Fuzzy Delphi Method (fdm): Determining phase for multicultural-based model of peace education curriculum for preschool children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol8.no1.2.2018Keywords:
Peace education, cultural diversity, Fuzzy Delphi Method, preschool children.Abstract
Recently, peace has become an issue being discussed especially in regards to cultural diversity. With education, peace can be conveyed to all walks of life and levels, in particular, the children as our future generation. This study aimed to determine phases and their interrelation towards multicultural-based model of peace education curriculum for preschool children. In order to acquire the accepted (agreement) value for each phase and their interrelation based on experts’ opinion, the Fuzzy Delphi Method was adopted. A set of questionnaire was administered to a group of 12 experts selected based on specified criteria. Seven phases (internal awareness, external stimuli, self- formation, personality cultivation, character development, identity development and action build-up) was given to each expert for their suitable selection of the model. Only 4 phases were selected based on the agreement value of above 75% while their interrelation was stipulated by defuzzification value of the phases from high to low value. The interrelated and selected phases were internal awareness, personality cultivation, character development and action build-up.
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References
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Adler, M. & Ziglio, E. (1996). Gazing into the oracle. Jessica Kingsley Publishers: Bristol, PA. Alfonso, S. M. (2014). Peace Education in Early Childhood. Journal of Peace Education and Social Justice, 8(2), 167-188.
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Baggio, B. G. (2008). Integrating social software into blended-learning courses: A Delphi study of instructional-design processes. proQuest.
Bobonich, M., & Cooper, K. D. (2012). A core curriculum for dermatology nurse practitioners: Using Delphi technique. Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association, 4(2), 108.
Bradley, L. & Stewart, K. (2003). A Delphi study of interest banking. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 21(5), 272-281.
Byrne, S., Wake, M., Blumberg, D., & Dibley, M. (2008). Identifying priority areas for longitudinal research in childhood obesity: Delphi technique survey. Int J Pediatr Obes, 3, 120-212.
Bojadziev, G & Bojadziev, M. (2007). Fuzzy Logic for Business, Finance, and Management (2nd eds.). Canada: World Scientific.
Chen, C. (2000). Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision making under fuzzy environment. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 114, 1-9.
Cheng, C. H. & Lin, Y. (2002). Evaluating the best main battle tank using fuzzy decision theory with linguistic criteria evaluation. European Journal of Operational Research 142:174, 86.
Chu, H. & Hwang, G. (2008). A Delphi-based approach to developing expert systems with the cooperation of multiple experts. Experts Systems with Applications 34:28, 26-40.
Cornish, E. (1977). The study of the future. World Future Society: Washington, D.C.
Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H. & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for program planning: a guide to nominal group and Delphi process. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 14.
Frazier, L. & Sadera, W. (2011, March). Distance education in teacher education: a national study. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, 1, 280-287.
Garrord, B. (2012). Applying the Delphi method in an ecotourism context: a response to Deng et al.’s ‘Development of a point evaluation system for ecotourism destinations: a Delphi method’. Journal of Ecotourism, 11(3), 219-223.
Helmer, O. (1983). Looking forward: a guide to future research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Herrmann, K. H., Kirchberger, I., Stucki, G. & Cieza, A. (2010). The comprehensive ICF core sets for spinal cord injury from the perspective of physical therapist: a worldwide validation study using the Delphi technique. Spinal Cord. doi:10.1038/sc.2010.155. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/sc2010155a.html
Hill, K.Q. & Fowles, J. (1975). The methodological worth of the Delphi forecasting technique. Technology and Forecasting and Social Change, 7, 179-192.
Hsu, H. M. & Chen, C. T. (1996). Aggregation of fuzzy opinions under group decision making. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 79, 279-285.
Ishikawa, A., Amagasa, M., Shiga, T., Tomizawa, G., Tatsuta, R. & Mieno, H. (1993). The max-min delphi method and fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy integration. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 55(3), 241-253.
Jones, H., & Twiss, B. C. (1978). Forecasting technology for planning decisions (No. 658.4 J6).
