A Review: Antibacterial activities, antioxidant properties and toxicity profile of centella asiatica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vol7.1.5.2020Keywords:
Centella asiatica, chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, toxicityAbstract
Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) has been widely used as traditional or alternative medicine for thousand years due to its capabilities to cure various kinds of diseases. This plant has been used widely to prepare numerous kinds of food and beverages in many countries due to its beneficial functional properties. Active compounds that contribute to its antimicrobial properties are madecassic acid, asiatic acid, madecassoside, and asiaticoside. C. asiatica extract can inhibit majorities of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. It also contained antioxidant properties and has been proven to have an insignificant toxicity effect on human consumption. Currently, there is an increase of interest in research development for natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents to replace the synthetic types in the food industry. This review presents information on the antioxidant capabilities of C. asiatica and its function to inhibit, reduce or minimize microbial growth. The toxicity and safety aspects of consuming C. asiatica extract has also been highlighted to provide essential data for the development of natural preservatives.
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References
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[16]Rattanakom, S., & Yasurin, P. (2014). Review: Antibacterial, antioxidant and chemical profile of Centella asiatica. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 7(2), 445-451.
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[18] Shukla A., Rasik, A.M., & Dhawan, B.N. (1999). Asiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds. Phototherapy Research Phototherapy Research, 13(1), 50-54.
[19] Posedek, A. (2007). Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica vegetables: A review. Food Science and Technology, 40(1), 1-11.
[20] Chanwitheesuk, A., Teerawutgulrag, A., & Rakariyatham, N. (2005). Screening of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds of some edible plants of Thailand. Food Chemistry, 92(3), 491-497.
[21] Mustafa, R.A, Hamid, A.A., Mohamed, S., & Abu Bakar, F. (2010). Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of 21 selected tropical plants. Journal of Food Science, 75(1), 28-35.
[22] Gardner, P.T., White, T.A.C., McPhail, D.B., & Duthie, G.G. (2000). Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): Nutritional Properties and Plausible Health Benefits. Food Chemistry, 68, 471–474.
[23] Hamid, A.A., Md-Shah, Z., Muse, R., & Mohamed, S. (2002). Characterisation of antioxidative of Centella asiatica (L) Urban. Food Chemistry, 77(4), 465-469.
[24] Ling L.T., Radhakrishnan, A.K., Subramaniam, T., Hwee, M.C., & Palanisamy, U.D. (2010). Assessment of antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity of selected Malaysian plants. Molecules, 15, 2139-2151.
[25] Jaswir, I., Hassan, T., & Mohd-Said, M.Z. (2004). Efficacy of Malaysian plant extracts in preventing peroxidation reactions in model and food oil system. Journal of Oleo Science, 53(11), 525-529.
[26] Tan, P.W., Tan, C.P., & Ho, C.W. (2011). Antioxidant properties: Effects of solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant compounds and capacities of pegaga (Centella asiatica). International Food Research Journal, 18, 557-562.
[27] Pittella, F., Dutra, R.C., Junior, D.D., Lopes, M.T., & Barbosa, N. (2009). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activites of Centella asiatica (L) Urban. International Journal of Molecular Science, 10(9), 3713-3721.
[28] Gordon, M.H. (2011). Antioxidants in Food. Berkshire: University of Reading.
[29] Hossain, M.S., Tuly, F.A., Akter, S., Arman, M.S.I., Aziz, M.A., Mahmud, M.E., Das, P., Babu, M.H., & Islam, M.M. (2018). Determination of antiemetic, antimicrobial, anti-radical and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of Centella asiatica. Plant, 6(1), 1-7.
[30] Jadil, N., Hidayati, D., Hartanti, S.R., Arasyi, B., (2016). Antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Piper retrofractum Vahl. using DPPH Assay. Proceeding of International Biology Conference, 1854(1), 1-6.
[31] Nurul’azah, M.Y., Sharifudin, M.S., & Matanjun, P. (2016). Utilization of pegaga (Centella asiatica) as potential antioxidant source in herbal ice cream, Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Sustainable Agriculture, 143-146.
