Sistem Angka Perpuluhan yang Diketahui Tertua di Dunia: Angka Malayonesia
The World Oldest Known Decimal Numeral System: The Malayonesian Numerals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37134/jsml.vol7.6.2019Keywords:
matematik Melayu, matematik Malayonesia, etnomatematik Melayu, etnomatematik Malayonesia, sistem angka perpuluhan MalayonesiaAbstract
Tamadun Malayonesia yang sarjananya menggunakan bahasa Melayu sebagai pengungkap kecendekiawanannya, masih belum diiktiraf kewujudannya oleh sarjana Barat kerana ketiadaan bukti bertulis pencapaiannya yang tinggi dalam KeJuTSAMA/STEM. Dalam usaha memperbaiki keadaan inilah maka kami telah melakukan penyelidikan, ekskavasi ilmu, sejak 1990-an bagi memperoleh unsur-unsur sains dan matematik (SAMA) dalam bahasa Melayu yang asli dan terkehadapan daripada bangsa lain sezamannya terutamanya Inggeris. Di sini dipaparkan beberapa hasil penyelidikan yang mutakhir tentang perkara tersebut, khususnya untuk bidang angka. Ditunjukkan bahawa bangsa Malayonesia berbahasa Melayu adalah pencipta terawal di dunia sistem angka perpuluhan seperti sekarang ini, sekaligus menjadikan bangsa pencipta angka kosong yang tertua di dunia. Hal ini bertentangan dengan kepercayaan dunia selama ini bahawa sistem angka perpuluhan dengan kosong adalah ciptaan tamadun Hindu, Islam atau Khmer Lama.
The existence of the Malayonesian civilization in which her scholars used Malay as the their intellectual expresions, has not yet been recognised by Western sholars because of lack of written proof in her achievement in STEM. In an effort to improve the situation, we have done some knowledge excavation since 1990s in order to obtain original elements of science in Malay language which were ahead of their counterpart in different countries in Europe especially UK at the same period of time. The latest results are presented here, particularly in the fields of numerals. It is shown that the Malayonesian numeral decimal system with her own zero symbol is the oldest in the world. This contradicts the present belief that the decimal numeral system was invented by the Hindu, the Islamic or the Old Khmer civilisation.
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References
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Aymonier, M. E. (1891). Premiere Etude Sur Les InsÇriptions Tçhames. Journal Asiatique, Janvier-Fevrier, 5-86
Barth, M. A. 1885/2017. Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Cetakan kembali 2017 oleh Forgotten Books
Bellos, A. (2013). Nirvana by numbers. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/alexs-adventures-in-numberland/ 2013/oct/ 07/ mathematics1. Tercapaikan 2 Mei 2019
Bergaigne, A. H. J. 1885-1893. Inscriptions sanscrites Campa et du Cambodge. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
Berggren, J. L. 1986. Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam. New York: Springer,
Billard, R. & Eade, J.C. (2006). Dates des Inscriptions du pays Khmer. BEFEO, 395-428
Boechari (1986). New investigations on Kedukan Bukit inscription. Dalam Untuk bapak Guru, Prof. Dr. A.J. Bernet Kempers: Persembahan Para Murid Untuk Memperingati Usia Genap 80 Tahun, 33-56. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Jakarta, Departmen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
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Finot, L. (1928). Nouvelles inscriptions du Cambodge. BEFEO, 28(1), 43-80
Finot, L., Huber, E. & Coedes, G. 1995. Etudes Epigraphiques sur le Pays Cham. Paris: Presses de l’Ecole Francaise d’Extreme-Orient
Griffiths, A., Lepoutre, A., Southworth W.A. & Thanh, P. 2012. Epigraphie du Campa 2009-2010: prospection sur le terrain, production d'estampages, supplement a l'inventaire. BEFEO.
Huber, E. (1911). Etudes indochinoises. BEFEO, Tome 11, 1-24 dan 259-311
Irfah, G. 1998. The Universal History of Numbers. London: The Harvill Press
Jenner, P. N. (1980). A Chrestomathy of Pre-Angkorian Khmer I Dated Inscriptions From The Seventh and Eighth Centuries (A.D. 611-781). Southeast Asia Paper No. 20. Southeast Asian Studies Asian Studies Program University of Hawaii. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/ 10125/19370/ Chrestomathy% 20I.pdf?sequence=1. Tercapaikan 2 Mei 2017
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Tercapaikan 2 Mei 2017
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Othman Y. & Halim, N. 1990. Epigrafi Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
Rushdi, R. 1996. Encyclopedia of History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2. London & New York: Routledge
Schweyer, A. V. (2005). Po Nagar de Nha Trang, seconde partie: Le dossier epigraphique. Aseanie, 15, 87-120
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Shaharir, b. M. Z. (2000). Sistem Angka Melayu sebelum Kedatangan Islam. Bull. Malaysian Mathematical Society, 23(1), 1-34
Shaharir, b. M. Z. (2001). A note on the decimal numerical system. Humanistic Maths. of Network Journal, 24, 36-42.
