Biosleeving with Epiphytic Bacteria as a Novel Approach to Oviposition Deterrence Against the Cocoa Pod Borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Keywords:
Cocoa, Conopomorpha cramerella, entomopathogen, oviposition deterrent, pathogenicityAbstract
A great deal of information have been generated on the efficacy of bacterial entomopathogens against insect pests. However, relatively little information is available for the cocoa pod borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen). The pathogenicity of seven isolates as entomopathogen was evaluated against the CPB adult and their effects as oviposition deterrent in an ambient laboratory environment of 28±2ºC and 60-90% RH. A Sigma® hand atomizer was used to deliver an even volume median diameter (VMD) droplet spray of 75 μm of 1 x 106 c.f.u. mL-1. The cells of all bacterial isolates tested could cause infection and inflicted mortality on the CPB adults. The isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens significantly killed 93.33% of the CPB adults at the fourth day of exposure. The supernatant of S. marcescens also demonstrated significant kill of 86.66% of the CPB adults. The isolates P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens also significantly deterred the CPB moths from ovipositing activity, resulting in low mean number of eggs deposited per pod, 7.66 and 11.33 respectively, compared to the control. Subsequent exposures with supernatants reinforced the earlier findings whereby these supernatants significantly moderated oviposition activity of the CPB compared to the control. The integrated use of the bacterial cells and their supernatants as a biological barrier against oviposition activity on cocoa pods was discussed.
Downloads
References
managment of cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Malaysian
Cocoa Journal, 1: 46-52.
Azhar, I. (1986). Ancaman pengorek buah koko (Conopomorpha cramerella) terhadap industri koko di Malaysia. II Teknik-teknik Kawalan. Teknologi Koko-Kelapa, 2:61-69.
Azhar, I., Alias, A. & Meriam, M.Y. (2000). Research on the management of cocoa pod borer in Malaysia. In
Proceeding INCOPED 3rd International Seminar on Cocoa Pests and Diseases, 16-17 October, 2000. Kota
Kinabalu: Malaysian Cocoa Board.
Beever, P.S., Day, R.K. & Mumford, J.D. (1986). Female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer moth, Acrocercops
cramerella: Identification and field evaluation. In Cocoa and Coconuts: Progress and Outlook (E. Pushparajah
& P.S. Chew, eds.), pp. 287-292. Kuala Lumpur: Incorporated Society of Planters.
Bong, C.L., Ruslan, A., Norlela, H., Shari Fuddin, S., Alias, A. & Markos, A. (1999). Beauveria bassiana as a potential biocontrol agent of the cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella. In Biocontrol In The Tropics (W.H. Loke et al., eds.), pp. 147-150. London: CAB International.
Boucias, D.G. & Pendland, J.C. (1998). Principles of Insect Pathology. Alphen: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Hamdan, I. (2013). Malaysia to increase cocoa production. www.namnewsnetwork.org/v3/read.phy?id=MTg0OTk5 (Retrieved August, 2013).
Ibrahim, Y.B. & Shari Fuddin, S. (2014). Potential of selected isolates of entomopathogenic fungi in causing
lethal infection against various developmental stages of the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella
(Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 3(1):
885-891.
Johney, K.V., Teo, H.T. & Ng, K.Y. (1986). Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroid for the control of cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae). In Proceedings Second International
Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics, pp 390-394 (extended Abstract). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian
Plant Protection Society (MAPPS).
Koenig, J.C. (1894). Journal of a voyage from India to Siam and Malacca in 1779. Journal of Straits British Royal Asiatic Society, 26: 104.
Lee, C.T. (1996). Insecticide resistance in cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen and the strategy
to prevent its development. The Planter, 72: 593-599.
Lim, G.T. (1992). Biology, ecology and control of cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen). In Cocoa Pest and Disease management in Southeast Asia and Australasia (P.J. Keane and C.A.J. Putter, eds.) pp 85-100. Rome: FAO of the United Nation.
Lim, G.T., Tay, E.B., Pang, T.C. & Pan, K.Y. (1982). The biology of cocoa pod borer Acrocercops cramerella
Snellen and its control in Sabah, Malaysia. In Proceedings First International Conference on Plant Protection
in the Tropics. (W.H. Loke et al., eds.), pp 257-287. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Plant Protection Society (MAPPS).
Plant Health Australia. (2014). Cocoa pod borer eradicated from Australia. www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/cocoa-pos-borer-eradicated-fro-australia/ (Retrieved June, 2014).
Raghu, A. (2014). Malaysia’s annual cocoa grindings seen up 20% by 2020. www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/07/cocoa-malaysia-idUSL4000HTOEL (Retrieved June, 2014).
SAS Institute (2001). SAS Stat User’s Guide, Version 8.1. Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Slatten, B.H. & Larson, A.D. (1967). Mechanism of pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens. I. Virulence for the adult boll weevil. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 9: 78-81.
Tanada, Y. & Kaya, H.K. (1993). Insect Pathology. Berkeley: University of California Berkeley, USA.
Tay, E.B. (1987). Control of cocoa pod borer – The Sabah experience. In Proceedings Symposium Management
of Cocoa Pod Borer, pp 7-17. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Cocoa Board.
Tay, E.B. & Bong, C.L. (1992). Management of cocoa pests and diseases in Malaysia in the year 2000. In Pest
Management and the Environment in 2000 (S.A. Kadir and H.S. Barlow, eds.) pp 231-249. Kuala Lumpur: CAB International.
Von Donop, L.B. (1882). Report on the Agricultural Prospects of British North Borneo.
Wood, B.J. (1987). Prospects on the management of the cocoa pod borer in Malaysia. In Proceedings Symposium Management of Cocoa Pod Borer (P.A.C. Ooi et al., eds.) pp 139-165. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Plant Protection Society (MAPPS).
World Cocoa Foundation. (2014). Cocoa Pod Borer Programs: Effectiveness of Bio-coater Spraying in
Controlling Cocoa Pod Borer. www.worldcocoafoundation.org/cocoa-pod-borer-research-programs/
(Retrieved June, 2014).