[32] Pitinidhipat, N., & Yasurin, P. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Chrysanthemum indicum, Centella asiatica and Andrographis paniculata against Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes under osmotic stress. Technical Report, 15(4), 239-245.
[33] Idris, F.N., & Nadzir, M.M. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of Centella asiatica on Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis. Chemical Engineering Transaction, 56, 1381-1386.
[34] Kalita D., & Saikia J. (2012). Ethnomedicinal, antibacterial and antifungal potentiality of Centella asiatica, Nerium indicum and Cuscuta reflexa widely used in Tiwa Tribe of Morigaon district of Assam, India. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(3), 380-385.
[35] Mamtha, B., Kavitha, K., Shivananda P.G., & Srinivasan, K.K. (2004). An in vitro study of the effect of Centella asiatica [Indian pennywort] on enteric pathogens. Indian Journal Pharmacology, 36(1), 41-44.
[36] Syahmi, A.R.M., Vijayarathna, S., Sasidharan, S., Latha, L.Y., Kwan, Y.P., Lau, L.Y., Shin, L.N., & Chen, Y. (2010). Acute oral toxicity and brine shrimp lethality of Elaeis guineensis Jacq., (oil palm leaf) methanol extract. Molecules, 15(11), 8111-8121.
[37] Hamidi, M.R., Jovanova, B., & Panovska, T.K. (2014). Toxicological evaluation of the plant products using brine shrimp, Artemia salina (L.) model. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 60(1), 9-18.
[38] Padmaja, R., Arun, P.C., Prashanth, D., Deepak, M., Amit, A., & Anjana, M. (2002). Brine shrimp lethality bioassay of selected Indian medical plants. Fitoterapia, 73(6), 508-510.
[39] Sultan, R.A., Zafar-Mahmood, S., Azhar, Z., Ahmed, S.W., & Mahmood. Z.A. (2014). Biological activities assessment of Centella asiatica (Linn.). Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 20(3), 319-327.
[40] Selvi, C.K. (2018). Brine shrimp lethality assay of some medicinal plants using Artemia franciscana and Artemia salina. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(3), 1901-1905.
[41] Lalisan, J.A., Nuneza, O.M., & Uy, M.M. (2014). Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay of the medicinal plant Pseudelephantopus spicatus from Iligan city, Philippines. International Research Journal of Biological Science, 3(9), 47-50.
[42] World Health Organisations, WHO. (2011). Centella asiatica (L.) Urban., from WHO West Pacific region website: http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/70/87a.pdf. Retrieved on October 15, 2019.
[43] Gohil, K.J., Patel, J.A., & Gajjar, A.K. (2010). Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. Indian Journal of Pharmacuetical Sciences, 72(5), 546-556.
[2] Nasution, M.Y., Restuati, M., Pulungan, A.S.S., Pratiwi, N., & Diningrat, D.S. (2018). Antimicrobial activities of Centella asiatica leaf and root extracts on selected pathogenic microorganisms. Journal of Medical Sciences, 18(4), 198-204.
[3] Nurlaily, A., Noor-Baitee, A.R., & Musalmah, M. (2012). Comparative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban and its active compounds, asiaticoside and madecassoside. Medical and Health, 7(2), 62-72.
[4] Zainol, M.K., Abd-Hamid, A., Yusof, S., & Muse, R. (2003). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of leafs, roots, and petiole of four accessions of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Food Chemistry, 81, 575-581.
[5] Maisuthisakul, P., Suttajit, M., & Pongsawatmanit, R. (2007). Assessment of phenolic content and free radical-scavenging capacity of some Thai indigenous plants. Food Chemistry, 100(4), 1409-1418.
[6] Gbolahan, B.W., Abiola, A.I., Kamaldin, J., Ahmad, M.A., & Atanassova, M.S. (2016). Accession in Centella asiatica: Current understanding and future knowledge. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 10(4), 2485-2494.
[7] USDA-ARS. (2014). Database of Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory.
[8] Chew, K.K., Ng, S.Y., Thoo, Y.Y., Khoo, M.Z., Wan Aida, W.M., & Ho, C.W. (2011). Effect of ethanol concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature on the recovery of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Centella asiatica extratcs. International Food Research Journal, 18, 571-578.
