Prevalence and associated risk factors of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infection among Orang Asli communities in Slim River, Perak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jsml.vol8.2.4.2020Keywords:
Amoebiasis, Entamoeba, Orang Asli, epidemiology, E. histolytica; E. disparAbstract
Entamoeba infection is still widespread in Malaysia’s rural area particularly among Orang Asli communities which usually associated with poverty and lack of sanitation. Due to scarce information on these Entamoeba infections in Slim River, Perak we conducted this study to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors towards this infection. A total of 55 stool samples from voluntary participants with and without symptoms of amoebiasis were collected and examined using PCR technique. PCR analysis showed 16.4% stool samples were detected positive for Entamoeba spp., discriminated as 7.3% that were positive for E. histolytica and 9.1% for E. dispar. No E. moshkovskii was detected at all. Factors such as indiscriminate defecation, improper sewage disposal and not washing hand after playing with soil or gardening showed significant association with E. histolytica infection; while gastrointestinal symptom such as vomiting was associated with E. dispar infection. In conclusion, the study reveals there is still an occurrence of Entamoeba spp. among Orang Asli communities in Slim River, Perak. This implies that good personal and hygiene practices should be enhanced through awareness strategy to control Entamoeba infections in Orang Asli communities in Malaysia.
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References
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Haque, R., Ali, I. M., & Petri Jr, W. A. (1999). Prevalence and immune response to Entamoeba histolytica infection in preschool children in Bangladesh. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60, 1031-1034.
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Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547-1549.
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Ramos, F., Moran, P., Gonzalez, E., Garcia, G., Ramiro, M., Gomez, A., ... & Ximenez, C. (2005). High prevalence rate of Entamoeba histolytica asymptomatic infection in a rural Mexican community. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73, 87-91.
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Sateriale, A., & Huston, C. D. (2011). A sequential model of host cell killing and phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2011.
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van Hal, S. J., Stark, D. J., Fotedar, R., Marriott, D., Ellis, J. T., & Harkness, J. L. (2007). Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 186, 412-416.
Waqar, S. N., Hussain, H., Khan, R., Khwaja, A., Majid, H., Malik, S., ... & Beg, M. A. (2003). Intestinal parasitic infections in children from northern Pakistan. Infectious Diseases Journal, 12, 73-77.
Ximénez, C., Morán, P., Rojas, L., Valadez, A., Gómez, A., Ramiro, M., ... & Oswaldo, P. (2011). Novelties on amoebiasis: a neglected tropical disease. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 3, 166.
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Ali, I. K. M., Clark, C. G., & Petri Jr, W. A. (2008). Molecular epidemiology of amebiasis. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 8, 698-707.
Ali, I. K. M., Solaymani-Mohammadi, S., Akhter, J., Roy, S., Gorrini, C., Calderaro, A., ... & Clark, C. G. (2008). Tissue invasion by Entamoeba histolytica: evidence of genetic selection and/or DNA reorganization events in organ tropism. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2(4).
Al-Mekhlafi, M. H., Surin, J., Atiya, A. S., Ariffin, W. A., Mahdy, A. M., & Abdullah, H. C. (2008). Pattern and predictors of soil-transmitted helminth reinfection among aboriginal schoolchildren in rural Peninsular Malaysia. Acta Tropica, 107, 200-204.
Anuar, T. S., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Ghani, M. K. A., Bakar, E. A., Azreen, S. N., Salleh, F. M., ... & Moktar, N. (2012). Molecular epidemiology of amoebiasis in Malaysia: highlighting the different risk factors of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections among Orang Asli communities. International Journal for Parasitology, 42, 1165-1175.
Burch, D. J., Li, E., Reed, S., Jackson, T. F., & Stanley, S. L. (1991). Isolation of a strain-specific Entamoeba histolytica cDNA clone. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 29, 696-701.
Bhattacharya, S., Bhattacharya, A., Diamond, L. S., & Soldo, A. T. (1989). Circular DNA of Entamoeba histolytica encodes ribosomal RNA. The Journal of Protozoology, 36, 455-458.
Calegar, D. A., Nunes, B. C., Monteiro, K. J. L., Santos, J. P. D., Toma, H. K., Gomes, T. F., ... & Carvalho-Costa, F. A. (2016). Frequency and molecular characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba moshkovskii, and Entamoeba hartmanni in the context of water scarcity in northeastern Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 111, 114-119.