Jung-Erceg, P., Pandza, K., Armbruster, H. & Dreher, C. (2007). Absorptive capacity in European manufacturing: a Delphi study. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(1), 37-51.
Keeney, S. (2010). The Delphi Technique. In: The research process in nursing. UK: WileyBlackwell.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2003). Kurikulum Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2010). Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2011). Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2016). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran. Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Klir, G. J. & Folger, T. A. (1988). Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Prentice-Hall International.
Lambeth, J. M. (2012). Research foci for career and technical education: findings from a national Delphi study (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://repositories.tdl.org/tdl-ir/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2864
Lee, C. F. & King, B. (2009). A determination of destination competitiveness of Taiwan’s hot springs tourism sector using the Delphi technique. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(3), 243-257.
Lindsey, E. Eberman & Michelle, A. Cleary (2011). Development of a heat-illness Screening Instrument Using the Delphi Panel Technique. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(2), 176-184.
Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (2002). The Delphi method: Techniques and applications (Vol. 18). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Advanced Book Program.
MacCarthy, B. L. & Atthirawong, W. (2003). Factors affecting location decisions in international operations-a Delphi study. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 23(7), 794-818.
Mariani Md Nor (2016). Transformasi Dasar dan Kualiti Pendidikan Prasekolah. Dalam Hussein Haji Ahmad & Mohammed Sani Ibrahim (2016). Transformasi Pendidikan Nasional: Antara Aspirasi dan Anjakan. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim Abdullah (2014). PhD Dissertation. Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim Abdullah, Saedah Siraj, Asra & Zaharah Hussin (2014). Interpretive Structural Modeling of Mlearning Curriculum Implementation Model of English Language Communication Skills for Undergraduates. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 13(1).
Murray, T., Pipino, L., & Van Gigch, J. (1985). A pilot study of fuzzy set modification of Delphi. Human Systems Management Vol 5, 76-80.
Murry, J. & Hammons, J. (1995). Delphi: a versatile methodology for conducting qualitative research. Review of Higher Education 18:4, 23-36.
Nor Suhaila, C. P., Suzana, S., & Nur Salimah, A. (2014). Tahap perpaduan pelajar pelbagai etnik melalui penggunaan teknologi dalam aktiviti pembelajaran.
Norbaiyah Abd Kadir, Farah Haneem Ahmad Jamal & Juhaida Ismail (2014). Peace Education: Inculcating Global Peace Values among Students through Literary Texts in Malaysia. Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education GSE 2014. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nurulrabihah Mat Noh (2014). Reka bentuk kerangka piawai Facebook sebagai medium pengajaran dan pembelajaran sekolah menengah. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Universiti Malaya.
Page, J. S. (2008). Philosophy of Peace Education. In B., Monisha (ed.) Online Encyclopedia of Peace Education. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College.
Putri, N. T. & Yusof, S. R. M. (2009). Development tool for prioritizing and measuring the critical success factors of quality engineering implementation (Case study at Malaysian and Indonesian Automotive Industries). In Proceeding of Asia Pasific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems conference.
Reardon, B. A. (1997). Human rights as education for peace. In G. J. Andrepoulos and R. P. Claude (Eds.), Human rights education for the twenty-first century (pp. 255-261). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Rigby, H., Schofield, S., Mann, K. & Benstead, T. (2012). Education research: An exploration of case-based learning in neuroscience grand rounds using the Delphi technique. Neurology, 79(3), e19-e26.
Roche, D. (1997). "Expanding Human Loyalties." In Joseph Rotblat, Editor. 1997. World Citizenship: Allegiance to Humanity. St. Martin's Press, New York. 134-144.
Rowe, G., Wright, G., & Bolger, F. (1991). Delphi a reevaluation of research and theory. Technological Forecasting and Social change, 35-51.
Schmiedel, T., Vom BRocke, J. & Recker, J. (2013). Which cultural values matter to business process management? Results from a global Delphi study. Business Process Management Journal, 19(2), 5-5.