[9] Chandrika, U.G., & Prasad-Kumarab, P.A.A.S. (2015). The relative contributions of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolics to the antioxidant potential of fruit juices. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 75, 125-157.
[10] Aziz, Z.A., Davey, M.R., Power, J.B., Anthony, P., Smith, R.M., & Lowe, K.C. (2007). Production of asiaticoside and madecassoside in Centella asiatica in vitro and in vivo. Biologia Plantarum, 51, 34-42.
[11] Alqahtani, A., Cho, J.L., Wong, K.H., Li, K.M., Naumovski, V.R., & Li, G.Q. (2017). Differentiation of three Centella species in Australia as inferred from morphological characteristics, ISSR molecular fingerprinting and phytochemical composition. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1-16.
[12] Perera, K.S., Chandrika, U.G., Salim, N., Wijepala, G.D., & Goonetilleke, A.K. (2011). Carotenoid and mineral content of different morphotypes of Centella asiatica L. (Gotukola). International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 62(5), 552-557.
[13] Kormin, S. (2005). The effect of heat processing on triterpene glycosides and antioxidant activity of herbal pegaga (Centella asiatica L. urban) drink. Master, pp 1-50, 2005.
[14] Wongfhun, P., Gordon, M.H., & Apichartsrangkoon, A. (2010). Flavour characterization of fresh and processed pennywort (Centella asiatica L.) juices. Food Chemistry, 119(1), 69-74.
[15] Jhansi, D., & Kola, M. (2019). The antioxidant potential of Centella asiatica. Journal of Medical Plant Studies, 7(2), 18-20.
[16]Rattanakom, S., & Yasurin, P. (2014). Review: Antibacterial, antioxidant and chemical profile of Centella asiatica. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 7(2), 445-451.
[17]Hashim, P., Sidek, H., Helan, M.H.M., Sabery, A., Palanisamy, U.D., & Ilham, M. (2011). Triterpene composition and bioactivities of Centella asiatica. Molecules, 16(2), 1310-1222.
[18] Shukla A., Rasik, A.M., & Dhawan, B.N. (1999). Asiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds. Phototherapy Research Phototherapy Research, 13(1), 50-54.
[19] Posedek, A. (2007). Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica vegetables: A review. Food Science and Technology, 40(1), 1-11.
[20] Chanwitheesuk, A., Teerawutgulrag, A., & Rakariyatham, N. (2005). Screening of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compounds of some edible plants of Thailand. Food Chemistry, 92(3), 491-497.
[21] Mustafa, R.A, Hamid, A.A., Mohamed, S., & Abu Bakar, F. (2010). Total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and radical scavenging activity of 21 selected tropical plants. Journal of Food Science, 75(1), 28-35.
[22] Gardner, P.T., White, T.A.C., McPhail, D.B., & Duthie, G.G. (2000). Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica): Nutritional Properties and Plausible Health Benefits. Food Chemistry, 68, 471–474.
[23] Hamid, A.A., Md-Shah, Z., Muse, R., & Mohamed, S. (2002). Characterisation of antioxidative of Centella asiatica (L) Urban. Food Chemistry, 77(4), 465-469.
[24] Ling L.T., Radhakrishnan, A.K., Subramaniam, T., Hwee, M.C., & Palanisamy, U.D. (2010). Assessment of antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity of selected Malaysian plants. Molecules, 15, 2139-2151.
[25] Jaswir, I., Hassan, T., & Mohd-Said, M.Z. (2004). Efficacy of Malaysian plant extracts in preventing peroxidation reactions in model and food oil system. Journal of Oleo Science, 53(11), 525-529.
[26] Tan, P.W., Tan, C.P., & Ho, C.W. (2011). Antioxidant properties: Effects of solid-to-solvent ratio on antioxidant compounds and capacities of pegaga (Centella asiatica). International Food Research Journal, 18, 557-562.
[27] Pittella, F., Dutra, R.C., Junior, D.D., Lopes, M.T., & Barbosa, N. (2009). Antioxidant and cytotoxic activites of Centella asiatica (L) Urban. International Journal of Molecular Science, 10(9), 3713-3721.
