Are Religious Values Universal?
Keywords:
Religious, Universal, Values, Traditions, CommunitiesAbstract
Are religious values universal? After studying and teaching religious studies for nearly thirty years it is hard not to recognise that there are indeed a plethora of local, indigenous, and revivalist religious traditions, both within larger religions and independent of them. There are many Judaisms, Islams, Christianities, Buddhisms, Hinduisms and Daoisms. My researches have led me to the conclusion that the differences between religious traditions are real and not easily reduced to any single pattern or model. But there are, of course, many overlapping elements, conceptual, theological and most evidently historical. All religious traditions, for example, are committed to the value of peace but all traditions equally know of war, and have different thresholds at which abhorred violence is not only permissible but often mandated.
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References
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B. X. Shen et al. 1982. On the Question of Human Rights in the International Realm, Being Review July 26, (101-104).
C. E. Welch & V. Leary. 1990. Asian Perspectives on Human Rights. Boulder: Westview.
D. Gurewitsch. 1973. Eleanor Roosevelt: Her Day. New York: Interchange Foundation.
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D. Little, J. Kelsay & A. Sachedina (eds.). 1988. Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures. Colombia S. C: University of South Carolina Press.
D. Little. 1998. Religion and Global Affairs: Religion and US Foreign Policy, SAIS Review 18/2, (25-31).
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D. Price. 2002. Islam and Human Rights: A Case of Deceptive First Appearances. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41/2, (213-225).
D. Sidorsky (ed.). 1979. Essays on Human Rights: Contemporary Rights and Jewish Perspectives. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
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D. Yi. 1989. Opposing Interference in Other Countries Internal Affairs through Human Rights. Being Review November 6-12(14-16).
F. Klug. 2000. Values for a Godless Age. London: Penguin.
F. Teson. 1985. International Human Rights and Cultural Relativism. Virginia Journal of International Law 25, (869-898). 1985.
F. Zakaria. 1986. 'Human Rights in the Arab World: the Islamic Context', in UNESCO.
H. Cohn. 1984. Human Rights in Jewish Law. New York: KTAV.
H. Rosemont. 1988. Why Take Rights Seriously? A Confucian Critique in Rouner.
Human Rights in Islam. 1982. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists.
I. Leigh. 2002. Freedom of Religion: Public/Private, Rights/Wrongs', in M. Hill (ed.). Religious Liberty and Human Rights. ( 128-158). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Islam and Justice. 1996. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights.
J. C. Hsiung. 1985. Human Rights in EastAsia: A Cultural Perspective. New York: Paragon.
J. Carman. 1988. Duties and Rights in Hindu Society in L.S. Rouner, 113-128.
J. Cooper et al. 1985. Human Rights in Post-Moa China. Boulder: Westview.
J. Donnelly. 1998. International Human Rights: Dilemmas in World Politics. Boulder: Westview.
J. Dudley. 1982. Human Rights Practices in the Arab States: The Modern Impact of Shari' a Values'. Georgia Journal ofInternational and Comparative Law 12, 5593.
J. Feinerman. 1989. 'Human Rights in China: Impact of the China Democracy Movement'. Current History 88 (274-284).
J. Kelsay. 1988. Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in D. Little, J. Kelsay & A. Sachedina.
J. Kurth. 1998. Protestantism and Foreign Policy: Religion in World Affairs. Current 404, July/August (9-19).
J. Ladd (ed.). 1983. Ethical Relativism. Lanham: University Press of America.
J. Maritain. 2001. Natural Law: Reflections on Theory and Practice. W. Sweet (ed.). Chicago: St Augustine Press.
J. Morsink. 2000. The Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights: Drafting, Origins and Intent. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press.
J. Nickel. 1987. Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press.
J. P. Martin, I. Bloom & W. Proudfoot. (eds). 1996. Religious Diversity and Human Rights. New York: Columbia University Press.
