Students' anxiety: An examination of the perception of facial threat and perceived paternal and maternal parenting style
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol7.no2.3.2017Keywords:
Facial threat, facial emotion, paternal parenting style, maternal parental styleAbstract
Previous studies found that, young adolescents are very sensitive to the parental behaviours and attitudes directed towards them. This suggests that those who have a negative perception towards their parents might also have a negative emotion and perception towards another person's appearance. The study investigates the relationship between anxiety and threat perception and how it is related to perceived parenting style. A total of 105 school students age between 16 to 19 years old have been recruited to answer a set of questionnaire of parenting style and anxiety. They are also required to identify the facial expression to explore the threat perceptions by looking at images of facial expression in 2 and 3 dimensions. These images are able to be transformed into 5 levels of anger using the FaceGen Modeller 3.5. Results demonstrate that (a) anxiety is positively related to perceived father and mother authoritative parenting styles, but negatively related to perceived father and mother permissive parenting styles; (b) perceived threat from anger expression is significantly and uniquely related to perceived parenting styles; and (c) perceived threat from facial emotion, is positively correlated with trait anxiety and no correlation is found with state anxiety. Thus, angry faces are perceived as threatening among students, and play a significant role in students’ emotional well-being and students-teacher interaction.
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References
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Philippot, P., & Douilliez, C. (2005). Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43(5), 639-652.
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Roy, S. (2011). Examining the impact of trait anxiety on the recognition of facial emotional expression (Doctoral dissertation). Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada,
Schofield, C. A., Coles, M. E., & Gibb, B. E. (2007). Social anxiety and interpretation biases for facial displays of emotion: Emotion detection and ratings of social cost. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2950–2963.
Strain, A., Azevedo, R., & D’Mello, S. K. (2013). Using a false biofeedback methodology to explore relationships between learners' affect, metacognition, and performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 38(1), 22-39.
Surcinelli, P., Codispoti, M., Montebarocci, O., Rossi, & Baldaro. (2006). Facial emotion recognition in trait anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 2(1), 110-117.
Thomas, L., De Bellis, M., Graham, R., & LaBar, K. (2007). Development of emotional facial recognition in late childhood and adolescence. Developmental Science, 10(5), 547-558
Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are create equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383-403.
Wentzel, K. M., & Russell, S. (2003). Parenting style. Retrieved from reserved.
http://www.education.com/reference/article/parenting-styles1/
Yazdkhasti, F., & Harizuka, S. (2006). The effects of temperament and perceived maternal rejection on childhood anxiety and behaviour problems. School Psychology International, 27(1), 105-128.
Yoon, K. L., & Zinbarg, R.E. (2008). Interpreting neutral faces as threatening is a default Mode for socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), No. 3, 680-685.
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.680.
Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting style and adolescents development. In Brook, Gunn, R., & Petersen, A. The Encyclopedia of Adolescent (p. 746 – 758). New York: Garland.
Blossom, J. B., Ginsburg, G. S., Birmaher, B., Walkup, J. T., Kendall, P. C., Keeton, C. P., Langley, A. K., & Piacentini, J. C. (2013). Parental and family factors as predictors of threat bias in anxious youth. Cognitive Therapy and Res. 37(4), 812-819.
Buri, J. R. (1988).The nature of humankind, authoritarianism, and self-esteem. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 7(1), 32–38.
Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110–119.
Cooper, R. M., Rowe, A. C., & Penton-Voak, I. S. (2008). The role of trait anxiety in the recognition of emotional facial expressions. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 22(7), 1120-1127.
Cowden, P. A. (2009). Communication and conflict: Social anxiety and learning. In Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. Proceedings (Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 16). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc.
D’Mello, S. K., & Graesser, A. C. (2012). Language and discourse are powerful signals of student emotions during tutoring. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 5(4), 304-317.
Eysenck, M. W. (2009). The effect of anxiety on academic achievement of students. Retrieve from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/090623090713.htm
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3rd Ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Foxman, P. (2004). The worried child: Recognizing anxiety in children and helping them heal. Alameda, CA: Hunter House.
Gadeyne, E., Ghesquiere, P., & Onghena, P. (2004). Longitudinal relations between parenting and child adjustment in young children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(2), 347-358.
Gosselin, F., & Schyns, P. (2001). Bubbles: A technique to reveal the use of information in recognition tasks. Vision Res, 41(17), 2261-2271.
Gracia, J. F., & Gracia, E. (2009). Is always authoritative the optimum parenting style? Evidence from Spanish families. Adolescence, 44(173):101-31.
Gros, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J., & McCabe, R. E. (2007). Psychometric properties of the State-Trait inventory for cognitive and somatic anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Psychological Assessment, 19(4), 369–381.
doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369.
Jenness, J. L., Hankin, B. L., Young, J. F., & Gibb, B. E. (2015). Misclassification and identification of emotional facial expressions in depressed youth: A preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(4), 559-565.