Carrero, J. C., Reyes-López, M., Serrano-Luna, J., Shibayama, M., Unzueta, J., León-Sicairos, N., & de la Garza, M. (2019). Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 151358.
Chin, Y. T., Lim, Y. A. L., Chong, C. W., Teh, C. S. J., Yap, I. K. S., Lee, S. C., ... & Chua, K. H. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasitism among two indigenous sub-ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 5, 77.
Clark, C. G., & Diamond, L. S. (1991). The Laredo strain and other ‘Entamoeba histolytica-like’amoebae are Entamoeba moshkovskii. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 46, 11-18.
Clark, C. G., & Diamond, L. S. (1993). Entamoeba histolytica: a method for isolate identification. Experimental Parasitology, 77, 450-455.
Clark, C. G., & Diamond, L. S. (1997). Intraspecific variation and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Entamoeba as revealed by riboprinting. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 44, 142-154.
Cruz-Reyes, J. A., Spice, W. M., Rehman, T., Gisborne, E., & Ackers, J. P. (1992). Ribosomal DNA sequences in the differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitology, 104, 239-246.
Duc, P. P., Nguyen-Viet, H., Hattendorf, J., Zinsstag, J., Cam, P. D., & Odermatt, P. (2011). Risk factors for Entamoeba histolytica infection in an agricultural community in Hanam province, Vietnam. Parasites & Vectors, 4, 102.
Elyana, F. N., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Ithoi, I., Abdulsalam, A. M., Dawaki, S., Nasr, N. A., ... & Subramaniam, L. R. (2016). A tale of two communities: intestinal polyparasitism among Orang Asli and Malay communities in rural Terengganu, Malaysia. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 398.
Evangelopoulos, A., Spanakos, G., Patsoula, E., Vakalis, N., & Legakis, N. (2000). A nested, multiplex, PCR assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in faeces. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 94, 233-240.
Fotedar, R., Stark, D., Beebe, N., Marriott, D., Ellis, J., & Harkness, J. (2007a). Laboratory diagnostic techniques for Entamoeba species. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20, 511-532.
Fotedar, R., Stark, D., Beebe, N., Marriott, D., Ellis, J., & Harkness, J. (2007b). PCR detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii in stool samples from Sydney, Australia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 1035-1037.
Freitas, M. A. R., Vianna, E. N., Martins, A. S., Silva, E. F., Pesquero, J. L., & Gomes, M. A. (2004). A single step duplex PCR to distinguish Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar. Parasitology, 128, 625-628.
Garcia, L. S., & Bruckner, D. A. (2001). Diagnostic medical parasitology. Washington, DC, 131-135.
Gasem, M. H., Dolmans, W. M. V. W. M. V., Keuter, M. M., & Djokomoeljanto, R. R. (2001). Poor food hygiene and housing as risk factors for typhoid fever in Semarang, Indonesia. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 6(6), 484-490.
Han, A. M., & Hlaing, T. (1989). Prevention of diarrhoea and dysentery by hand washing. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83, 128-131.
Haque, R., Ali, I. M., & Petri Jr, W. A. (1999). Prevalence and immune response to Entamoeba histolytica infection in preschool children in Bangladesh. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60, 1031-1034.
Hoque, B. A., Chakraborty, J., Chowdhury, J. T. A., Chowdhury, U. K., Ali, M., El Arifeen, S., & Sack, R. B. (1999). Effects of environmental factors on child survival in Bangladesh: a case control study. Public Health, 113, 57-64.
Kish L. Survey sampling. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, London. 1968.
Knight, S. M., Toodayan, W., Caique, W. C., Kyi, W., Barnes, A., & Desmarchelier, P. (1992). Risk factors for the transmission of diarrhoea in children: a case-control study in rural Malaysia. International Journal of Epidemiology, 21, 812-818.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547-1549.
Lau, Y. L., Anthony, C., Fakhrurrazi, S. A., Ibrahim, J., Ithoi, I., & Mahmud, R. (2013). Real-time PCR assay in differentiating Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii infections in Orang Asli settlements in Malaysia. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 250.
López, M. C., León, C. M., Fonseca, J., Reyes, P., Moncada, L., Olivera, M. J., & Ramírez, J. D. (2015). Molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba: First description of Entamoeba moshkovskii in a rural area from Central Colombia. PLoS One, 10(10).
Lozano, R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., ... & AlMazroa, M. A. (2012). Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380, 2095-2128.