J. P. Piscatori. 1980. Human Rights in Islamic Political Culture in Thompson.
J. Penncock & J. Chapman (eds.). 1981. Human Rights: Nomos XXIII. New York: New York University Press.
J. Van de Vyer& J. Witte (eds.). 1996. Religious Rights in Global Perspective. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
K. K Inada. 1990. A Buddhist Response to the Nature of Human Rights, in Welch & Leary (91-103).
. 1982. The Buddhist Perspective on Human Rights in Swidler, (66-76).
K. Mitra. 1988. Human Rights in Hinduism in Rouner.
K. W. Thompson (ed.). 1980. The Moral Imperatives ofHuman Rights. Washington: University Press of America.
L. Goodman. 1976. Equality and Human Rights: The Lockean and Judaic Views. Judaism 25 (361-362).
L. Henkin. 1998. Religion, Religions and Human Rights. Journal of Religious Ethics, 26, 2 (229-239).
L. P. Perera (ed.). 1988. Human Rights and Religions in Sri Langka. A Commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Colombo: Sri Langka Foundation.
. 1991. Buddhism and Human Rights. A Buddhist Commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Colombo: Karunaratne.
L. S. Rouner (ed.). 1998. Human Rights and the World's Religions. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
L. Swidler (ed.). 1986. Religious liberty and Human Rights in Nations and in Religions. Philadelphia: Ecumenical Press.
M. A. Sinaceur. 1986. Islamic Tradition and Human Rights in UNESCO.
M. Abe. 1986. 'Religious Tolerance and Human Rights: A Buddhist Perspective in Swidler.
M. Davis (ed.). 1995. Human Rights and Chinese Values. New York: Oxford University Press.
M. Evans. 2000. Human Rights, Law and Religion: Locating the Debate in P. Edge & G. Harvey (eds.). Law Religion and Contemporary Society: Communities, Individualism and the State. Aldershot: Ashgate.
M. Far-hang. 1988. Fundamentalism and Civil Rights in Contemporary Middle Eastern Politics, in Rouner.
M. Fishbane. 1988. The Image of the Human and the Rights of the Individual in Jewish Tradition in Rouner.
M. Glenson. 2001. A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Random House.
M. H Beg. 1980. 'Human Rights and Asia' Santa Clara Law Review 28. 319-350.
M. Ignatieff. 2001. Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
M. L. Stackhouse, Max L. 1984. Creeds Society and Human Rights. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
M. R. Konvitz (ed.). 1972. Judaism and Human Rights. New York: Norton.
M. Stackhouse. 1998. The Intellectual Crisis of a Good Idea. Journal of Religious Ethics 26,2 (236-268).
M. Wang. 1986. Forty Years of International Human Rights. Chinese Intellectuals 2, (117-124).
P. Gibson. 1997 November. 'Asian Values Western Values and Human Rights'. Paper at the 12th NZ International Conference on Asian Studies. Massey University.
P. Morris. 1996. 'The United Nations, New Zealand and Tolerance', G. Hawke (ed.). Diversity and Justice. Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies, (27-34).
R. A. Jullundhri. 1980. Human Rights and Islam in A. Falconer (ed.). Understanding Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary and Interfaith Study. Dublin: Irish School of
Ecumenics.
R. Daoudi. 1983. 'Teaching Of Human Rights in Arab Countries' in ed, A. Eide & M. Thee (eds.). Frontiers of Human Rights Education. New York: Columbia University Press, 69-71.
R. Drinan. 2001. The Mobilization of Shame: A World View Q/ Human Rights. New Haven: Yale University Press.
R. Falk. 2001. Religion and Humane Global Governance. New York: Palgrave.
R. Hassan. 1982. On Human Rights and the Qur'anic Perspective in Swidler.
R. Panikkar. 1982. Human Rights in Hinduism in Swidler.
. 1982. Is the Notion of Human Rights a Western Concept?. Diogenes 120 (75-102).