[28] Gordon, M.H. (2011). Antioxidants in Food. Berkshire: University of Reading.
[29] Hossain, M.S., Tuly, F.A., Akter, S., Arman, M.S.I., Aziz, M.A., Mahmud, M.E., Das, P., Babu, M.H., & Islam, M.M. (2018). Determination of antiemetic, antimicrobial, anti-radical and cytotoxic activity of methanolic extracts of Centella asiatica. Plant, 6(1), 1-7.
[30] Jadil, N., Hidayati, D., Hartanti, S.R., Arasyi, B., (2016). Antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts of Piper retrofractum Vahl. using DPPH Assay. Proceeding of International Biology Conference, 1854(1), 1-6.
[31] Nurul’azah, M.Y., Sharifudin, M.S., & Matanjun, P. (2016). Utilization of pegaga (Centella asiatica) as potential antioxidant source in herbal ice cream, Proceedings of the Regional Conference on Sustainable Agriculture, 143-146.
[32] Pitinidhipat, N., & Yasurin, P. (2012). Antibacterial activity of Chrysanthemum indicum, Centella asiatica and Andrographis paniculata against Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes under osmotic stress. Technical Report, 15(4), 239-245.
[33] Idris, F.N., & Nadzir, M.M. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of Centella asiatica on Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis. Chemical Engineering Transaction, 56, 1381-1386.
[34] Kalita D., & Saikia J. (2012). Ethnomedicinal, antibacterial and antifungal potentiality of Centella asiatica, Nerium indicum and Cuscuta reflexa widely used in Tiwa Tribe of Morigaon district of Assam, India. International Journal of Phytomedicine, 4(3), 380-385.
[35] Mamtha, B., Kavitha, K., Shivananda P.G., & Srinivasan, K.K. (2004). An in vitro study of the effect of Centella asiatica [Indian pennywort] on enteric pathogens. Indian Journal Pharmacology, 36(1), 41-44.
[36] Syahmi, A.R.M., Vijayarathna, S., Sasidharan, S., Latha, L.Y., Kwan, Y.P., Lau, L.Y., Shin, L.N., & Chen, Y. (2010). Acute oral toxicity and brine shrimp lethality of Elaeis guineensis Jacq., (oil palm leaf) methanol extract. Molecules, 15(11), 8111-8121.
[37] Hamidi, M.R., Jovanova, B., & Panovska, T.K. (2014). Toxicological evaluation of the plant products using brine shrimp, Artemia salina (L.) model. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 60(1), 9-18.
[38] Padmaja, R., Arun, P.C., Prashanth, D., Deepak, M., Amit, A., & Anjana, M. (2002). Brine shrimp lethality bioassay of selected Indian medical plants. Fitoterapia, 73(6), 508-510.
[39] Sultan, R.A., Zafar-Mahmood, S., Azhar, Z., Ahmed, S.W., & Mahmood. Z.A. (2014). Biological activities assessment of Centella asiatica (Linn.). Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 20(3), 319-327.
[40] Selvi, C.K. (2018). Brine shrimp lethality assay of some medicinal plants using Artemia franciscana and Artemia salina. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(3), 1901-1905.
[41] Lalisan, J.A., Nuneza, O.M., & Uy, M.M. (2014). Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay of the medicinal plant Pseudelephantopus spicatus from Iligan city, Philippines. International Research Journal of Biological Science, 3(9), 47-50.
[42] World Health Organisations, WHO. (2011). Centella asiatica (L.) Urban., from WHO West Pacific region website: http://www.wpro.who.int/internet/files/pub/70/87a.pdf. Retrieved on October 15, 2019.
[43] Gohil, K.J., Patel, J.A., & Gajjar, A.K. (2010). Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. Indian Journal of Pharmacuetical Sciences, 72(5), 546-556.
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Published
2020-05-23
How to Cite
Ramli, S., Xian, W. J., & Abd Mutalib, N. A. (2020). A Review: Antibacterial activities, antioxidant properties and toxicity profile of centella asiatica. EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology, 7(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vol7.1.5.2020
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