Mojarad, E. N., Nochi, Z., Sahebekhtiari, N., Nejad, M. R., Dabiri, H., Zali, M. R., ... & Haghighi, A. (2010). Discrimination of Entamoeba moshkovskii in patients with gastrointestinal disorders by singleround PCR. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease, 63, 136-138.
Ngui, R., Angal, L., Fakhrurrazi, S. A., Lian, Y. L. A., Ling, L. Y., Ibrahim, J., & Mahmud, R. (2012). Differentiating Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in rural communities in Malaysia. Parasites & vectors, 5, 187.
Noor Azian, M. Y., San, Y. M., Gan, C. C., Yusri, M. Y., Nurulsyamzawaty, Y., Zuhaizam, A. H., ... & Vythilingam, I. (2007). Prevalence of intestinal protozoa in an aborigine community in Pahang, Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine, 24, 55-62.
Norhayati, M., Fatmah, M. S., Yusof, S., & Edariah, A. B. (2003). Intestinal parasitic infections in man: a review. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 58, 296-305.
Ramos, F., Moran, P., Gonzalez, E., Garcia, G., Ramiro, M., Gomez, A., ... & Ximenez, C. (2005). High prevalence rate of Entamoeba histolytica asymptomatic infection in a rural Mexican community. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73, 87-91.
Rivera, W. L., Tachibana, H., & Kanbara, H. (1998). Field study on the distribution of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in the northern Philippines as detected by the polymerase chain reaction. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 59, 916-921.
Rivero, Z., Bracho, A., Calchi, M., Diaz, I., Acurero, E., Maldonado, A., ... & Corzo, G. (2009). Detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar by polymerase chain reaction in a community in Zulia State, Venezuela. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 25, 151-159.
Saidin, S., Othman, N., & Noordin, R. (2019). Update on laboratory diagnosis of amoebiasis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 38, 15-38.
Samie, A., Obi, L. C., Bessong, P. O., Stroup, S., Houpt, E., & Guerrant, R. L. (2006). Prevalence and species distribution of E. histolytica and E. dispar in the Venda region, Limpopo, South Africa. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 75, 565-571.
Sateriale, A., & Huston, C. D. (2011). A sequential model of host cell killing and phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. Journal of Parasitology Research, 2011.
Sayyari, A. A., Imanzadeh, F., Bagheri Yazdi, S. A., Karami, H., & Yaghoobi, M. (2005). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Shetty, N., Narasimha, M., Raghuveer, T. S., Elliott, E., Farthing, M. J. G., & Macaden, R. (1990). Intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in southern Indian infants and children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84, 382-384.
Stanley Jr, S. L. (2003). Amoebiasis. The Lancet, 361, 1025-1034.
Stensvold, C. R., Lebbad, M., Victory, E. L., Verweij, J. J., Tannich, E., Alfellani, M., ... & Clark, C. G. (2011). Increased sampling reveals novel lineages of Entamoeba: consequences of genetic diversity and host specificity for taxonomy and molecular detection. Protist, 162, 525-541.
Tannich, E., Ebert, F., & Horstmann, R. D. (1992). Molecular cloning of cDNA and genomic sequences coding for the 35-kilodalton subunit of the galactose-inhibitable lectin of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 55, 225-227.
Tasawar, Z., Kausar, S., & Lashari, M. H. (2010). Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in humans. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 23.
Tengku, S., & Norhayati, M. (2011). Review Paper Public health and clinical importance of amoebiasis in Malaysia: a review. Tropical Biomedicine, 28, 194-222.
van Hal, S. J., Stark, D. J., Fotedar, R., Marriott, D., Ellis, J. T., & Harkness, J. L. (2007). Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 186, 412-416.
Waqar, S. N., Hussain, H., Khan, R., Khwaja, A., Majid, H., Malik, S., ... & Beg, M. A. (2003). Intestinal parasitic infections in children from northern Pakistan. Infectious Diseases Journal, 12, 73-77.
Ximénez, C., Morán, P., Rojas, L., Valadez, A., Gómez, A., Ramiro, M., ... & Oswaldo, P. (2011). Novelties on amoebiasis: a neglected tropical disease. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 3, 166.
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Published
2020-03-24
How to Cite
Saidin, S., Abu Bakar, A., & Mohd Zain, B. M. (2020). Prevalence and associated risk factors of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii infection among Orang Asli communities in Slim River, Perak. Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters, 8(2), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsml.vol8.2.4.2020
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