R. Peerenhoom. 1990. Confucian Justice: Achieving a Humane Society. International Philosophical Quarterly l, (139-157).
R. Thurman. 1988. Social and Cultural Rights in Buddhism in Rouner.
R. Traer. 1991. Faith in Human Rights: Support in Religious Traditions for a Global Struggle. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
S. H. Nasr. 1980. The Concept and Reality of Freedom in Islam and Islamic Civilization, in A. S. Rosenbaum (ed.). The Philosophy ofHuman Rights. Westport: Greenwood Press.
S. Tabandeh. 1970. A Muslim Commentary on the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights. F. J. Goulding (tr.). London: F. T. Goulding.
S. Tharoor. 1999-2000. Are human rights universal?. World Policy Journal 16/4.
T. Evans. 1996. US Hegemony and Universal Human Rights. New York: St Martin 's.
T. Thi. 1988. The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies.
T. Unno. 1988. Personal Rights and Contemporary Buddhism in Rouner, (129147).
UNESCO and International Institute of Philosophy. 1986. Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights. Paris: UNESCO.
Universal Islamic Declaration ofHuman Rights. 1981. London: Islamic Foundation.
V. Verma. 2002. Debating Rights in Malaysia: Contradictions and Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Asia 32/1, (108-130).
. 1987. Religious Minorities under Islamic Law and the Limits of Cultural Relativism', Human Rights Quarterly 9,1.
. 1990. Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law. Syracuse N. Y: Syracuse University Press.
. et al. (eds.). 1994. Human Rights and Religious Values. Grand Rapids: Erdmans.
A. A. Mawdudi. 1980. Human Rights in Islam. Leicester: Islamic Foundation.
A. A. Said. 1979. Human Rights in Islamic Perspectives in Pollis & Schwab.
A. Bradney. 1993. Religions, Rights and Laws. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
A. E. Mayer. 1988. The Dilemmas of Islamic Identity in Rouner.
. 1991. Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics. Boulder: Westview.
A. J. Milne. 1986. Human Rights and Human Diversity. London: Macmillan.
A. Kaplan. 1980. 'Human Relations and Human Rights in Judaism', in A. S. Rosenbaum (ed.). The Philosophy of Human Rights: International Perspectives. Westport Conn: Greenwood Press.
A. Nathan etal. 1986. Human Rights in Contemporary China. New York: Columbia University Press.
A. Pollis & P. Schwab (eds.). 2000. New Perspectives, New Realities. Boulder: Lynne Riener.
. 1979. Human Rights: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives. New York: Praeger.
A. Swidler (ed.). 1982. Human Rights in Religious Traditions. New York: Pilgrims.
B. X. Shen et al. 1982. On the Question of Human Rights in the International Realm, Being Review July 26, (101-104).
C. E. Welch & V. Leary. 1990. Asian Perspectives on Human Rights. Boulder: Westview.
D. Gurewitsch. 1973. Eleanor Roosevelt: Her Day. New York: Interchange Foundation.
D. Keown. 1995. Are there "Human Rights in Buddhism?" Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 2 (3-27).
D. Little, J. Kelsay & A. Sachedina (eds.). 1988. Human Rights and the Conflict of Cultures. Colombia S. C: University of South Carolina Press.
D. Little. 1998. Religion and Global Affairs: Religion and US Foreign Policy, SAIS Review 18/2, (25-31).
D. Polish. 1982. 'Judaism and Human Rights' in Swidler.
D. Price. 2002. Islam and Human Rights: A Case of Deceptive First Appearances. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41/2, (213-225).
D. Sidorsky (ed.). 1979. Essays on Human Rights: Contemporary Rights and Jewish Perspectives. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
D. Warner (ed.). 1997. Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: The Quest for Universality. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
D. Yi. 1989. Opposing Interference in Other Countries Internal Affairs through Human Rights. Being Review November 6-12(14-16).
