mental and physical health of Italian youngsters directly and indirectly victimized at school and at home. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2004.10471198

Bandura, A. (1998). Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology and Health, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808407422

Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1992)18:2<117::AID-AB2480180205>3.0.CO;2-3

Blomqvist, K., Saarento-Zaprudin, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2020). Telling adults about one’s plight as a victim of bullying: Student- and context-related factors predicting disclosure. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12521

Boulton, M. J., Hardcastle, K., Down, J., Fowles, J., & Simmonds, J. A. (2014). A Comparison of Preservice Teachers’ Responses to Cyber Versus Traditional Bullying Scenarios: Similarities and Differences and Implications for Practice. Journal of Teacher Education, 65(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487113511496

Bowlby, J. (1979). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00064955

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. In Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health (Vol. 11, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806

Bukowski, W. M. (2011). Popularity as a social concept: Meanings and significance. In Popularity in the peer system.

Canty, J., Stubbe, M., Steers, D., & Collings, S. (2016). The Trouble with Bullying - Deconstructing the Conventional Definition of Bullying for a Child-centred Investigation into Children’s Use of Social Media. Children and Society, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12103

Caravita, S. C. S., Sijtsema, J. J., Rambaran, J. A., & Gini, G. (2014). Peer influences on moral disengagement in late childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9953-1

Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x

Castillo-Montoya, M. (2016). Preparing for interview research: The interview protocol refinement framework. Qualitative Report, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2337

Chester, K. L., Spencer, N. H., Whiting, L., & Brooks, F. M. (n.d.). Association Between Experiencing Relational Bullying and Adolescent Health Related Quality of Life.

Correia, S., Brendgen, M., & Vitaro, F. (2022). The role of norm salience in aggression socialization among friends: Distinctions between physical and relational aggression. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419854133

Coyne, S. M., Archer, J., & Eslea, M. (2006). “We’re not friends anymore! unless...”: The frequency and harmfulness of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20126

Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational Aggression, Gender, and Social‐Psychological Adjustment. Child Development, 66(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00900.x

Crothers, L. M., Field, J. E., Kolbert, J. B., Bell, G. R., Blasik, J., Camic, L. A., Greisler, M. J., & Keener, D. (2007). Relational Aggression in Childhood and Adolescence: Etiology, Characteristics, Diagnostic Assessment and Treatment. Counseling & Human Development, 39(5).

Cuadrado-Gordillo, I. (2012). Repetition, Power Imbalance, and Intentionality: Do These Criteria Conform to Teenagers’ Perception of Bullying? A Role-Based Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(10). https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511431436

Darling, N., Hamilton, S. F., & Shaver, K. H. (2008). Relationships Outside the Family: Unrelated Adults. In Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756607.ch17

Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-Information-Processing Factors in Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children’s Peer Groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146–1158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1146

Espelage, D. L., Merrin, G. J., Hong, J. S., & Resko, S. M. (2018). Applying Social Cognitive Theory to Explore Relational Aggression across Early Adolescence: A Within- and Between-Person Analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0910-x

Ey, L. A., Walker, S., & Spears, B. (2019). Young children’s thinking about bullying: Personal, social-conventional and moral reasoning perspectives. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 44(2), 196–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939119825901

Feldman, S. S., & Rosenthal, D. A. (1991). Age Expectations of Behavioural Autonomy in Hong Kong, Australian and American Youth: The Influence of Family Variables and Adolescents’ Values. International Journal of Psychology, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599108246846

Fernández-Martínez, R., Fernández-Pereira, C., Pérez-Rodríguez, D., Salgado-Barreira, A., García, C. V., Teso-Cuesta, S., Prieto-González, J. M., Olivares Díez, J. M., & Agís-Balboa, R. C. (2022). Association between Peer Victimization (PV) in Childhood/Adolescence and Personality Disorders among Adult Patients. International Journal of Translational Medicine, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm3010002

Hafizuddin Taufik Ramli, M., Solihin Rezali, M., Adilah Shahein, N., Sahril, N., Ying Ying, C., & Ab Wahab, A. (2022). Anxiety and Its Associated Factors among School-going Adolescents in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health Research, 12(2).