Saedah Siraj (2007). Future state curriculum planning. Keynote Address & Poerpoint Presentation at International Seminar on Future State Curriculum Planning: prospect and Challenges. Pangkep Province, South of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Sillitoe, P. (1998). The development of indigenous knowledge: A new applied anthropology. Current anthropology, 39(2), 223-252.
Soares, D. & Amaral, L. (2011). Information systems interoperability in public administration: identifying the major acting forces through a Delphi study. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 6(1), 61-94.
Story, V., Hurdley, L., Smith, G. & Saker, J. (2000). Methodological and practical implications of the Delphi technique in marketing decision-making: A reassessment. The Marketing Review, 1(4), 487-504.
Strickland, J., Moulton, S.,Strickland, A. & White, J. (2010). The Delphi technique as an evaluation tool: An example of developing an e-learning curriculum using the ADDIE model. In J. Sanchez & K. Zhang (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare and Higher Education 2010 (pp. 2203-2211). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
Tohidi, H. (2011). Review the benefits of using value engineering in information technology project management. Procedia Computer Science, 3, 917-924.
UNESCO (2005). UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005 – 2014: The DESD at a glance. Paris:
UNESCO UNICEF (1999). Progress, Challenges and Future Strategies in Basic Education. E/ICEF/1999/14 (Paper tabled at June 1999 Executive Board Session).
UNICEF (1999). The Future Global Agenda for Children: Imperatives for Twenty-First Century. E/ICEF/1999/10 (Executive Board Document).
Usha, A. B. (2014). Transacting Peace Education in School Using PETS: A Study. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 4(1), 30-34.
Walton, M., & Rao, V. (2004). Culture and public action. Stanford University Press.
Zaharah Hussin. (2008). Pembinaan Kandungan Kurikulum Pendidikan Akhlak Latihan Perguruan Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Education Faculty, Universiti Malaysia.
Abdullah, A. (2010). Tema dan isu penyelidikan mengenai gejala sosial pada dekad pertama abad 21 di Malaysia. Akademika, 78, 3-14.
Adler, M. & Ziglio, E. (1996). Gazing into the oracle. Jessica Kingsley Publishers: Bristol, PA. Alfonso, S. M. (2014). Peace Education in Early Childhood. Journal of Peace Education and Social Justice, 8(2), 167-188.
Askandar, K. (2007). Perpaduan dan Perdamaian Etnik.
Azli Ariffin (2017). Reka Bentuk Model Aktiviti Penggunaan Lagu Kanak-Kanak Melayu Tradisional Untuk Peningkatan Imaginasi-Kreatif Prasekolah (Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya).
Baggio, B. G. (2008). Integrating social software into blended-learning courses: A Delphi study of instructional-design processes. proQuest.
Bobonich, M., & Cooper, K. D. (2012). A core curriculum for dermatology nurse practitioners: Using Delphi technique. Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association, 4(2), 108.
Bradley, L. & Stewart, K. (2003). A Delphi study of interest banking. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 21(5), 272-281.
Byrne, S., Wake, M., Blumberg, D., & Dibley, M. (2008). Identifying priority areas for longitudinal research in childhood obesity: Delphi technique survey. Int J Pediatr Obes, 3, 120-212.
Bojadziev, G & Bojadziev, M. (2007). Fuzzy Logic for Business, Finance, and Management (2nd eds.). Canada: World Scientific.
Chen, C. (2000). Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision making under fuzzy environment. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 114, 1-9.
Cheng, C. H. & Lin, Y. (2002). Evaluating the best main battle tank using fuzzy decision theory with linguistic criteria evaluation. European Journal of Operational Research 142:174, 86.
Chu, H. & Hwang, G. (2008). A Delphi-based approach to developing expert systems with the cooperation of multiple experts. Experts Systems with Applications 34:28, 26-40.
Cornish, E. (1977). The study of the future. World Future Society: Washington, D.C.
Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H. & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for program planning: a guide to nominal group and Delphi process. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 14.