F. Klug. 2000. Values for a Godless Age. London: Penguin.
F. Teson. 1985. International Human Rights and Cultural Relativism. Virginia Journal of International Law 25, (869-898). 1985.
F. Zakaria. 1986. 'Human Rights in the Arab World: the Islamic Context', in UNESCO.
H. Cohn. 1984. Human Rights in Jewish Law. New York: KTAV.
H. Rosemont. 1988. Why Take Rights Seriously? A Confucian Critique in Rouner.
Human Rights in Islam. 1982. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists.
I. Leigh. 2002. Freedom of Religion: Public/Private, Rights/Wrongs', in M. Hill (ed.). Religious Liberty and Human Rights. ( 128-158). Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
Islam and Justice. 1996. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights.
J. C. Hsiung. 1985. Human Rights in EastAsia: A Cultural Perspective. New York: Paragon.
J. Carman. 1988. Duties and Rights in Hindu Society in L.S. Rouner, 113-128.
J. Cooper et al. 1985. Human Rights in Post-Moa China. Boulder: Westview.
J. Donnelly. 1998. International Human Rights: Dilemmas in World Politics. Boulder: Westview.
J. Dudley. 1982. Human Rights Practices in the Arab States: The Modern Impact of Shari' a Values'. Georgia Journal ofInternational and Comparative Law 12, 5593.
J. Feinerman. 1989. 'Human Rights in China: Impact of the China Democracy Movement'. Current History 88 (274-284).
J. Kelsay. 1988. Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in D. Little, J. Kelsay & A. Sachedina.
J. Kurth. 1998. Protestantism and Foreign Policy: Religion in World Affairs. Current 404, July/August (9-19).
J. Ladd (ed.). 1983. Ethical Relativism. Lanham: University Press of America.
J. Maritain. 2001. Natural Law: Reflections on Theory and Practice. W. Sweet (ed.). Chicago: St Augustine Press.
J. Morsink. 2000. The Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights: Drafting, Origins and Intent. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press.
J. Nickel. 1987. Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press.
J. P. Martin, I. Bloom & W. Proudfoot. (eds). 1996. Religious Diversity and Human Rights. New York: Columbia University Press.
J. P. Piscatori. 1980. Human Rights in Islamic Political Culture in Thompson.
J. Penncock & J. Chapman (eds.). 1981. Human Rights: Nomos XXIII. New York: New York University Press.
J. Van de Vyer& J. Witte (eds.). 1996. Religious Rights in Global Perspective. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
K. K Inada. 1990. A Buddhist Response to the Nature of Human Rights, in Welch & Leary (91-103).
. 1982. The Buddhist Perspective on Human Rights in Swidler, (66-76).
K. Mitra. 1988. Human Rights in Hinduism in Rouner.
K. W. Thompson (ed.). 1980. The Moral Imperatives ofHuman Rights. Washington: University Press of America.
L. Goodman. 1976. Equality and Human Rights: The Lockean and Judaic Views. Judaism 25 (361-362).
L. Henkin. 1998. Religion, Religions and Human Rights. Journal of Religious Ethics, 26, 2 (229-239).
L. P. Perera (ed.). 1988. Human Rights and Religions in Sri Langka. A Commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Colombo: Sri Langka Foundation.
. 1991. Buddhism and Human Rights. A Buddhist Commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Colombo: Karunaratne.
L. S. Rouner (ed.). 1998. Human Rights and the World's Religions. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
L. Swidler (ed.). 1986. Religious liberty and Human Rights in Nations and in Religions. Philadelphia: Ecumenical Press.
M. A. Sinaceur. 1986. Islamic Tradition and Human Rights in UNESCO.
M. Abe. 1986. 'Religious Tolerance and Human Rights: A Buddhist Perspective in Swidler.
M. Davis (ed.). 1995. Human Rights and Chinese Values. New York: Oxford University Press.
M. Evans. 2000. Human Rights, Law and Religion: Locating the Debate in P. Edge & G. Harvey (eds.). Law Religion and Contemporary Society: Communities, Individualism and the State. Aldershot: Ashgate.