Hart, C. H., Nelson, D. A., Robinson, C. C., Olsen, S. F., & McNeilly-Choque, M. K. (1998). Overt and relational aggression in Russian nursery-school-age children: parenting style and marital linkages. Developmental Psychology, 34(4). https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.4.687

Hassan, J., Rashid, S. A., Sufahani, S. F., Nor, M. K., & Aziz, A. (2016). Buli Di Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Rendah Luar Bandar: Kajian Kes Di Kawasan Felda Utara Kedah-Perlis, Malaysia (Bully Among Rural Primary School Students: A Case Study Of North Kedah-Perlis Felda Territory, Malaysia). In Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia (Vol. 30, Issue 1).

Hawley, P. H., Little, T. D., & Card, N. N. (2008). The myth of the alpha male: A new look at dominance-related beliefs and behaviors among adolescent males and females. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407084054

Hellström, L., Persson, L., & Hagquist, C. (2015). Understanding and defining bullying - adolescents’ own views. Archives of Public Health, 73(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-3258-73-4

Hj. Yahya, A., & Ahmad, A. L. (2012). Persepsi Guru dan Pelajar Terhadap Perlakuan Buli di Kalangan Pelajar Sekolah Menengah Daerah Batu Pahat. Jurnal Teknologi. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v43.794

Huesmann, L. R. (2018). An integrative theoretical understanding of aggression: a brief exposition. In Current Opinion in Psychology (Vol. 19). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.015

Junainah Mohd Isa, N., Sobri Ismail, M., & Mohd Noor, A. (2019). Masalah buli dalam kalangan murid: apakah kata guru? Jurnal Perspektif, 2(11).

Košir, K., Zorjan, S., Mikl, A., & Horvat, M. (2022). Social goals and bullying: Examining the moderating role of self-perceived popularity, social status insecurity and classroom variability in popularity. Social Development, 31(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12547

Kraft, C., & Mayeux, L. (2018). Associations Among Friendship Jealousy, Peer Status, and Relational Aggression in Early Adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670992

Kupersmidt, J. B., Bryant, D., & Willoughby, M. T. (2000). Prevalence of aggressive behaviors among preschoolers in head start and community child care programs. Behavioral Disorders, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/019874290002600105

Leff, S. S., Waasdorp, T. E., & Crick, N. R. (2010). A review of existing relational aggression programs: Strengths, limitations, and future directions. In School Psychology Review (Vol. 39, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2010.12087739

Li, T., Huang, Y., Jiang, M., Ma, S., & Ma, Y. (2023). Childhood psychological abuse and relational aggression among adolescents: A moderated chain mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1082516

Li, Y., & Wright, M. F. (2014). Adolescents’ Social Status Goals: Relationships to Social Status Insecurity, Aggression, and Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9939-z

Loflin, D. C., & Barry, C. T. (2016). “You can’t sit with us:” Gender and the differential roles of social intelligence and peer status in adolescent relational aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 91, 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.048

Long, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). The longitudinal association between social status insecurity and relational aggression: Moderation effects of social cognition about relational aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 46(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21872

Marshall, N. A., Arnold, D. H., Rolon-Arroyo, B., & Griffith, S. F. (2015). The association between relational aggression and internalizing symptoms: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.2.135

McIntosh, M. J., & Morse, J. M. (2015). Situating and constructing diversity in semi-structured interviews. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393615597674

Naylor, P., Cowie, H., Cossin, F., De Bettencourt, R., & Lemme, F. (2006). Teachers’ and pupils’ definitions of bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(3). https://doi.org/10.1348/000709905X52229

Nie, T., Yan, Q., & Chen, Y. (2022). Authoritative Parenting Style and Proactive Behaviors: Evidence from China? Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063435

Nik Sarina, N. M. S., Nurhuda, K. A., Atirah, M. R., Syahirah, S., Mohamad Hidayah, A. M., Mohd Amiruddin, I., Wan Nor Azilawanie, T. I., Hasrudy, T., & Mohd Sallehin, J. (2024). Exploring students’ perceptions of bullying: a case study in a Malaysian higher education institution. Jurnal Intelek, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.24191/ji.v19i1.24565

Nocentini, A., Fiorentini, G., Di Paola, L., & Menesini, E. (2019). Parents, family characteristics and bullying behavior: A systematic review. In Aggression and Violent Behavior (Vol. 45). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.010

Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Children and violence. In Stockholm: Vol. XlI (Issue 4).