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006). Emotion Regulation in Depression: Relation to Cognitive Inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 281-298.
Keshavarz, S., & Baharudin, R. (2009). Parenting style in a collectivist culture of Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 66-73.
LaBillois, J. M. (2003). Anxiety in school-age children: An examination of the role of emotional regulation & stylistic approaches to parenting and teaching. (Doctoral Dissertation). Mount Saint Vincent University, Canada.
Langner, O., Becker, E.S., & Rinck, M. (2009). Social anxiety and anger identification: Bubbles reveal differential use of facial information with low spatial frequencies. Psychological Science, 20(6), 666-670.
Doi: PSCI2357 [pii].
Langner, O., Becker, E.S., Rinck, M., & Knippenberg, A. V. (2015). Social Anxious individuals discriminate better between angry and neutral faces, particularly when using low spatial frequency information. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 46(6), 44-49.
LoBue, V. (2009). More than just a face in the crowd: Detection of emotional facial expressions in young children and adults. Developmental Science, 12(2), 305-313.
Lu, W., Daleiden, E., & Lu, S. E. (2007). Threat perception bias and anxiety among Chinese school children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(4), 568-580.
Martínez, I., García, J.F., & Yubero, S. (2007). Parenting styles and adolescents' self-esteem in Brazil. Psychological reports, 100(3), 731-745.
Mobbs, D., Marchant, J. L., Hassabis, D., Seymour, B., Tan, G., & Gray, M. (2009). From threat to fear: the neural organization of defensive fear system in human. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(39), 12236-12243.
Mofrad, S., Abdullah, R., & Abu Samah, B. (2009). Perceived parental overprotection and separation anxiety: Does specific parental rearing serve as specific risk factor. Asian Social Science, 5(11), 109-116.
Mohlman, J., Carmin, C., & Price, R. B. (2007). Jumping to interpretations: Social anxiety disorder and the identification of emotional facial expressions. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(3), 591-599.
Mokshein, S. E., Wong, K. T, & Ibrahim, H. (2016). Trends and factors for dropout among secondary school students in Perak. Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers & Teacher Education, 6(1), 5-15.
Nadeem, M., Ali, A., Maqbool, S. & Zaidi, S.U. (2012). Impact of anxiety on the academic achievement of students having different mental abilities at University level in Bahawalpur (Southern Punjab) Pakistan. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 4(3), 519-528.
Nyarko, K. (2011). The influence of authoritative parenting style on adolescents' academic achievement. American Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 2(3), 278-282.
Oldehinkel, A.J., Veenstra, R., Ormel, J., Winter, A.F., & Verhulst, F. C, (2006). Temperament, parenting, and depressive symptoms in a population sample of preadolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(7), 684–695.
Oosterhof, N. N., & Todorov, A. (2008). The functional basis of face evaluation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(32), 11087–92.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0805664105.
Philippot, P., & Douilliez, C. (2005). Social phobics do not misinterpret facial expression of emotion. Behavior Research and Therapy, 43(5), 639-652.
Richard, H. J., Hadwin, J. A., Benson, V., Wenger, M. J., & Donnelly, N. (2011). The influence of anxiety on processing capacity for threat detection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(5), 883-889.
doi : 10.3758/s13423-011-0124-7.
Roy, S. (2011). Examining the impact of trait anxiety on the recognition of facial emotional expression (Doctoral dissertation). Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada,
Schofield, C. A., Coles, M. E., & Gibb, B. E. (2007). Social anxiety and interpretation biases for facial displays of emotion: Emotion detection and ratings of social cost. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2950–2963.
Strain, A., Azevedo, R., & D’Mello, S. K. (2013). Using a false biofeedback methodology to explore relationships between learners' affect, metacognition, and performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 38(1), 22-39.
Surcinelli, P., Codispoti, M., Montebarocci, O., Rossi, & Baldaro. (2006). Facial emotion recognition in trait anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 2(1), 110-117.
Thomas, L., De Bellis, M., Graham, R., & LaBar, K. (2007). Development of emotional facial recognition in late childhood and adolescence. Developmental Science, 10(5), 547-558
Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are create equal: The negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383-403.
Wentzel, K. M., & Russell, S. (2003). Parenting style. Retrieved from reserved.
http://www.education.com/reference/article/parenting-styles1/
Yazdkhasti, F., & Harizuka, S. (2006). The effects of temperament and perceived maternal rejection on childhood anxiety and behaviour problems. School Psychology International, 27(1), 105-128.
Yoon, K. L., & Zinbarg, R.E. (2008). Interpreting neutral faces as threatening is a default Mode for socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), No. 3, 680-685.
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.680.
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Published
2017-12-04
How to Cite
Mustapha, R., Shahadan, M. A., Abdul Wahab Khan, R. K., Stephan, I., & Archer, M. (2017). Students’ anxiety: An examination of the perception of facial threat and perceived paternal and maternal parenting style. Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers and Teacher Education, 7(2), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol7.no2.3.2017