M. Far-hang. 1988. Fundamentalism and Civil Rights in Contemporary Middle Eastern Politics, in Rouner.
M. Fishbane. 1988. The Image of the Human and the Rights of the Individual in Jewish Tradition in Rouner.
M. Glenson. 2001. A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York: Random House.
M. H Beg. 1980. 'Human Rights and Asia' Santa Clara Law Review 28. 319-350.
M. Ignatieff. 2001. Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
M. L. Stackhouse, Max L. 1984. Creeds Society and Human Rights. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
M. R. Konvitz (ed.). 1972. Judaism and Human Rights. New York: Norton.
M. Stackhouse. 1998. The Intellectual Crisis of a Good Idea. Journal of Religious Ethics 26,2 (236-268).
M. Wang. 1986. Forty Years of International Human Rights. Chinese Intellectuals 2, (117-124).
P. Gibson. 1997 November. 'Asian Values Western Values and Human Rights'. Paper at the 12th NZ International Conference on Asian Studies. Massey University.
P. Morris. 1996. 'The United Nations, New Zealand and Tolerance', G. Hawke (ed.). Diversity and Justice. Wellington: Institute of Policy Studies, (27-34).
R. A. Jullundhri. 1980. Human Rights and Islam in A. Falconer (ed.). Understanding Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary and Interfaith Study. Dublin: Irish School of
Ecumenics.
R. Daoudi. 1983. 'Teaching Of Human Rights in Arab Countries' in ed, A. Eide & M. Thee (eds.). Frontiers of Human Rights Education. New York: Columbia University Press, 69-71.
R. Drinan. 2001. The Mobilization of Shame: A World View Q/ Human Rights. New Haven: Yale University Press.
R. Falk. 2001. Religion and Humane Global Governance. New York: Palgrave.
R. Hassan. 1982. On Human Rights and the Qur'anic Perspective in Swidler.
R. Panikkar. 1982. Human Rights in Hinduism in Swidler.
. 1982. Is the Notion of Human Rights a Western Concept?. Diogenes 120 (75-102).
R. Peerenhoom. 1990. Confucian Justice: Achieving a Humane Society. International Philosophical Quarterly l, (139-157).
R. Thurman. 1988. Social and Cultural Rights in Buddhism in Rouner.
R. Traer. 1991. Faith in Human Rights: Support in Religious Traditions for a Global Struggle. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
S. H. Nasr. 1980. The Concept and Reality of Freedom in Islam and Islamic Civilization, in A. S. Rosenbaum (ed.). The Philosophy ofHuman Rights. Westport: Greenwood Press.
S. Tabandeh. 1970. A Muslim Commentary on the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights. F. J. Goulding (tr.). London: F. T. Goulding.
S. Tharoor. 1999-2000. Are human rights universal?. World Policy Journal 16/4.
T. Evans. 1996. US Hegemony and Universal Human Rights. New York: St Martin 's.
T. Thi. 1988. The Vietnamese Tradition of Human Rights. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies.
T. Unno. 1988. Personal Rights and Contemporary Buddhism in Rouner, (129147).
UNESCO and International Institute of Philosophy. 1986. Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights. Paris: UNESCO.
Universal Islamic Declaration ofHuman Rights. 1981. London: Islamic Foundation.
V. Verma. 2002. Debating Rights in Malaysia: Contradictions and Challenges. Journal of Contemporary Asia 32/1, (108-130).
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Published
2003-11-25
How to Cite
Morris, P. (2003). Are Religious Values Universal?. Jurnal Peradaban Melayu, 1, 141–164. Retrieved from https://ejournal.upsi.edu.my/index.php/JPM/article/view/3282
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