Parker, J. G., Nielsen, B. L., & McDonald, K. L. (2016). Sources and Implications of Maternal Accuracy About Young Adolescents’ Vulnerability to Friendship Jealousy. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12196

Parker, J., Richard, V., & Becker, K. (2023). Flexibility & Iteration: Exploring the Potential of Large Language Models in Developing and Refining Interview Protocols. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.6695

Pirc, T., Pečjak, S., Podlesek, A., & Štirn, M. (2023). Perceived Parenting Styles and Emotional Control as Predictors of Peer Bullying Involvement. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2023.304

Platt, M., Malecki, C. K., Luckner, A., Wiemer, K., & Pyun, Y. (2022). You can’t sit with us…just kidding! An investigation into the association between empathy and prosocial teasing. Psychology in the Schools, 59(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22650

Prior, M. T. (2018). Accomplishing “rapport” in qualitative research interviews: Empathic moments in interaction. Applied Linguistics Review, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0029

Riaz, S., Bano, Z., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Moral disengagement and relational aggression: The mediating role of machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy. Rawal Medical Journal, 44(4).

Riaz, S., Bano, Z., Ahmed, I., & Naz, I. (2021). PREDICTIVE RELATIONSHIP OF NARCISSISM AND PSYCHOPATHY WITH RELATIONAL AGGRESSION MODERATED BY AGE AMONG ADOLESCENTS. Journal of Ayub Medical College, 33(2).

Ryan, E., & Hurst, H. (2021). “Bullying always seemed less complicated before I read”: Developing Adolescents’ Understanding of the Complex Social Architecture of Bullying through a YAL Book Club. Research in the Teaching of English, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.58680/rte202131259

Salmivalli, C., Kaukiainen, A., & Lagerspetz, K. (2000). Aggression and sociometric status among peers: Do gender and type of aggression matter? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00166

Smith, P. K., & Robinson, S. (2019). How Does Individualism-Collectivism Relate to Bullying Victimisation? International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-018-0005-y

Smith, P. K., Kwak, K., & Toda, Y. (2016). Reflections on bullying in eastern and western perspectives. In School Bullying in Different Cultures: Eastern and Western Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139410878.023

Sugiarti, R., Erlangga, E., Purwaningtyastuti, P., & Wisudaningtyas, A. (2022). Character Education and Friendship on Students’ Self-Esteem. Journal of Nonformal Education, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/jne.v8i2.36776

Swit, C. S. (2021). Differential associations between relational and physical aggression: why do teachers and parents perceive these behaviors differently? Early Child Development and Care, 191(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2019.1621304

Swit, C. S., McMaugh, A. L., & Warburton, W. A. (2018). Teacher and Parent Perceptions of Relational and Physical Aggression During Early Childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0861-y

Thomas, H. J., Chan, G. C. K., Scott, J. G., Connor, J. P., Kelly, A. B., & Williams, J. (2016). Association of different forms of bullying victimisation with adolescents’ psychological distress and reduced emotional wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415600076

Thornberg, R. (2015). The social dynamics of school bullying: The necessary dialogue between the blind men around the elephant and the possible meeting point at the social-ecological square. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics, 3(2).

Voulgaridou, I., & Kokkinos, C. M. (2023). Relational Aggression in Adolescents Across Different Cultural Contexts: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Adolescent Research Review, 8(4), 457–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-023-00207-x

Zhou, J., Wang, L., Zhu, D., & Gong, X. (2024). Social Anxiety and Peer Victimization and Aggression: Examining Reciprocal Trait-State Effects among Early Adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 53(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-023-01920-5

Downloads

Published

2024-12-10

How to Cite

Assom, S., & Mohd Noor, A. (2024). Female adolescent’s understanding and perception of relational bullying behaviour among peers . Jurnal Pendidikan Bitara UPSI, 17(Isu Khas 3), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.37134/bitara.vol17.sp3.9.2024