Frazier, L. & Sadera, W. (2011, March). Distance education in teacher education: a national study. Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference, 1, 280-287.
Garrord, B. (2012). Applying the Delphi method in an ecotourism context: a response to Deng et al.’s ‘Development of a point evaluation system for ecotourism destinations: a Delphi method’. Journal of Ecotourism, 11(3), 219-223.
Helmer, O. (1983). Looking forward: a guide to future research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Herrmann, K. H., Kirchberger, I., Stucki, G. & Cieza, A. (2010). The comprehensive ICF core sets for spinal cord injury from the perspective of physical therapist: a worldwide validation study using the Delphi technique. Spinal Cord. doi:10.1038/sc.2010.155. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/sc/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/sc2010155a.html
Hill, K.Q. & Fowles, J. (1975). The methodological worth of the Delphi forecasting technique. Technology and Forecasting and Social Change, 7, 179-192.
Hsu, H. M. & Chen, C. T. (1996). Aggregation of fuzzy opinions under group decision making. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 79, 279-285.
Ishikawa, A., Amagasa, M., Shiga, T., Tomizawa, G., Tatsuta, R. & Mieno, H. (1993). The max-min delphi method and fuzzy Delphi method via fuzzy integration. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 55(3), 241-253.
Jones, H., & Twiss, B. C. (1978). Forecasting technology for planning decisions (No. 658.4 J6).
Jung-Erceg, P., Pandza, K., Armbruster, H. & Dreher, C. (2007). Absorptive capacity in European manufacturing: a Delphi study. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 107(1), 37-51.
Keeney, S. (2010). The Delphi Technique. In: The research process in nursing. UK: WileyBlackwell.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2003). Kurikulum Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2010). Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Bahagian Pembangunan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2011). Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (2016). Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran. Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum.
Klir, G. J. & Folger, T. A. (1988). Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Prentice-Hall International.
Lambeth, J. M. (2012). Research foci for career and technical education: findings from a national Delphi study (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://repositories.tdl.org/tdl-ir/handle/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2864
Lee, C. F. & King, B. (2009). A determination of destination competitiveness of Taiwan’s hot springs tourism sector using the Delphi technique. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(3), 243-257.
Lindsey, E. Eberman & Michelle, A. Cleary (2011). Development of a heat-illness Screening Instrument Using the Delphi Panel Technique. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(2), 176-184.
Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (2002). The Delphi method: Techniques and applications (Vol. 18). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Advanced Book Program.
MacCarthy, B. L. & Atthirawong, W. (2003). Factors affecting location decisions in international operations-a Delphi study. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 23(7), 794-818.
Mariani Md Nor (2016). Transformasi Dasar dan Kualiti Pendidikan Prasekolah. Dalam Hussein Haji Ahmad & Mohammed Sani Ibrahim (2016). Transformasi Pendidikan Nasional: Antara Aspirasi dan Anjakan. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Universiti Malaya.
Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim Abdullah (2014). PhD Dissertation. Muhammad Ridhuan Tony Lim Abdullah, Saedah Siraj, Asra & Zaharah Hussin (2014). Interpretive Structural Modeling of Mlearning Curriculum Implementation Model of English Language Communication Skills for Undergraduates. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 13(1).
Murray, T., Pipino, L., & Van Gigch, J. (1985). A pilot study of fuzzy set modification of Delphi. Human Systems Management Vol 5, 76-80.
Murry, J. & Hammons, J. (1995). Delphi: a versatile methodology for conducting qualitative research. Review of Higher Education 18:4, 23-36.
Nor Suhaila, C. P., Suzana, S., & Nur Salimah, A. (2014). Tahap perpaduan pelajar pelbagai etnik melalui penggunaan teknologi dalam aktiviti pembelajaran.
