Motivasi intrinsik dan ekstrinsik dalam kalangan atlet Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol9.1.5.2020Keywords:
Motivasi Intrinsik, Motivasi Ekstrinsik, Self-Determination TheoryAbstract
Motivasi adalah dorongan dalaman yang menjurus seseorang individu untuk memenuhi matlamat diri dan organisasi. Motivasi terdiri daripada dua bahagian iaitu motivasi instrinsik dan juga ekstrinsik. Secara umumnya, motivasi merupakan faktor psikologi penting yang sering kali dikaitkan dengan penglibatan atlet dalam sukan. Kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengenalpasti perbezaan jenis motivasi intrinsik dan ekstrinsik berdasarkan Self-Determination Theory (SDT) daripada perspektif jantina. Sampel kajian terdiri daripada 63 orang atlet Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) (n=63; lelaki=30, perempuan=33) yang menyertai Karnival Sukan MASUM. Instrumen yang digunakan bagi mengukur motivasi atlet ialah melalui borang soal-selidik Skala Motivasi Sukan (Sport Motivation Scale, SMS-28) yang merangkumi kriteria motivasi intrinsik (untuk mengetahui, untuk menyempurnakan, untuk mendorong), ekstrinsik (pengaruh luaran, pengaruh introjeksi, pengaruh kenalpasti) dan amotivasi (demotivasi). Hasil kajian menunjukkan atlet-atlet UKM lebih didorong oleh motivasi instrinsik (M=4.43 ± 0.38) berbanding motivasi ekstrinsik (M=4.19 ± 0.44). Walau bagaimanapun, tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan bagi dimensi-dimensi motivasi intrinsik dan ekstrinsik di antara jantina (p >.05). Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa motivasi intrinsik adalah faktor utama bagi penglibatan atlet UKM dalam sukan yang diceburi.
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References
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Vallerand, R.J. 1997. Toward A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in MP Zanna (Ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Deigo: Academic Press. 271-360.
Van Heerden, C. H. (2014). The relationship between motivation type and sport participation among students in South Africa context. Journal and Physical Education and Sport Management. 5(66), 66-71.
Veale, D., Eshkevari, E., Ellison, N., Costa, A., Robinso, D., Kavouni, A. & Cardozo, L. (2014). Psychological Characteristics and Motivation of Women Seeking Labiaplasty. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 555-556.
Walczak, M. & Tomczak, M. (2019). Validation of the Polish version of Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Effect of gender, level of participation and sport type on intrinsic and extrinsic motives. Trends in Sport Sciences. 26(4), 187-195.
Zahariadis, P.N, Tsorbatzoudis, H. & Grouios, G. 2005. The Sport Motivation Scale for Children: Preliminary Analysis in Physical Education Classes. Percept Motor Skill. 101 (1): 43-54.
Chental, Y, Guay. F, Debreva, M. T. & Vallerand, R. J. 1996. Motivation and elite performance: an exploratory investigation with Bulgarian athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 27: 173-182.
Chin, N. S, Khoo, S. & Low, W. Y. 2012. Self-determination and goal orientation in track and field. Journal Human Kinetics 33: 151-161.
Cox, R. H. (2012). Sport Psychology Concepts and Applications (Seventh Ed). by McGraw-Hill.
Djamarah, Bahri Syaiful. (2011). Psikologi Belajar. Jakarta: Rineke Cipta.
Davis, C., Fox, J., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1995). Motivations to exercise as a function of personality characteristics, age, and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 19 (2), 1165-1174.
Deaner, R. O., Balish, S. M., & Lombardo, M. P. (2016). Sex differences in sports interest and motivation: An evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary. Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), 73–9.
Deelen, I., Ettema, D., & Kamphuis, C. B. (2018). Sports participation in sport clubs, gyms or public spaces: How users of different sports settings differ in their motivations, goals, and sports frequency. PloS One, 13(10), e0205198.
Fortier, M. S, Vallerand, R. J, Brière, N. M. & Provenchen, P. J. 1995. Competition and recreation sport structures and gender. A test of their relationship with sport motivation. International Journal Sport Psychology. 20: 24-39.
Fox, K. & Biddle, S. 1991. Children’s participation motives. International Council Health, Physical Education & Recreation, 1991; 79-82.
Gill, D, Gross, J. & Huddleston, S. 1983. Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1983; 14: 1-14.
Gomez-Lopez. M, Granero-Gallegos. A, Baena-Extremera. A & Abraldes, J.A (2014). Goal orientation effects on elite handball players’ motivation and motivational climate, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 132, 434- 440
Gould, D, Feltz, D. & Weiss, M. 1985. Motives for participating in competitive youth swimming. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 1985; 16(2): 126-140.
Hagan, Pollmann, & Schack (2017). Inside Sport Psychology. Human Kinetics.