Struik, D. J. 1987. A Concise Histroy of Mathematics, 4th Ed. Dover Pub.
Swetz, F. (2015). Mathematical Treasure: The Cambodian Zero. Covergence of MAA, October 2015. (MAA 100. http://www.maa. org/press/periodicals/convergence/ mathematical-treasure-the-cambodian-zero).
Internet (Dokumen Dalam Talian)
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Al Daffa, A.A. 1977. The Muslim Contribution to Mathematics. London: Croom Helm. Ada terjemahannya, Sumbangan Islam dalam bidang Matematik oleh Amin Senin, terbitan DBP 1988
Alinor, M. b. A. K. (2006). Angka Melayu Purba. Dalam Yusuf, M. b. Hj. O.: Wacana Sejarah dan Falsafah Sains, 74-87. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
Aymonier, M. E. (1891). Premiere Etude Sur Les InsÇriptions Tçhames. Journal Asiatique, Janvier-Fevrier, 5-86
Barth, M. A. 1885/2017. Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Cetakan kembali 2017 oleh Forgotten Books
Bellos, A. (2013). Nirvana by numbers. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/science/alexs-adventures-in-numberland/ 2013/oct/ 07/ mathematics1. Tercapaikan 2 Mei 2019
Bergaigne, A. H. J. 1885-1893. Inscriptions sanscrites Campa et du Cambodge. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
Berggren, J. L. 1986. Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam. New York: Springer,
Billard, R. & Eade, J.C. (2006). Dates des Inscriptions du pays Khmer. BEFEO, 395-428
Boechari (1986). New investigations on Kedukan Bukit inscription. Dalam Untuk bapak Guru, Prof. Dr. A.J. Bernet Kempers: Persembahan Para Murid Untuk Memperingati Usia Genap 80 Tahun, 33-56. Jakarta: Proyek Penelitian Purbakala Jakarta, Departmen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
Boucenna, A. (2006). Origin of the numerals Al-Biruni’s testimony. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/ papers/0707/0707.3279.pdf (pasca-2006). Tercapaikan 2 Mei 2017
Cajori, F. (1919). The Controversy on the origin of our numerals. The Scientific Monthly, 9(5), 458-464
Cajori, F. 2000. A History of Marthematics. Cetakan semula suntingan ke-5. American Mathematical Association. Asalnya terbitan 1893 terbitan New York dan suntingan keduanya terbitan MacMillan 1919.
Casparis, J.G. 1956. Prasasti Indonesia II. Bandung : Masa Baru
Casselman, B. (2017). All for Nought. American Mathematical Society. http://www. ams.org/ samplings/feature-column/fcarc-india-zero (Feb. 2017). Tercapaikan 2 Sept 2017
Cœdès, G. (1930). Les inscriptions malaisses de Sriwijaya. BEFEO, 1-2, 29-80
Cœdès, G. (1931). A propos de l'origine des chiffres arabes. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 6(2), 323-328
Cœdès, G. 1942. Inscriptions du Cambodge, Vol. 1-5. Paris : Imprimerie d'Extrême Orient
Cœdès, G. (1943). Quelques précisions sur la fin du Fou-nan. BEFEO, 43(1), 1-9
Coedes, G. & Damais, L.-C. 1992. Sriwijaya: History, Religion & Language of an Early Malay Polity, Monograph No. 20. Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS
Damais, L.-C. (1952). Etudes d’Epigraphie Indonesienne III. Liste des principles inscriptions date de l’Indonesie. BEFEO, Tome XLVI, 1-105
Damais, L.-C. (1955). Etudes d’Epigraphie Indonesienne IV. Discussion de la date des inscriptions. BEFEO. Tome ILVII, 7-290
Datta, B. & Singh, A.N. 1935. History of Hindu Mathematics a Source Book Parts I. Bombay: Asia Publishing House
de Vaux, C. (1917). Sur l’origine des chiffres. Scientia, 21, 273-282
Devlin, D. 2012. The Man of Numbers. Fibbonacci’s Arithmetic, Rev. Ed. Walker Books
Diller, A. (1995). Sriwijaya and The First Zero. JMBRAS, 68(1), 53-66
Fazura, bt. M. N. 2005. Angka Melayu Purba. Kajian Ilmiah SmSn (Matematik), Pusat Pengajian Sains Matematik, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia (Tak terbit)
Finot, L. (1904). Notes d’epigraphie VI. InsÇriptions du Quang Nam. BEFEO. Tome 4, 83-115
Finot, L. (1928). Nouvelles inscriptions du Cambodge. BEFEO, 28(1), 43-80
Finot, L., Huber, E. & Coedes, G. 1995. Etudes Epigraphiques sur le Pays Cham. Paris: Presses de l’Ecole Francaise d’Extreme-Orient
Griffiths, A., Lepoutre, A., Southworth W.A. & Thanh, P. 2012. Epigraphie du Campa 2009-2010: prospection sur le terrain, production d'estampages, supplement a l'inventaire. BEFEO.