Norbaiyah Abd Kadir, Farah Haneem Ahmad Jamal & Juhaida Ismail (2014). Peace Education: Inculcating Global Peace Values among Students through Literary Texts in Malaysia. Proceeding of the Global Summit on Education GSE 2014. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nurulrabihah Mat Noh (2014). Reka bentuk kerangka piawai Facebook sebagai medium pengajaran dan pembelajaran sekolah menengah. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Universiti Malaya.
Page, J. S. (2008). Philosophy of Peace Education. In B., Monisha (ed.) Online Encyclopedia of Peace Education. New York: Columbia University, Teachers College.
Putri, N. T. & Yusof, S. R. M. (2009). Development tool for prioritizing and measuring the critical success factors of quality engineering implementation (Case study at Malaysian and Indonesian Automotive Industries). In Proceeding of Asia Pasific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems conference.
Reardon, B. A. (1997). Human rights as education for peace. In G. J. Andrepoulos and R. P. Claude (Eds.), Human rights education for the twenty-first century (pp. 255-261). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Rigby, H., Schofield, S., Mann, K. & Benstead, T. (2012). Education research: An exploration of case-based learning in neuroscience grand rounds using the Delphi technique. Neurology, 79(3), e19-e26.
Roche, D. (1997). "Expanding Human Loyalties." In Joseph Rotblat, Editor. 1997. World Citizenship: Allegiance to Humanity. St. Martin's Press, New York. 134-144.
Rowe, G., Wright, G., & Bolger, F. (1991). Delphi a reevaluation of research and theory. Technological Forecasting and Social change, 35-51.
Schmiedel, T., Vom BRocke, J. & Recker, J. (2013). Which cultural values matter to business process management? Results from a global Delphi study. Business Process Management Journal, 19(2), 5-5.
Saedah Siraj (2007). Future state curriculum planning. Keynote Address & Poerpoint Presentation at International Seminar on Future State Curriculum Planning: prospect and Challenges. Pangkep Province, South of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Sillitoe, P. (1998). The development of indigenous knowledge: A new applied anthropology. Current anthropology, 39(2), 223-252.
Soares, D. & Amaral, L. (2011). Information systems interoperability in public administration: identifying the major acting forces through a Delphi study. Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research, 6(1), 61-94.
Story, V., Hurdley, L., Smith, G. & Saker, J. (2000). Methodological and practical implications of the Delphi technique in marketing decision-making: A reassessment. The Marketing Review, 1(4), 487-504.
Strickland, J., Moulton, S.,Strickland, A. & White, J. (2010). The Delphi technique as an evaluation tool: An example of developing an e-learning curriculum using the ADDIE model. In J. Sanchez & K. Zhang (Eds.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare and Higher Education 2010 (pp. 2203-2211). Chesapeake, VA: AACE.
Tohidi, H. (2011). Review the benefits of using value engineering in information technology project management. Procedia Computer Science, 3, 917-924.
UNESCO (2005). UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005 – 2014: The DESD at a glance. Paris:
UNESCO UNICEF (1999). Progress, Challenges and Future Strategies in Basic Education. E/ICEF/1999/14 (Paper tabled at June 1999 Executive Board Session).
UNICEF (1999). The Future Global Agenda for Children: Imperatives for Twenty-First Century. E/ICEF/1999/10 (Executive Board Document).
Usha, A. B. (2014). Transacting Peace Education in School Using PETS: A Study. IOSR Journal of Research and Method in Education, 4(1), 30-34.
Walton, M., & Rao, V. (2004). Culture and public action. Stanford University Press.
Zaharah Hussin. (2008). Pembinaan Kandungan Kurikulum Pendidikan Akhlak Latihan Perguruan Pendidikan Islam di Malaysia. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Education Faculty, Universiti Malaysia.
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Published
2018-06-04
How to Cite
Ariffin, A., Mohd Yusof, N. A. A., Siraj, S., & Md Nor, M. (2018). Fuzzy Delphi Method (fdm): Determining phase for multicultural-based model of peace education curriculum for preschool children. Journal of Research, Policy & Practice of Teachers and Teacher Education, 8(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.37134/jrpptte.vol8.no1.2.2018