Huang, C. H., Lee, L. Y. & Chang, M. L. (2007). The Influences of Personality and Motivation on Exercise Participation and Quality of Life. Social Behavior and Persolaity: An International Journal, 35(9), 1189-1210.
Jamaris Martini, Orientasi Baru dalam Psikologi Pendidikan, Jakarta Pusat: Yayasan Penamas Murni, 2010.
Katz, B., Jaeggi, S., Buschkuehl, M., Stegman, A. & Shah, P. (2014). Differential effect of motivational feature on training improvements in school-based cognitive training. Front Hum Neurosci. 3, 143-145.
Khan, Z., Haider, Z. &Ahmed, N. (2011). Gender difference in achievement motivation of intervarsity level badminton players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 11(3), 255-258.
Kim, B. J, Williams, L. & Gill, D. 2003. A cross-cultural study of achievement orientation and intrinsic motivation in young USA and Korean athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 2003; 34(1): 169-184.
Kingston, K, Horrocks, C. & Hanton, S. 2006. Do multidimensional intrinsic and extrinsic motivation profiles discriminate between athlete scholarship status and gender? Europe Journal of Sport Science, 2006; 6: 53-63.
Komarudin (2015). Psikologi Olahraga. PT Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung.
Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., Hargreaves, E. A. & Ng, J. Y. Y. (2014). Comparing sport motivation scales. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 446-452.
Mosoi, A. A. (2013). Skills and Motivation of Junior Tennis Players. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences. 78, 215-219.
Najah, A., & Rejeb, R. B. (2016). Psychological Characteristics of Male Youth Soccer Players: Specificity of Mental Attributes According to Age Categories. Advances in Physical Education, 6(01), 19.
Norsaleha Mohd Ariffin, Nabilah Yaakub & Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid (2019). Perkaitan orientasi matlamat dan keseronokan dalam kalangan atlet hoki UPSI. Jurnal Sains Sukan dan Pendidikan Jasmani 8(2): 35-43.
Pelletier, L.G., Fortier, M.S., Vallerand, R.J., Tuson, K.M., Briere, N.M. & Blais, M.R. (1995). Toward a New Measure of Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation in Sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). J Sport Exer Psy. 17: 35-53.
Pelletier, L.G., Rocchi, M.A., Vallerand, R.J., Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (2013). Validation of the Revised Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-II). Psychol Sport Exer. 14: 329-341.
Rintaugu, E. G. & Ngetich, E. D. K. (2012). Motivational gender differences in sport and exercise participation among university sport science students. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 12(2), 180-87.
Ryan, R.M., Connell, J.P. & Grolnick, W.S. 1992. When Achievement is not Intrinsically Motivated: A Theory and Assessment of Self-regulation in School in AK Boggiano, T.S. Pittman (Eds.). Achievement and Motivation. Social Developmental Perspective. 1992. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 167-188.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. 2017. Self- Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. (Online), (www.gen.lin.rus.ec), Diakses 13 Maret 2017.
Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L. & Cury, F. 2002. Motivation and Dropout in Female Handballers: A 21-Month Prospective Study. Eur J Soc Psychol. 32: 395-418.
Schneider, R., Harrington, M., & Tobar, D. (2017). Goal orientation and how a task or ego mentality can affect the enjoyment for college hockey players. College Student Journal, 51(1), 57-62.
Standage, M., Duda, J.L. & Ntoumanis, N. 2003. Predicting Motivational Regulations in Physical Education: The Interplay between Dispositional Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate and Perceived Competence. J Sport Sci. 21: 631-647.
Vallerand, R.J. 1997. Toward A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in MP Zanna (Ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Deigo: Academic Press. 271-360.
Van Heerden, C. H. (2014). The relationship between motivation type and sport participation among students in South Africa context. Journal and Physical Education and Sport Management. 5(66), 66-71.
Veale, D., Eshkevari, E., Ellison, N., Costa, A., Robinso, D., Kavouni, A. & Cardozo, L. (2014). Psychological Characteristics and Motivation of Women Seeking Labiaplasty. Psychological Medicine, 44(3), 555-556.
Walczak, M. & Tomczak, M. (2019). Validation of the Polish version of Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Effect of gender, level of participation and sport type on intrinsic and extrinsic motives. Trends in Sport Sciences. 26(4), 187-195.
Zahariadis, P.N, Tsorbatzoudis, H. & Grouios, G. 2005. The Sport Motivation Scale for Children: Preliminary Analysis in Physical Education Classes. Percept Motor Skill. 101 (1): 43-54.
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Published
2020-06-26
How to Cite
Ahmad, M. F., Lamat, S. A., Sharifah Maimunah, S., A. Rahman, M. W., Dahlan, N. D., Tumijan, W., & Mohd Mokhtar, U. K. (2020). Motivasi intrinsik dan ekstrinsik dalam kalangan atlet Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 9(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsspj.vol9.1.5.2020
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