Huber, E. (1911). Etudes indochinoises. BEFEO, Tome 11, 1-24 dan 259-311
Irfah, G. 1998. The Universal History of Numbers. London: The Harvill Press
Jenner, P. N. (1980). A Chrestomathy of Pre-Angkorian Khmer I Dated Inscriptions From The Seventh and Eighth Centuries (A.D. 611-781). Southeast Asia Paper No. 20. Southeast Asian Studies Asian Studies Program University of Hawaii. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/ 10125/19370/ Chrestomathy% 20I.pdf?sequence=1. Tercapaikan 2 Mei 2017
Jenner, P.N. (t.t). A Manual of pre-Angkorian Khmer. http://sealang.net/classic/khmer/manual/
Tercapaikan 2 Mei 2017
Mohaini, M. 2000. Great Muslim Mathematicians. Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Penerbit UTM
Osman, B. (1975). Laporan Seminar on History and Philosophy of Science in Moscow 1974. Asasains 1 (Warkahberita rasmi Akademi Sains Islam Malaysia)
Othman Y. & Halim, N. 1990. Epigrafi Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur
Rushdi, R. 1996. Encyclopedia of History of Arabic Science, Vol. 2. London & New York: Routledge
Schweyer, A. V. (2005). Po Nagar de Nha Trang, seconde partie: Le dossier epigraphique. Aseanie, 15, 87-120
Shaharir, b. M. Z. & Zahrin, A. b. M. (2018). Matematik bilangan Malayonesia dalam bahasa Melayu mendahulu yang dalam bahasa Inggeris. Jurnal Melayu Antarabangsa (DBP, Kuala Lumpur), Jan. 2018.
Shaharir, b. M. Z. (2000). Sistem Angka Melayu sebelum Kedatangan Islam. Bull. Malaysian Mathematical Society, 23(1), 1-34
Shaharir, b. M. Z. (2001). A note on the decimal numerical system. Humanistic Maths. of Network Journal, 24, 36-42.
Struik, D. J. 1987. A Concise Histroy of Mathematics, 4th Ed. Dover Pub.
Swetz, F. (2015). Mathematical Treasure: The Cambodian Zero. Covergence of MAA, October 2015. (MAA 100. http://www.maa. org/press/periodicals/convergence/ mathematical-treasure-the-cambodian-zero).
Internet (Dokumen Dalam Talian)
Gusti Arya Yunedi. http://gustiaryayunedi.blogspot.my/2014/01/prasasti-poleng.html# axzz3nKjt0WOH. Tercapaikan 20 April, 2017
CCH: Chronology of Cambodia History Pre-Angkor Era. The Kingdom of Funan and Chenla. http://www.geocities.ws/khmerchronology/preangkor.htm. Tercapaikan 28 Sept 2017
Khmerkhom. Khmer Inscription. K447 di bawah stele of Baset. https://khmerkhom.wordpress.com/khmer-inscription/ . Tercapaikan 24 Ogos, 2017
Prasasti Keping Tembaga Laguna. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasasti_ Keping_Tembaga_Laguna. Tercapaikan 20 April, 2017
Prasasti Manjusrigrha. http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbjateng/2014/08/07/prasasti-manjusrigrha/ . Tercapaikan 20 April, 2017
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Published
2019-07-29
How to Cite
Mohamad Zain, S., & Mohd Zahrin, Z. A. (2019). Sistem Angka Perpuluhan yang Diketahui Tertua di Dunia: Angka Malayonesia: The World Oldest Known Decimal Numeral System: The Malayonesian Numerals. Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters, 7, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.37134/jsml.vol7.6.2019
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